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Mental toughness in sport: A review

Pages 270-290 | Published online: 28 Feb 2011

Keep up to date with the latest research on this topic with citation updates for this article.

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Qi Peng, Chunbin Liu, Nicolas Scelles & Yuhei Inoue. (2023) Continuing or withdrawing from endurance sport events under environmental uncertainty: athletes’ decision-making. Sport Management Review 26:5, pages 698-719.
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Maryam Safara, Mojtaba Salmabadi & Hamid Reza Koohestani. (2023) Predicting covid-19 anxiety in Iranian nurses: the roles of psychological strength and attachment styles to God. Mental Health, Religion & Culture 0:0, pages 1-12.
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Alison Crawford, Dean A. Tripp, Madelaine Gierc & Sean Scott. (2023) The influence of mental toughness and self-regulation on post-season perceptions in varsity athletes. Journal of American College Health 71:4, pages 1036-1044.
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Erin Albert, Trent A. Petrie & E. Whitney G. Moore. (2022) Achievement motivation and grit’s perseverance of effort among collegiate athletes. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 0:0, pages 1-16.
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Jack R. Stimson, Emily K. Cromwell & Lisa D. Cromer. (2022) The predictive validity of the MTQ48 for academic and athletic success in student-athletes. Journal for the Study of Sports and Athletes in Education 0:0, pages 1-13.
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Christiana Bédard Thom, Frédéric Guay & Christiane Trottier. (2021) Mental toughness in sport: The Goal-Expectancy-Self-Control (GES) model. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology 33:6, pages 627-643.
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Brady S. DeCouto, Rhiannon L. Cowan, Bradley Fawver, Erich Müller, Lisa Steidl-Müller, Birgit Pötzelsberger, Christian Raschner, Keith R. Lohse & A. Mark Williams. (2021) Nationality and sociocultural factors influence athlete development and sport outcomes: Perspectives from United States and Austrian youth alpine ski racing. Journal of Sports Sciences 39:10, pages 1153-1163.
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Damian Farrow, Machar Reid, Tim Buszard & Stephanie Kovalchik. (2018) Charting the development of sport expertise: challenges and opportunities. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology 11:1, pages 238-257.
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Sarah Sabouri, Markus Gerber, Dena Sadeghi Bahmani, Sakari Lemola, Peter J Clough, Nadeem Kalak, Mahin Shamsi, Edith Holsboer-Trachsler & Serge Brand. (2016) Examining Dark Triad traits in relation to mental toughness and physical activity in young adults. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment 12, pages 229-235.
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David R. Anthony, Daniel F. Gucciardi & Sandy Gordon. (2016) A meta-study of qualitative research on mental toughness development. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology 9:1, pages 160-190.
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Kelly R. Mazzer & Debra J. Rickwood. (2015) Mental health in sport: coaches' views of their role and efficacy in supporting young people's mental health. International Journal of Health Promotion and Education 53:2, pages 102-114.
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Renata Godlewski & Theresa Kline. (2012) A Model of Voluntary Turnover in Male Canadian Forces Recruits. Military Psychology 24:3, pages 251-269.
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Nick Caddick & Emily Ryall. (2012) The Social Construction of ‘Mental Toughness’ – a Fascistoid Ideology?. Journal of the Philosophy of Sport 39:1, pages 137-154.
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Paige Mattie & Krista Munroe-Chandler. (2012) Examining the Relationship Between Mental Toughness and Imagery Use. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology 24:2, pages 144-156.
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Yu-Kai Chang, Lin Chi & Chih-Shiung Huang. (2012) Mental toughness in sport: a review and prospect. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 10:1, pages 79-92.
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Lee Crust & Kayvon Azadi. (2010) Mental toughness and athletes' use of psychological strategies. European Journal of Sport Science 10:1, pages 43-51.
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TatianaV. Ryba, NataliaB. Stambulova & CraigA. Wrisberg. (2009) Forward to the past: Puni's model of volitional preparation in sport. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 7:3, pages 275-291.
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Articles from other publishers (58)

Danielle L. Cormier, Leah J. Ferguson, Nancy C. Gyurcsik, Jennifer L. Briere, Amber D. Mosewich & Kent C. Kowalski. (2024) A quantitative assessment of the predictive utility of grit in sport. Psychology of Sport and Exercise 70, pages 102540.
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Umut Diyar GÖK, Mehmet Ali CEYHAN & Ümit YILDIRIM. (2023) Analitik Hiyerarşi Süreci (AHP) ile Bowlingde Yetenek SeçimiTalent Selection for Bowling by the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). Akdeniz Spor Bilimleri Dergisi.
