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Original Article

Cannabis effects and dependency concerns in long-term frequent users: a missing piece of the public health puzzle

Pages 441-458 | Published online: 11 Jul 2009

Keep up to date with the latest research on this topic with citation updates for this article.

Read on this site (17)

Amar Ghelani. (2021) Motives for Recreational Cannabis Use among Mental Health Professionals. Journal of Substance Use 26:3, pages 256-260.
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Alexandre Lemyre, Natalia Poliakova & Richard E. Bélanger. (2019) The Relationship Between Tobacco and Cannabis Use: A Review. Substance Use & Misuse 54:1, pages 130-145.
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Emilie Schmits, Etienne Quertemont & Aurore Boulard. (2018) Cannabis Use and Depressive Mood in Adolescence: The Mediating/Moderating Role of Anxiety, Cannabis Effect Expectancies, and Peer Users. Journal of Child & Adolescent Substance Abuse 27:5-6, pages 322-333.
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Christian Ben Lakhdar, Nicolas G. Vaillant & François-Charles Wolff. (2016) Price elasticity of demand for cannabis: does potency matter?. Addiction Research & Theory 24:4, pages 300-312.
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Emilie Schmits, Cécile Mathys & Etienne Quertemont. (2016) Is Social Anxiety Associated With Cannabis Use? The Role of Cannabis Use Effect Expectancies in Middle Adolescence. Journal of Child & Adolescent Substance Abuse 25:4, pages 348-359.
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Maayan Nagar & Sharon Rabinovitz. (2015) Smoke Your Troubles Away: Exploring the Effects of Death Cognitions on Cannabis Craving and Consumption. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 47:2, pages 91-99.
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MarcelO. Bonn-Miller, MichaelJ. Zvolensky & KirstenA. Johnson. (2010) Uni-Morbid and Co-Occurring Marijuana and Tobacco Use: Examination of Concurrent Associations with Negative Mood States. Journal of Addictive Diseases 29:1, pages 68-77.
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MarcelO. Bonn-Miller & MichaelJ. Zvolensky. (2009) Marijuana Use, Abuse, and Dependence: Evaluation of Panic Responsivity to Biological Challenge. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 41:4, pages 331-336.
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A. D. Hathaway, R. C. Callaghan, S. Macdonald & P. G. Erickson. (2009) Cannabis Dependence as a Primary Drug Use–Related Problem: The Case for Harm Reduction–Oriented Treatment Options. Substance Use & Misuse 44:7, pages 990-1008.
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Andrew D. Hathaway, Scott Macdonald & Patricia G. Erickson. (2008) Reprioritizing dependence and abuse: A comparison of cannabis clients in treatment with a nontreatment sample of users. Addiction Research & Theory 16:5, pages 495-502.
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Geraint B. Osborne & Curtis Fogel. (2008) Understanding the Motivations for Recreational Marijuana Use Among Adult Canadians. Substance Use & Misuse 43:3-4, pages 539-572.
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P. Terry, K. A. Wright, P. Terry, K. A. Wright & R. Cochrane. (2007) Factors contributing to changes in frequency of cannabis consumption by cannabis users in England: A structured interview study. Addiction Research & Theory 15:1, pages 113-119.
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AndrewD. Hathaway. (2004) cannabis users' informal rules for managing stigma and risk. Deviant Behavior 25:6, pages 559-577.
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Niall Coggans, Phil Dalgarno, Lindsay Johnson & David Shewan. (2004) Long-term heavy cannabis use: implications for health education. Drugs: Education, Prevention and Policy 11:4, pages 299-313.
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Articles from other publishers (58)

Brandon S. Schermitzler, Thomas J. Preston & Richard J. Macatee. (2023) Risk for Cannabis Use Disorder in People Who Use Cannabis to Cope with Internalizing Disorders: Implications for Policy and Practice. Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences 10:2, pages 133-141.
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Beatrice Benatti, Matteo Vismara, Lorenzo Casati, Simone Vanzetto, Dario Conti, Giovanna Cirnigliaro, Alberto Varinelli, Martina Di Bartolomeo, Claudio D’addario, Micheal Van Ameringen & Bernardo Dell’Osso. (2022) Cannabis use and related clinical variables in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. CNS Spectrums, pages 1-9.
