2,449
Views
81
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Invited Review

A review on the applications of virtual reality, augmented reality and mixed reality in surgical simulation: an extension to different kinds of surgery

, , , , &
Pages 47-62 | Received 30 Jul 2020, Accepted 04 Dec 2020, Published online: 16 Dec 2020

Keep up to date with the latest research on this topic with citation updates for this article.

Read on this site (2)

Yuling Wei, Attila Endre Simay, Irma Agárdi, Jhanghiz Syahrivar & Ágnes Hofmeister-Tóth. (2023) Using Artificial Intelligence to Promote Branded Color Cosmetics: Evidence from Indonesia. Journal of Promotion Management 29:5, pages 644-675.
Read now
Juan M. Román-Belmonte, E. Carlos Rodríguez-Merchán & Hortensia De la Corte-Rodríguez. (2023) Metaverse applied to musculoskeletal pathology: Orthoverse and Rehabverse. Postgraduate Medicine 135:5, pages 440-448.
Read now

Articles from other publishers (79)

Ao Leng, Bolun Zeng, Yizhou Chen, Puxun Tu, Baoxin Tao & Xiaojun Chen. (2024) Development of a virtual reality-based zygomatic implant surgery training system with global collision detection and optimized finite element method model. Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine 243, pages 107940.
Crossref
Golsa Shafa & Amin Madani. 2024. The Technical Principles of Endoscopic Surgery. The Technical Principles of Endoscopic Surgery 21 28 .
Silvio Perez, Diana Olmedo, Fancois Baquero, Veronica Martinez-Gallego & Juan Lobos. 2024. Applied Informatics. Applied Informatics 451 465 .
Florian Andreas Probst, Paris Liokatis, Gerson Mast & Michael Ehrenfeld. (2023) Virtual planning for mandible resection and reconstruction. Innovative Surgical Sciences 8:3, pages 137-148.
Crossref
Edward J. Testa & Paul D. Fadale. (2023) Arthroscopic Training: Historical Insights and Future Directions. Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons 31:23, pages 1180-1188.
Crossref
Utsav Upadhyay, Alok Kumar, Gajanand Sharma, Ashok Kumar Saini, Varsha Arya, Akshat Gaurav & Kwok Tai Chui. (2023) Mitigating Risks in the Cloud-Based Metaverse Access Control Strategies and Techniques. International Journal of Cloud Applications and Computing 14:1, pages 1-30.
Crossref
Thomas A. B. de Boer, Joost C. F. de Winter & Yke Bauke Eisma. (2023) Augmented reality‐based telepresence in a robotic manipulation task: An experimental evaluation. IET Collaborative Intelligent Manufacturing 5:4.
Crossref
Zihan Deng, Nan Xiang & Junjun Pan. (2023) State of the Art in Immersive Interactive Technologies for Surgery Simulation: A Review and Prospective. Bioengineering 10:12, pages 1346.
Crossref
Susan Persky & Luana Colloca. (2023) Medical Extended Reality Trials: Building Robust Comparators, Controls, and Sham. Journal of Medical Internet Research 25, pages e45821.
Crossref
Xue Yang, Kexin Huang, Dewei Yang, Weiling Zhao & Xiaobo Zhou. (2023) Biomedical Big Data Technologies, Applications, and Challenges for Precision Medicine: A Review. Global Challenges.
Crossref
Gijs Luijten, Christina Gsaxner, Jianning Li, Antonio Pepe, Narmada Ambigapathy, Moon Kim, Xiaojun Chen, Jens Kleesiek, Frank Hölzle, Behrus Puladi & Jan Egger. (2023) 3D surgical instrument collection for computer vision and extended reality. Scientific Data 10:1.
Crossref
Xiaonan Yang, Wanting Mao, Yaoguang Hu, Jingfei Wang, Xuanzhu Wan & Haonan Fang. (2023) Does augmented reality help in industrial training? A comprehensive evaluation based on natural human behavior and knowledge retention. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics 98, pages 103516.
Crossref
Xingqi Fan, Baoxin Tao, Puxun Tu, Yihan Shen, Yiqun Wu & Xiaojun Chen. (2023) A novel mixed reality-guided dental implant placement navigation system based on virtual-actual registration. Computers in Biology and Medicine 166, pages 107560.
Crossref
Omobolanle R. Ogunseiju, Abiola A. Akanmu, Diana BairaktarovaDoug A. BowmanFarrokh Jazizadeh. (2023) Assessment of Interactive Holographic Scenes in Learning Applications of Sensing Technologies in Construction Education. Journal of Civil Engineering Education 149:4.
Crossref