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Burak GÜRER & Halil İbrahim KILIÇ. (2022) Spor Tırmanışta Rota Zorluğunun Zihinsel Dayanıklılık ve Kaygı Düzeyi Üzerine EtkisiThe Effect of Route Difficulty on Mental Toughness and Anxiety in Sports Climbing. CBÜ Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi 17:2, pages 327-343.
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İsmail KOÇ, Rıdvan ERGİN, Eylem GENCER & İrfan MARANGOZ. (2022) Zihinsel Dayanıklılık ile Parkur Performansı Üzerine İlişkisel Bir AraştırmaA Relational Research on Mental Toughness and Track Performance. Akdeniz Spor Bilimleri Dergisi 5:4, pages 858-870.
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Damjan Jakšić, Jovana Trbojević Jocić, Stefan Maričić, Bülent O. Miçooğullari, Damir Sekulić, Nikola Foretić, Antonino Bianco & Patrik Drid. (2022) Mental skills in Serbian handball players: In relation to the position and gender of players. Frontiers in Psychology 13.
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Dojin Jang, Doheung Lee & Hyunsoo Jeon. (2022) Grounded Theory Approach to the Development of Mental Toughness: Exploring the Soccer Player–Coach Interactions and Their Perception. Korean Journal of Sport Science 33:2, pages 188-202.
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Hakan Yılmazer, Florian Floyd Mueller & Aykut Coşkun. (2022) Designing for Bouldering: Supporting Kinesthetic Learning of Action Sport Enthusiasts. Designing for Bouldering: Supporting Kinesthetic Learning of Action Sport Enthusiasts.
Seyed Hojjat Zamani Sani, Dena Sadeghi-Bahmani, Zahra Fathirezaie, Mohammad Taghi Aghdasi, Kosar Abbaspour, Georgian Badicu & Serge Brand. (2022) Gender Differences and Relationship of 2D:4D-Ratio, Mental Toughness and Dark Triad Traits among Active Young Adults. Biology 11:6, pages 864.
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Simon Rice, Courtney C Walton, Vita Pilkington, Kate Gwyther, Lisa S Olive, Michael Lloyd, Alex Kountouris, Matt Butterworth, Matti Clements & Rosemary Purcell. (2022) Psychological safety in elite sport settings: a psychometric study of the Sport Psychological Safety Inventory. BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine 8:2, pages e001251.
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Dena Sadeghi-Bahmani & Serge Brand. (2022) Sleep Medicine Reviews “Stay hungry, stay foolish, stay tough and sleep well!”; why resilience and mental toughness and restoring sleep are associated. Sleep Medicine Reviews 62, pages 101618.
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Kathleen V. Casto, Lindsie C. Arthur, Dave K. Hamilton & David A. Edwards. (2021) Testosterone, Athletic Context, Oral Contraceptive Use, and Competitive Persistence in Women. Adaptive Human Behavior and Physiology 8:1, pages 52-78.
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Jan H Rosenvinge, Marcus Smavik Dasa, Morten Kristoffersen, Gunn Pettersen, Jorunn Sundgot-Borgen, Jørn Vegard Sagen & Oddgeir Friborg. (2022) Study protocol: prevalence of low energy availability and its relation to health and performance among female football players. BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine 8:1, pages e001219.
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Karissa L. Johnson, Danielle L. Cormier, Kent C. Kowalski & Amber D. Mosewich. (2022) Exploring the Relationship Between Mental Toughness and Self-Compassion in the Context of Sport Injury. Journal of Sport Rehabilitation, pages 1-9.
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Mingming ZhouMingming Zhou. 2022. Goal Frustration in Academic Achievement Settings. Goal Frustration in Academic Achievement Settings 49 68 .
Daniel Abela, Ruth Falzon & Adele Muscat. (2021) Male professional footballers’ use of mental skills training and counselling: Dilemma or conundrum?. Counselling and Psychotherapy Research 21:4, pages 869-881.
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Sanobar Golshani, Ali Najafpour, Seyed Sepehr Hashemian, Nasser Goudarzi, Fatemeh Shahmari, Sanam Golshani, Masthaneh Babaei, Kimia Firoozabadi, Kenneth M. Dürsteler, Annette Beatrix Brühl, Jalal Shakeri, Serge Brand & Dena Sadeghi-Bahmani. (2021) When Much Is Too Much—Compared to Light Exercisers, Heavy Exercisers Report More Mental Health Issues and Stress, but Less Sleep Complaints. Healthcare 9:10, pages 1289.
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Loh Jun Ming Benjamin & Wang Chee Keng John. (2021) Examining the moderation and mediation effects of mental toughness on perceived stress and anxiety amongst athletes and non-athletes. Asian Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 1:2-3, pages 89-97.
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Francisco Cano-Noguera, Ricardo José Ibáñez-Pérez, Francisco Cavas-García & Alfonso Martínez-Moreno. (2021) Influence of Psychological Factors in Federated Futsal and Lifeguard Athletes, Differences by Gender and Category. Frontiers in Psychology 12.