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Kathryn S. Gex, Kevin M. Gray, Aimee L. McRae-Clark, Michael E. Saladin & Rachel L. Tomko. (2022) Distress tolerance and reactivity to negative affective cues in naturalistic environments of cannabis-using emerging adults. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 238, pages 109588.
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Sharon R. Sznitman, Lukas van Rijswijk & Janna Cousijn. (2022) Cannabis use as a predictor and outcome of positive and negative affect in college students: An ecological momentary assessment study. Addictive Behaviors 128, pages 107221.
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Marjan Javanbakht, Allison Rosen, Amy Ragsdale, E. India Richter, Steven Shoptaw & Pamina M. Gorbach. (2022) Interruptions in Mental Health Care, Cannabis Use, Depression, and Anxiety during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Findings from a Cohort of HIV-Positive and HIV-Negative MSM in Los Angeles, California. Journal of Urban Health 99:2, pages 305-315.
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Amar Ghelani. (2021) Cannabis Use Among Mental Health Professionals: A Qualitative Study of Cannabis-Related Risk Perceptions. Journal of Drug Issues 51:4, pages 679-689.
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Matthew C. Enkema, Kevin A. Hallgren, Sarah Bowen, Christine M. Lee & Mary E. Larimer. (2021) Craving management: Exploring factors that influence momentary craving-related risk of cannabis use among young adults. Addictive Behaviors 115, pages 106750.
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Jordan P. Davis, Nina C. Christie, Sheila Pakdaman, Justin F. Hummer, Jessenia DeLeon, John D Clapp & Eric R. Pedersen. (2020) Multifaceted impulsivity as a moderator of social anxiety and cannabis use during pregaming. Journal of Anxiety Disorders 76, pages 102320.
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Jillian Halladay, R. Woock, H. El-Khechen, C. Munn, J. MacKillop, M. Amlung, M. Ogrodnik, L. Favotto, K. Aryal, A. Noori, M. Kiflen & K. Georgiades. (2020) Patterns of substance use among adolescents: A systematic review. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 216, pages 108222.
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Kirsten C. S. Adam, Manoj K. Doss, Elisa Pabon, Edward K. Vogel & Harriet de Wit. (2020) Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) impairs visual working memory performance: a randomized crossover trial. Neuropsychopharmacology 45:11, pages 1807-1816.
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Martha Zimmermann, Adrienne K. Chong, Catalina Vechiu & Anthony Papa. (2020) Modifiable risk and protective factors for anxiety disorders among adults: A systematic review. Psychiatry Research 285, pages 112705.
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Janet Douglas, D. Margo Nelson, Paul Sunga & Daryl Smith. (2020) Cannabis Use and Baby Boomers: Attitudes and Patterns of Consumption. Cannabis 3:1, pages 1-10.
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Andrew Hathaway. (2019) Evidence‐based policy development for cannabis? Insights on preventing use by youth. Canadian Public Administration 62:4, pages 593-611.
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Proebstl Lisa, Kamp Felicia, Hager Laura, Krause Daniela, Riebschläger Marlies, Neumann Stefanie, Schacht Jablonowsky Maik, Schreiber Anne, Straif Maximilian, Manz Kirsi, Soyka Michael & Koller Gabi. (2019) Associations between methamphetamine use, psychiatric comorbidities and treatment outcome in two inpatient rehabilitation centers. Psychiatry Research 280, pages 112505.
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Jennie E. Ryan, Maia Noeder, Christine Burke, Samuel C. Stubblefield, Salwa Sulieman & Elissa G. Miller. (2019) Denying renal transplantation to an adolescent medical cannabis user: An ethical case study. Pediatric Transplantation 23:5.
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Alexander Spradlin & Carrie Cuttler. (2019) Problems Associated with Using Cannabis to Cope with Stress. Cannabis 2:1, pages 29-38.
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Alexander Spradlin, Dakota Mauzay & Carrie Cuttler. (2017) Symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder predict cannabis misuse. Addictive Behaviors 72, pages 159-164.
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Conal D Twomey. (2017) Association of cannabis use with the development of elevated anxiety symptoms in the general population: a meta-analysis. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 71:8, pages 811-816.
