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Clinical Toxicology Volume 45, 2007 - Issue 3
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Letter to the Editor

Letter To The Editor: “Xylazine abuse: A rare cause of syncope”

Chang-Ming Liu Department of Emergency Medicine, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, Taipei City, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C.
, M.D.,
Ming-Jang Chiu Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C.
, M.D.,
Cheng-Chung Fang Department of Emergency Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C.
, M.D. &
Wen-Jone Chen Department of Emergency Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C.
, Ph.D. , M.D.
Pages 309-311 | Received 08 Feb 2006, Accepted 10 Feb 2006, Published online: 07 Oct 2008

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Noah S. Ball, Brittany M. Knable, Taylor A. Relich, Allyson N. Smathers, Michael R. Gionfriddo, Branden D. Nemecek, Courtney A. Montepara, Anthony J. Guarascio, Jordan R. Covvey & David E. Zimmerman. (2022) Xylazine poisoning: a systematic review. Clinical Toxicology 60:8, pages 892-901.
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Ben Turley, Alexandra Evans & Katharine Benzio. (2023) Comparative toxicology of syringe exchange and postmortem blood samples in the District of Columbia: Trends and affinity analysis. Journal of Analytical Toxicology 47:7, pages 588-596.
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Joseph Pergolizzi Jr, Jo Ann K LeQuang, Peter Magnusson, Thomas L Miller, Frank Breve & Giustino Varrassi. (2023) The New Stealth Drug on the Street: A Narrative Review of Xylazine as a Street Drug. Cureus.
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Lucy Rose, Rachel Kirven, Kelly Tyler, Catherine Chung & Abraham M. Korman. (2023) Xylazine-induced acute skin necrosis in two patients who inject fentanyl. JAAD Case Reports 36, pages 113-115.
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Shahana Ayub, Shanli Parnia, Karuna Poddar, Anil K Bachu, Amanda Sullivan, Ali M Khan, Saeed Ahmed & Lakshit Jain. (2023) Xylazine in the Opioid Epidemic: A Systematic Review of Case Reports and Clinical Implications. Cureus.
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Sherri L Kacinko, Amanda L A Mohr, Barry K Logan & Edward J Barbieri. (2022) Xylazine: Pharmacology Review and Prevalence and Drug Combinations in Forensic Toxicology Casework. Journal of Analytical Toxicology 46:8, pages 911-917.
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Srikrishna V Malayala, Bhavani Nagendra Papudesi, Raymond Bobb & Aliya Wimbush. (2022) Xylazine-Induced Skin Ulcers in a Person Who Injects Drugs in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA. Cureus.
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Way Koon Teoh, Noor Zuhartini Md Muslim, Kah Haw Chang & Ahmad Fahmi Lim Abdullah. (2022) Abuse of Xylazine by Human and its Emerging Problems: A Review from Forensic Perspective. Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences 18:4, pages 190-201.
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Shobha Thangada, Heather A. Clinton, Sarah Ali, Jacqueline Nunez, James R. Gill, Robert F. Lawlor & Susan B. Logan. (2021) Notes from the Field : Xylazine, a Veterinary Tranquilizer, Identified as an Emerging Novel Substance in Drug Overdose Deaths — Connecticut, 2019–2020 . MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 70:37, pages 1303-1304.
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Peter Mulders, Vicky van Duijnhoven & Arnt Schellekens. (2016) Xylazine Dependence and Detoxification: A Case Report. Psychosomatics 57:5, pages 529-533.
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Xue Gao, Hao Guo, Yaoyu Du & Chaokang Gu. (2015) Simultaneous Determination of Xylazine and 2,6-Xylidine in Blood and Urine by Auto Solid-Phase Extraction and Ultra High Performance Liquid Chromatography Coupled with Quadrupole-Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry. Journal of Analytical Toxicology 39:6, pages 444-450.
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L.A. Silva-Torres, C. Vélez, J. Lyvia Alvarez, J.G. Ortiz & B. Zayas. (2014) Toxic effects of xylazine on endothelial cells in combination with cocaine and 6-monoacetylmorphine. Toxicology in Vitro 28:7, pages 1312-1319.
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Kazandra Ruiz-Colón, Carlos Chavez-Arias, José Eric Díaz-Alcalá & María A. Martínez. (2014) Xylazine intoxication in humans and its importance as an emerging adulterant in abused drugs: A comprehensive review of the literature. Forensic Science International 240, pages 1-8.
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Jae-Won Lee, Jeong Ik Lee, Yoon Ju Cho, Young-Ah Lee, Jong-In Kim, Bo Ram Hwang, Hyung Joon Kim, Hyunjhung Jhun & Jin Soo Han. (2014) A survey of the use of veterinary anesthetics in Korea. Korean Journal of Veterinary Research 54:2, pages 101-105.
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Yong-Fu Xiao, Bingdi Wang, Xiaoli Wang, Fenglai Du, Michael Benzinou & Yi-Xin Jim Wang. (2013) Xylazine-induced reduction of tissue sensitivity to insulin leads to acute hyperglycemia in diabetic and normoglycemic monkeys. BMC Anesthesiology 13:1.
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Golo M. J. Meyer & Hans H. Maurer. (2013) Qualitative metabolism assessment and toxicological detection of xylazine, a veterinary tranquilizer and drug of abuse, in rat and human urine using GC–MS, LC–MS n , and LC–HR-MS n. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 405:30, pages 9779-9789.
Crossref
Golo M.J. Meyer, Markus R. Meyer, Bernhard Mischo, Otto Schofer & Hans H. Maurer. (2013) Case report of accidental poisoning with the tranquilizer xylazine and the anesthetic ketamine confirmed by qualitative and quantitative toxicological analysis using GC‐MS and LC‐MS n . Drug Testing and Analysis 5:9-10, pages 785-789.
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Kevin Woodward & Kevin WoodwardK. N. Woodward. 2012. Toxicological Effects of Veterinary Medicinal Products in Humans. Toxicological Effects of Veterinary Medicinal Products in Humans 155 247 .
K. Ruiz-Colon, M. A. Martinez, L. A. Silva-Torres, C. Chavez-Arias, M. Melendez-Negron, M. S. Conte-Miller & J. Bloom-Oquendo. (2012) Simultaneous Determination of Xylazine, Free Morphine, Codeine, 6-Acetylmorphine, Cocaine and Benzoylecgonine in Postmortem Blood by UPLC-MS-MS. Journal of Analytical Toxicology 36:5, pages 319-326.
Crossref
J. C. Reyes, J. L. Negrón, H. M. Colón, A. M. Padilla, M. Y. Millán, T. D. Matos & R. R. Robles. (2012) The Emerging of Xylazine as a New Drug of Abuse and its Health Consequences among Drug Users in Puerto Rico. Journal of Urban Health 89:3, pages 519-526.
Crossref
A. Haymerle, Å. Fahlman & C. Walzer. (2010) Human exposures to immobilising agents: results of an online survey. Veterinary Record 167:9, pages 327-332.
Crossref
K. N. Woodward. 2009. Veterinary Pharmacovigilance. Veterinary Pharmacovigilance 475 515 .

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