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Traffic Injury Prevention Volume 4, 2003 - Issue 2
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Original Articles

Effects of Head Restraint and Seat Redesign on Neck Injury Risk in Rear-End Crashes

Charles M. Farmer Insurance Institute for Highway Safety, Arlington, Virginia, USA
,
Joann K. Wells Insurance Institute for Highway Safety, Arlington, Virginia, USA
&
Adrian K. Lund Insurance Institute for Highway Safety, Arlington, Virginia, USA
Pages 83-90 | Published online: 15 Sep 2010

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Chantal S. Parenteau, David C. Viano & Roger A. Burnett. (2021) Evaluations of pretensioner activation in rear impacts. Traffic Injury Prevention 22:7, pages 553-558.
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Jangwoon Park, Monica L. H. Jones, Sheila M. Ebert, Matthew P. Reed & Jason J. Hallman. (2018) Driver head locations: Considerations for head restraint design. Traffic Injury Prevention 19:8, pages 825-831.
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M. Acar & S.R. Bewsher. (2016) Design concepts for an integrated whiplash mitigating head restraint and seat. International Journal of Crashworthiness 21:5, pages 386-395.
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Rebecca E. Trempel, David S. Zuby & Marcy A. Edwards. (2016) IIHS head restraint ratings and insurance injury claim rates. Traffic Injury Prevention 17:6, pages 590-596.
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M. Acar & S.R. Bewsher. (2016) Design concepts for an integrated whiplash mitigating head restraint and seat. International Journal of Crashworthiness 21:1, pages 79-88.
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David C. Viano & Chantal S. Parenteau. (2015) Update on the Effectiveness of High Retention Seats in Preventing Fatal Injury in Rear Impacts. Traffic Injury Prevention 16:2, pages 154-158.
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K. McCreesh, S. Arthurs, S. Horgan, L. Keane & L. Meagher. (2012) Vehicle head restraint positioning knowledge and behaviours in a sample of Irish drivers. International Journal of Injury Control and Safety Promotion 19:4, pages 340-346.
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Anna Carlsson, GunterP. Siegmund, Astrid Linder & MatsY. Svensson. (2012) Motion of the Head and Neck of Female and Male Volunteers in Rear Impact Car-to-Car Impacts. Traffic Injury Prevention 13:4, pages 378-387.
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Ediriweera Desapriya, D. Sesath Hewapathirane, DouglasP. Romilly & MarcI. White. (2012) A Brief Educational Program Improves Awareness Regarding Whiplash Prevention Among a Cohort of Vehicle Fleet Managers in British Columbia, Canada. Traffic Injury Prevention 13:4, pages 373-377.
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Anna Carlsson, Astrid Linder, Johan Davidsson, Wolfram Hell, Sylvia Schick & Mats Svensson. (2011) Dynamic Kinematic Responses of Female Volunteers in Rear Impacts and Comparison to Previous Male Volunteer Tests. Traffic Injury Prevention 12:4, pages 347-357.
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JarrodA. J. Shugg, Kyle Vernest & JamesP. Dickey. (2011) Head Restraint Backset During Routine Automobile Driving: Drivers Usually Exceed the Recommended Guidelines. Traffic Injury Prevention 12:2, pages 180-186.
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Ming Xiao & PaulC. Ivancic. (2010) WHIPS Seat and Occupant Motions During Simulated Rear Crashes. Traffic Injury Prevention 11:5, pages 514-521.
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Aitor Cazon & Angel Suescun. (2010) Head injuries due to unrestrained objects during frontal collisions. International Journal of Crashworthiness 15:1, pages 39-48.
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GunterP. Siegmund, BethA. Winkelstein, PaulC. Ivancic, MatsY. Svensson & Anita Vasavada. (2009) The Anatomy and Biomechanics of Acute and Chronic Whiplash Injury. Traffic Injury Prevention 10:2, pages 101-112.
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Lotta Jakobsson, Irene Isaksson-hellman & Magdalena Lindman. (2008) WHIPS (Volvo Cars' Whiplash Protection System)—The Development and Real-World Performance. Traffic Injury Prevention 9:6, pages 600-605.