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Amany H. El-Rasheed, Khled S. ElAttar, Hanan H. Elrassas, Dalia A.M. Mahmoud & Shierf Y. Mohamed. (2017) Mood Regulation, Alexithymia, and Personality Disorders in Adolescent Male Addicts. Addictive Disorders & Their Treatment 16:2, pages 49-58.
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Geraint B. Osborne & Curtis Fogel. (2016) Perspectives on Cannabis Legalization Among Canadian Recreational Users. Contemporary Drug Problems 44:1, pages 12-31.
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S. Lev-Ran & D. Feingold. 2017. Handbook of Cannabis and Related Pathologies. Handbook of Cannabis and Related Pathologies 298 307 .
Tomer Mizrachi Zer-Aviv, Amir Segev & Irit Akirav. (2016) Cannabinoids and post-traumatic stress disorder: clinical and preclinical evidence for treatment and prevention. Behavioural Pharmacology 27:7, pages 561-569.
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Ethan Moitra, Bradley J. Anderson & Michael D. Stein. (2016) REDUCTIONS IN CANNABIS USE ARE ASSOCIATED WITH MOOD IMPROVEMENT IN FEMALE EMERGING ADULTS. Depression and Anxiety 33:4, pages 332-338.
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Daniel Feingold, Mark Weiser, Jürgen Rehm & Shaul Lev-Ran. (2016) The association between cannabis use and anxiety disorders: Results from a population-based representative sample. European Neuropsychopharmacology 26:3, pages 493-505.
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Emilie Schmits, Pierre Maurage, Romain Thirion & Etienne Quertemont. (2015) Dissociation between implicit and explicit expectancies of cannabis use in adolescence. Psychiatry Research 230:3, pages 783-791.
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Emilie Schmits, Cécile Mathys & Etienne Quertemont. (2015) A longitudinal study of cannabis use initiation among high school students: Effects of social anxiety, expectancies, peers and alcohol. Journal of Adolescence 41:1, pages 43-52.
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J. K. L. Gunn, C. B. Rosales, K. E. Center, A. V. Nunez, S. J. Gibson & J. E. Ehiri. (2015) The effects of prenatal cannabis exposure on fetal development and pregnancy outcomes: a protocol. BMJ Open 5:3, pages e007227-e007227.
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Nienke Liebregts, Peggy van der Pol, Margriet van Laar, Ron de Graaf, Wim van den Brink & Dirk J. Korf. (2015) The role of leisure and delinquency in frequent cannabis use and dependence trajectories among young adults. International Journal of Drug Policy 26:2, pages 143-152.
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Julia D. Buckner, Michael J. Zvolensky, Ross D. Crosby, Stephen A. Wonderlich, Anthony H. Ecker & Ashley Richter. (2015) Antecedents and consequences of cannabis use among racially diverse cannabis users: An analysis from Ecological Momentary Assessment. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 147, pages 20-25.
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Caroline Chatwin & David Porteous. (2013) Insiders? The Experiences and Perspectives of Long-Term, Regular Cannabis Users. Contemporary Drug Problems 40:2, pages 235-257.
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G. Dorard, C. Bungener & S. Berthoz. (2013) Estime de soi, soutien social perçu, stratégies de coping, et usage de produits psychoactifs à l’adolescence. Psychologie Française 58:2, pages 107-121.
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Anja C. Huizink. (2012) Commentary on Degenhardt et al . (2013): Specific effect of adolescent cannabis use on anxiety – tentative explanations . Addiction 108:1, pages 134-135.
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Michael J. Zvolensky, Jesse D. Kosiba, Kristin W. Grover & Matthew D. Perrone. 2013. Handbook of Assessing Variants and Complications in Anxiety Disorders. Handbook of Assessing Variants and Complications in Anxiety Disorders 93 106 .
Carolin Klein, Matthew N. Hill, Sabrina C.H. Chang, Cecilia J. Hillard & Boris B. Gorzalka. (2012) Circulating Endocannabinoid Concentrations and Sexual Arousal in Women. The Journal of Sexual Medicine 9:6, pages 1588-1601.