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Leslie M. Hasty, Margherita Malanchini, Nicholas Shakeshaft, Kerry Schofield, Maddalena Malanchini & Zhe Wang. (2020) When anxiety becomes my propeller: Mental toughness moderates the relation between academic anxiety and academic avoidance. British Journal of Educational Psychology 91:1, pages 368-390.
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Dara Mojtahedi, Neil Dagnall, Andrew Denovan, Peter Clough, Sophie Hull, Derry Canning, Caroline Lilley & Kostas A. Papageorgiou. (2021) The Relationship Between Mental Toughness, Job Loss, and Mental Health Issues During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Frontiers in Psychiatry 11.
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Sarah Anthony, Sadia Saleem, Sara Subhan & Zahid Mahmood. (2020) Mental Toughness Scale for Pakistani University Students: A Validation Study. Pakistan Journal of Psychological Research 35:4, pages 693-706.
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Andreas Stamatis, Paul J. Deal, Grant B. Morgan, Jeffrey S. Forsse, Zacharias Papadakis, Sarah McKinley-Barnard, Eric M. Scudamore & Panagiotis Koutakis. (2020) Can athletes be tough yet compassionate to themselves? Practical implications for NCAA mental health best practice no. 4. PLOS ONE 15:12, pages e0244579.
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Asterios Patsiaouras & Catalin Stirbu. (2020) Assessing Resilience in Youth (U16) Volleyball National Teams. International Journal of Physical Education, Fitness and Sports, pages 39-45.
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Donna de Haan & Annelies Knoppers. (2019) Gendered discourses in coaching high-performance sport. International Review for the Sociology of Sport 55:6, pages 631-646.
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Aubrey Newland, Rich Gitelson & W. Eric Legg. (2020) Examining the Relationship Between Mental Skills and Grit in Senior Olympic Athletes. Journal of Aging and Physical Activity 28:4, pages 658-667.
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José Bonal, Sergio Lorenzo Jiménez & Alberto Lorenzo. (2020) The Talent Development Pathway for Elite Basketball Players in China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17:14, pages 5110.
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K.V. Casto, D.A. Edwards, M. Akinola, C. Davis & P.H. Mehta. (2020) Testosterone reactivity to competition and competitive endurance in men and women. Hormones and Behavior 123, pages 104665.
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Jaswinder Singh. (2020) An Analysis of Mental Toughness Between Successful and Unsuccessful Athletes in Track and Field. IARS International Research Journal 10:1.
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Georgi P. Yankov, Nicholas Davenport & Ryne A. Sherman. (2019) Locating mental toughness in factor models of personality. Personality and Individual Differences 151, pages 109532.
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Guo Chen Liew, Garry Kuan, Ngien Siong Chin & Hairul Anuar Hashim. (2019) Mental toughness in sportMentale Stärke im Sport. German Journal of Exercise and Sport Research 49:4, pages 381-394.
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Dominik Meffert, Craig O’Shannessy, Philipp Born, Ralph Grambow & Tobias Vogt. (2019) Tennis at tiebreaks: addressing elite players’ performance for tomorrows’ coachingTennis bei Tiebreaks: Wie zukünftiges Coaching von Profis lernen kann. German Journal of Exercise and Sport Research 49:3, pages 339-344.
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Peggy Cheung & Chunxiao Li. (2019) Physical Activity and Mental Toughness as Antecedents of Academic Burnout among School Students: A Latent Profile Approach. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16:11, pages 2024.
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Jenny Meggs, Mark Chen & Danielle Mounfield. (2019) The Organizational Effect of Prenatal Testosterone Upon Gender Role Identity and Mental Toughness in Female Athletes. Women in Sport and Physical Activity Journal 27:1, pages 37-44.
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Danielle Wilson, Erica V. Bennett, Amber D. Mosewich, Guy E. Faulkner & Peter R.E. Crocker. (2019) “The zipper effect”: Exploring the interrelationship of mental toughness and self-compassion among Canadian elite women athletes. Psychology of Sport and Exercise 40, pages 61-70.
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Katelyn L. Klapprodt, John S. Fitzgerald, Sandra E. Short, John T. Manning & Grant R. Tomkinson. (2018) Relationships between the digit ratio (2D:4D) and game-related statistics in professional and semi-professional male basketball players. American Journal of Human Biology 30:6, pages e23182.
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Christiana Bédard-Thom & Frédéric Guay. (2018) Mental toughness among high school students: a test of its multidimensionality and nomological validity with academic achievement and preference for difficult tasks. Social Psychology of Education 21:4, pages 827-848.