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Astrid Linder, Anna Carlsson, MatsY. Svensson & GunterP. Siegmund. (2008) Dynamic Responses of Female and Male Volunteers in Rear Impacts. Traffic Injury Prevention 9:6, pages 592-599.
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DavidC. Viano. (2008) Seat Design Principles to Reduce Neck Injuries in Rear Impacts. Traffic Injury Prevention 9:6, pages 552-560.
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M Acar, SJ Clark & R Crouch. (2007) Smart head restraint system. International Journal of Crashworthiness 12:4, pages 429-435.
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Irving U. Ojalvo & Kristopher J. Seluga. (2006) Determining Impact Speed and Occupant Injury Propensity in Low-Speed Rear End Collisions. Journal of Whiplash & Related Disorders 5:1, pages 25-38.
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L Eriksson. (2005) Influence of head restraint position on long-term AIS 1 neck injury risk. International Journal of Crashworthiness 10:6, pages 545-555.
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Lotta Jakobsson. (2004) Field Analysis of AIS1 Neck Injuries in Rear-End Car Impacts. Journal of Whiplash & Related Disorders 3:2, pages 37-53.
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Michiel R. van Ratingen. 2023. The Vision Zero Handbook. The Vision Zero Handbook 755 788 .
Hequan Wu, Xiaoshun Deng, Lin Hu, Jin Liu & Xiaohao Liu. (2022) Research on Neck Response of Elderly Drivers in Rear Collision. BioMed Research International 2022, pages 1-13.
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Michiel R. van Ratingen. 2020. The Vision Zero Handbook. The Vision Zero Handbook 1 34 .
Angelo D’Elia & Stuart Newstead. (2021) Retrospective evaluation of vehicle whiplash-reducing head restraint systems to prevent whiplash injury in Victoria, Australia. Accident Analysis & Prevention 150, pages 105941.
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Jan Vychytil, Jana Hlucha, Ludek Kovar, Martina Kostikova, Pavlina Moravcova & Katerina Bucsuhazy. (2020) Innovative Active Head Restraint System in a Car: Safety Assessment with Virtual Human Body Model. SAE International Journal of Advances and Current Practices in Mobility 2:4, pages 2107-2124.
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Chantal Parenteau, Bruce Miller & Roger Burnett. Injury Rates by Crash Severity, Belt Use and Head Restraint Type and Performance in Rear Impacts. Injury Rates by Crash Severity, Belt Use and Head Restraint Type and Performance in Rear Impacts.
Mohammad Atarod. Occupant Dynamics during Moderate-to-High Speed Rear-End Collisions. Occupant Dynamics during Moderate-to-High Speed Rear-End Collisions.
Nermin Caber, Patrick Langdon & P. John Clarkson. 2020. Advances in Human Factors of Transportation. Advances in Human Factors of Transportation 95 106 .
John M. Scanlon, Jessica Isaacs & Christina Garman. Head and Neck Loading Conditions over a Decade of IIHS Rear Impact Seat Testing. Head and Neck Loading Conditions over a Decade of IIHS Rear Impact Seat Testing.
Mohamed T. Z. Hassan & S. A. Meguid. (2017) Effect of seat belt and head restraint on occupant’s response during rear-end collision. International Journal of Mechanics and Materials in Design 14:2, pages 231-242.
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Brian D. Stemper & Brian D. Corner. (2016) Whiplash-Associated Disorders: Occupant Kinematics and Neck Morphology. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy 46:10, pages 834-844.
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Michiel van Ratingen, Aled Williams, Anders Lie, Andre Seeck, Pierre Castaing, Reinhard Kolke, Guido Adriaenssens & Andrew Miller. (2016) The European New Car Assessment Programme: A historical review. Chinese Journal of Traumatology 19:2, pages 63-69.
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Mustafa Özdemir, Sıtkı Kemal İder & Mustafa İlhan Gökler. (2014) Parametric analysis of an anti-whiplash system composed of a seat suspension arrangement. Journal of the Brazilian Society of Mechanical Sciences and Engineering 37:2, pages 777-784.