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Julia D. Buckner, Ross D. Crosby, Jose Silgado, Stephen A. Wonderlich & Norman B. Schmidt. (2012) Immediate antecedents of marijuana use: An analysis from ecological momentary assessment. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry 43:1, pages 647-655.
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Elizabeth Tepe, Kristy Dalrymple & Mark Zimmerman. (2012) The impact of comorbid cannabis use disorders on the clinical presentation of social anxiety disorder. Journal of Psychiatric Research 46:1, pages 50-56.
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Patricia G. Erickson. (2011) Lower Risk Cannabis Use Guidelines: For Whom?. Canadian Journal of Public Health 102:5, pages 328-329.
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Julia D. Buckner, Steven L. Proctor, Elizabeth Reynolds, Catalina Kopetz & C. W. Lejuez. (2011) Cocaine Dependence and Anxiety Sensitivity Among Patients Presenting for Residential Drug Use Treatment. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy 25:1, pages 22-30.
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Jumi Hayaki, Claire E. Hagerty, Debra S. Herman, Marcel A. de Dios, Bradley J. Anderson & Michael D. Stein. (2010) Expectancies and marijuana use frequency and severity among young females. Addictive Behaviors 35:11, pages 995-1000.
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Julia D. Buckner & Kathleen M. Carroll. (2010) Effect of anxiety on treatment presentation and outcome: Results from the Marijuana Treatment Project. Psychiatry Research 178:3, pages 493-500.
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Kirsten Johnson, Jennifer L. Mullin, Erin C. Marshall, Marcel O. Bonn‐Miller & Michael Zvolensky. (2010) Exploring the Mediational Role of Coping Motives for Marijuana Use in Terms of the Relation between Anxiety Sensitivity and Marijuana Dependence. The American Journal on Addictions 19:3, pages 277-282.
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Michael J. Zvolensky, Marcel O. Bonn-Miller, Teresa M. Leyro, Kirsten A. Johnson & Amit Bernstein. 2011. Addiction Medicine. Addiction Medicine 445 461 .
José Alexandre Crippa, Antonio Waldo Zuardi, Rocio Martín‐Santos, Sagnik Bhattacharyya, Zerrin Atakan, Philip McGuire & Paolo Fusar‐Poli. (2009) Cannabis and anxiety: a critical review of the evidence. Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental 24:7, pages 515-523.
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Marcel O. Bonn-Miller & Rudolf H. Moos. (2009) Marijuana discontinuation, anxiety symptoms, and relapse to marijuana. Addictive Behaviors 34:9, pages 782-785.
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Scott M. Hyman & Rajita Sinha. (2009) Stress-related factors in cannabis use and misuse: Implications for prevention and treatment. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 36:4, pages 400-413.
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K.M. Martens & David G. Gilbert. (2008) Marijuana and tobacco exposure predict affect-regulation expectancies in dual users. Addictive Behaviors 33:11, pages 1484-1490.
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Michael J. Zvolensky, Peter Lewinsohn, Amit Bernstein, Norman B. Schmidt, Julia D. Buckner, John Seeley & Marcel O. Bonn-Miller. (2008) Prospective associations between cannabis use, abuse, and dependence and panic attacks and disorder. Journal of Psychiatric Research 42:12, pages 1017-1023.
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Julia D. Buckner, Norman B. Schmidt, Alan R. Lang, Jason W. Small, Robert C. Schlauch & Peter M. Lewinsohn. (2008) Specificity of social anxiety disorder as a risk factor for alcohol and cannabis dependence. Journal of Psychiatric Research 42:3, pages 230-239.
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Bob Green, David J. Kavanagh & Ross McD. Young. (2007) Predictors of cannabis use in men with and without psychosis. Addictive Behaviors 32:12, pages 2879-2887.
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Julia D. Buckner, Marcel O. Bonn-Miller, Michael J. Zvolensky & Norman B. Schmidt. (2007) Marijuana use motives and social anxiety among marijuana-using young adults. Addictive Behaviors 32:10, pages 2238-2252.
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A. Robert Segarra, A. Torres Giménez, A. Tejero Pociello, C. Campo López & J. Pérez de los Cobos. (2006) Efectos esperados y adversos del consumo de cannabis en sujetos dependientes de los tetrahidrocannabinoides. Trastornos Adictivos 8:3, pages 148-154.
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