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BURCU GÜVENDİ, AYŞE TÜRKSOY, MEHMET GÜÇLÜ & ERKUT KONTER. (2018) Examination of Courage Levels and Mental Toughness Conditions of Professional Wrestlers. International Journal of Sport, Exercise & Training Sciences, pages 70-78.
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Ying Lin, Julian Mutz, Peter J. Clough & Kostas A. Papageorgiou. (2017) Mental Toughness and Individual Differences in Learning, Educational and Work Performance, Psychological Well-being, and Personality: A Systematic Review. Frontiers in Psychology 8.
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Alexander J. Powell & Tony D. Myers. (2017) Developing Mental Toughness: Lessons from Paralympians. Frontiers in Psychology 8.
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Hanae ITO, Kai YAMADA, Hiroaki FUNAHASHI, Isao UEBAYASHI, Yoshiyuki MANO & Masataka HIROSAWA. (2017) Development of Mental Toughness Scale for Elite Swimmers. Journal of Japan Society of Sports Industry 27:3, pages 3_203-3_221.
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Dave Collins & Áine MacNamara. 2017. Sport and the Brain: The Science of Preparing, Enduring and Winning, Part A. Sport and the Brain: The Science of Preparing, Enduring and Winning, Part A 149 154 .
Dena Sadeghi Bahmani, Martin Hatzinger, Markus Gerber, Sakari Lemola, Peter J. Clough, Sonja Perren, Kay von Klitzing, Agnes von Wyl, Edith Holsboer-Trachsler & Serge Brand. (2016) The Origins of Mental Toughness – Prosocial Behavior and Low Internalizing and Externalizing Problems at Age 5 Predict Higher Mental Toughness Scores at Age 14. Frontiers in Psychology 7.
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David T. Saunders, Chris A. Roe, Graham Smith & Helen Clegg. (2016) Lucid dreaming incidence: A quality effects meta-analysis of 50 years of research. Consciousness and Cognition 43, pages 197-215.
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Samantha C. January. (2016) Integrating Multiple Perspectives Into the Study of Resilience. Industrial and Organizational Psychology 9:2, pages 462-466.
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Maamer Slimani, Bianca Miarka, Walid Briki & Foued Cheour. (2016) Comparison of Mental Toughness and Power Test Performances in High-Level Kickboxers by Competitive Success. Asian Journal of Sports Medicine Inpress:Inpress.
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Emma Mosley & Sylvain Laborde. 2016. Performance Psychology. Performance Psychology 291 314 .
Kai Lin & Tzu-Chin Rejoice Chou. (2014) Psychological Skill Model of Collegiate Athletes in Taiwan. Perceptual and Motor Skills 119:2, pages 377-396.
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Liam A. Slack, Joanne Butt, Ian W. Maynard & Peter Olusoga. (2014) Understanding mental toughness in elite football officiating: Perceptions of English Premier League referees. Sport & Exercise Psychology Review 10:1, pages 4-24.
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Mark A. Chen & David J. Cheesman. (2013) MENTAL TOUGHNESS OF MIXED MARTIAL ARTS ATHLETES AT DIFFERENT LEVELS OF COMPETITION 1 . Perceptual and Motor Skills, pages 130718095826009.
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Mark A. Chen & David J. Cheesman. (2013) Mental Toughness of Mixed Martial Arts Athletes at Different Levels of Competition. Perceptual and Motor Skills 116:3, pages 905-917.
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Dave Collins & Áine MacNamara. (2012) The Rocky Road to the Top. Sports Medicine 42:11, pages 907-914.
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Robert J. Harmison & Kathleen V. Casto. 2012. The Oxford Handbook of Sport and Performance Psychology. The Oxford Handbook of Sport and Performance Psychology 707 724 .
Marie-Ève Kim Turgeon & Wayne Richard Halliwell. (2011) L'évolution du concept de force mentale chez les athlètes : mise à jour des connaissances et limites méthodologiques. Staps n°92:2, pages 7-21.
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Javier Cabanyes Truffino. (2010) Resiliencia: una aproximación al concepto. Revista de Psiquiatría y Salud Mental 3:4, pages 145-151.
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Javier Cabanyes Truffino. (2010) Resilience: An approach to the concept. Revista de Psiquiatría y Salud Mental (English Edition) 3:4, pages 145-151.
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Lee Crust. (2009) The relationship between mental toughness and affect intensity. Personality and Individual Differences 47:8, pages 959-963.
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Michael Sheard, Jim Golby & Anna van Wersch. (2009) Progress Toward Construct Validation of the Sports Mental Toughness Questionnaire (SMTQ). European Journal of Psychological Assessment 25:3, pages 186-193.
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Lee Crust. (2008) A review and conceptual re-examination of mental toughness: Implications for future researchers. Personality and Individual Differences 45:7, pages 576-583.
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