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Hakgyun Kim, HaeGeun Song & Young T. Park. (2013) Evaluating Customer Perceptions of Car Seats' Functions Using the Kano Model. Journal of the Korean society for quality management 41:4, pages 683-692.
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Paul C. Ivancic. (2012) Cervical neural space narrowing during simulated rear crashes with anti-whiplash systems. European Spine Journal 21:5, pages 879-886.
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Michael T. Haneline. 2012. Whiplash. Whiplash 154 168 .
Michele Curatolo, Nikolai Bogduk, Paul C. Ivancic, Samuel A. McLean, Gunter P. Siegmund & Beth A. Winkelstein. (2011) The Role of Tissue Damage in Whiplash-Associated Disorders. Spine 36, pages S309-S315.
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Paul C. Ivancic. (2011) Does Knowledge of Seat Design and Whiplash Injury Mechanisms Translate to Understanding Outcomes?. Spine 36, pages S187-S193.
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Gunter P. Siegmund. (2011) What Occupant Kinematics and Neuromuscular Responses Tell Us About Whiplash Injury. Spine 36, pages S175-S179.
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Paul C. Ivancic. (2011) Facet Joint and Disc Kinematics During Simulated Rear Crashes With Active Injury Prevention Systems. Spine 36:18, pages E1215-E1224.
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Alfred C. Gellhorn. (2011) Cervical Facet-Mediated Pain. Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America 22:3, pages 447-458.
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Leigh Berger, Lisa Fallon & Michael G. Carpenter. Measurement of Occupant Pocketing Kinematics During Whiplash Assessments. Measurement of Occupant Pocketing Kinematics During Whiplash Assessments.
Lena Holm. 2011. Whiplash. Whiplash 1 8 .
Paul C. Ivancic, Daohang Sha, Brandon D. Lawrence & Fred Mo. (2010) Effect of Active Head Restraint on Residual Neck Instability due to Rear Impact. Spine 35:23, pages 2071-2078.
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David S. Zuby & Adrian K. Lund. (2010) Preventing Minor Neck Injuries in Rear Crashes—Forty Years of Progress. Journal of Occupational & Environmental Medicine 52:4, pages 428-433.
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Susan I. Fuhrman, Patricia Karg & Gina Bertocci. (2010) Characterization of pediatric wheelchair kinematics and wheelchair tiedown and occupant restraint system loading during rear impact. Medical Engineering & Physics 32:3, pages 280-286.
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Paul C. Ivancic & Daohang Sha. (2010) Comparison of the whiplash injury criteria. Accident Analysis & Prevention 42:1, pages 56-63.
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Paul C. Ivancic, Daohang Sha & Manohar M. Panjabi. (2009) Whiplash injury prevention with active head restraint. Clinical Biomechanics 24:9, pages 699-707.
Crossref
J. David Cassidy & Pierre Côté. (2008) Is It Time for a Population Health Approach to Neck Pain?. Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics 31:6, pages 442-446.
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Susan I. Fuhrman, Patricia E. Karg & Gina E. Bertocci. (2008) Effect of wheelchair headrest use on pediatric head and neck injury risk outcomes during rear impact. Accident Analysis & Prevention 40:4, pages 1595-1603.
Crossref
Lena W. Holm, Linda J. Carroll, J. David Cassidy, Sheilah Hogg-Johnson, Pierre Côté, Jamie Guzman, Paul Peloso, Margareta Nordin, Eric Hurwitz, Gabrielle van der Velde, Eugene Carragee & Scott Haldeman. (2008) The Burden and Determinants of Neck Pain in Whiplash-Associated Disorders After Traffic Collisions. European Spine Journal 17:S1, pages 52-59.
Crossref
T. C. Weng & Yan Fu. Neck Injury Prevention in Low Speed Rear Impact. Neck Injury Prevention in Low Speed Rear Impact.
Brian D. Stemper, Narayan Yoganandan & Frank A. Pintar. (2006) Effect of head restraint backset on head–neck kinematics in whiplash. Accident Analysis & Prevention 38:2, pages 317-323.
Crossref

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