A scientific examination of the 21-foot rule

William L. Sandela Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Missouri State University, Springfield, MO, USACorrespondence[email protected]

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0582-0724 View further author information

M. Hunter Martaindaleb ALERRT, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX, USA

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8100-7698 View further author information

J. Pete Blairb ALERRT, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX, USAView further author information

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Michael A. Kantor, Susannah Reiner & Robert W. Pettitt. (2023) Evaluation of Tactical Movement and Firearm Draw Performance During Charging Knife Attacks. Police Practice and Research 0:0, pages 1-9.
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David Blake, Joel Suss, Duane Wolfe & Güler Arsal. (2023) ‘Curb sitting’: An evidence-based policing practice or an officer safety myth?. Police Practice and Research 24:1, pages 109-121.
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Adam T. Biggs, Joseph A. Hamilton, Andrew G. Thompson, Andrew Jensen, Joel Suss, Karen Kelly & Rachel R. Markwald. (2023) Not according to plan: Cognitive failures in marksmanship due to effects of expertise, unknown environments, and the likelihood of shooting unintended targets. Applied Ergonomics 112, pages 104058.
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M. Hunter Martaindale, William L. Sandel, Aaron Duron & Matthew J. McAllister. (2023) Can a Virtual Reality Training Scenario Elicit Similar Stress Response as a Realistic Scenario-Based Training Scenario?. Police Quarterly, pages 109861112311827.
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Adam T. Biggs, Kyle A. Pettijohn & Sarah Sherwood. (2023) How speed impacts threat assessment in lethal force decisions. Applied Ergonomics 106, pages 103890.
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Mario S. Staller, Swen Koerner & Benni Zaiser. 2023. Police Conflict Management, Volume I. Police Conflict Management, Volume I 1 14 .

Will Kalkhoff, Joshua Pollock, Matthew Pfeiffer, Brian A. Chopko, Patrick A. Palmieri, Michael T. Lewis, Joseph Sidoti, Daniel Burrill, Jon Overton & Graem Sigelmier. (2022) The Effects of Camera Monitoring on Police Officer Performance in Critical Incident Situations: a MILO Range Simulator Study. Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology 37:3, pages 619-636.
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Craig Bennell, Bryce Jenkins, Brittany Blaskovits, Tori Semple, Ariane-Jade Khanizadeh, Andrew Steven Brown & Natalie Jennifer Jones. (2022) Knowledge, Skills, and Abilities for Managing Potentially Volatile Police–Public Interactions: A Narrative Review. Frontiers in Psychology 13.
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A scientific examination of the 21-foot rule

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A scientific examination of the 21-foot rule

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