Nicholas M. B. Laskay, Jordan A. George, Laquanda Knowlin, Todd P. Chang, James M. Johnston & Jakub Godzik. (2023) Optimizing Surgical Performance Using Preoperative Virtual Reality Planning: A Systematic Review. World Journal of Surgery 47:10, pages 2367-2377.
Crossref
Agus Rizal Ardy Hariandy Hamid, Ferdiansyah Sultan Ayasasmita Rusdhy & Prasandhya Astagiri Yusuf. (2023) Metaverse in Medical Education. Medical Journal of Indonesia 32:2, pages 67-74.
Crossref
Haifeng Zhao, Petra Karlsson, Darryl Chiu, Carter Sun, Omid Kavehei & Alistair McEwan. (2023) Wearable augmentative and alternative communication (wAAC): a novel solution for people with complex communication needs. Virtual Reality 27:3, pages 2441-2459.
Crossref
Gianmarco Randazzo, Giuseppe Reitano, Filippo Carletti, Massimo Iafrate, Giovanni Betto, Giacomo Novara, Fabrizio Dal Moro & Fabio Zattoni. (2023) Urology: a trip into metaverse. World Journal of Urology 41:10, pages 2647-2657.
Crossref
Masako Fujioka-Kobayashi, Naoki Miyasaka, Ayako Miyasaka, Masateru Koyanagi, Ryo Inada, Takahiro Miyasaka & Takafumi Satomi. (2023) A Custom-Made Surgical Guide for Accurate Enucleation of Nasopalatine Duct Cysts: A Technical Note and Case Report. Case Reports in Dentistry 2023, pages 1-5.
Crossref
Benjamin D Killeen, Sue Min Cho, Mehran Armand, Russell H Taylor & Mathias Unberath. (2023) In silico simulation: a key enabling technology for next-generation intelligent surgical systems. Progress in Biomedical Engineering 5:3, pages 032001.
Crossref
Omobolanle Ogunseiju, Abiola AkinniyiNihar GonsalvesMohammad Khalid & Abiola Akanmu. (2023) Detecting Learning Stages within a Sensor-Based Mixed Reality Learning Environment Using Deep Learning. Journal of Computing in Civil Engineering 37:4.
Crossref
Hussain Falih Mahdi, Bhumika Sharma, Roohi Sille & Tanupriya Choudhury. (2023) Metaverse and Healthcare: An Empirical Investigation. Metaverse and Healthcare: An Empirical Investigation.
Yi-Ping Chao, Chung-Jan Kang, Hai-Hua Chuang, Ming-Ju Hsieh, Yu-Che Chang, Terry B. J. Kuo, Cheryl C. H. Yang, Chung-Guei Huang, Tuan-Jen Fang, Hsueh-Yu Li & Li-Ang Lee. (2022) Comparison of the effect of 360° versus two-dimensional virtual reality video on history taking and physical examination skills learning among undergraduate medical students: a randomized controlled trial. Virtual Reality 27:2, pages 637-650.
Crossref
Hongchao Shu, Ruixing Liang, Zhaoshuo Li, Anna Goodridge, Xiangyu Zhang, Hao Ding, Nimesh Nagururu, Manish Sahu, Francis X. Creighton, Russell H. Taylor, Adnan Munawar & Mathias Unberath. (2023) Twin-S: a digital twin for skull base surgery. International Journal of Computer Assisted Radiology and Surgery 18:6, pages 1077-1084.
Crossref
Hasanali David Walji, Steven Aaron Ellis, Antonio Eduardo Martin-Ucar & Luis Hernandez. (2023) Simulation in thoracic surgery—A mini review of a vital educational tool to maximize peri-operative care and minimize complications. Frontiers in Surgery 10.
Crossref
Baoxin Tao, Xingqi Fan, Feng Wang, Xiaojun Chen, Yihan Shen & Yiqun Wu. (2023) Comparison of the accuracy of dental implant placement using dynamic and augmented reality-based dynamic navigation: An in vitro study. Journal of Dental Sciences.
Crossref
Manel Cremades Pérez, Francisco Espin Álvarez, Fernando Pardo Aranda, Jordi Navinés López, Laura Vidal Piñeiro, Alba Zarate Pinedo, Ana Maria Piquera Hinojo, Sara Sentí Farrarons & Esteban Cugat Andorra. (2023) Realidad aumentada en cirugía hepato-bilio-pancreática. Una tecnología al alcance de la mano. Cirugía Española 101:5, pages 312-318.
Crossref
Manel Cremades Pérez, Francisco Espin Álvarez, Fernando Pardo Aranda, Jordi Navinés López, Laura Vidal Piñeiro, Alba Zarate Pinedo, Ana Maria Piquera Hinojo, Sara Sentí Farrarons & Esteban Cugat Andorra. (2023) Augmented reality in hepatobiliary-pancreatic surgery: a technology at your fingertips. Cirugía Española (English Edition) 101:5, pages 312-318.
Crossref
Puxun Tu, Huixiang Wang, Leo Joskowicz & Xiaojun Chen. (2023) A multi-view interactive virtual-physical registration method for mixed reality based surgical navigation in pelvic and acetabular fracture fixation. International Journal of Computer Assisted Radiology and Surgery 18:9, pages 1715-1724.
Crossref
Kush Hari, Reid C. Thompson, Lola B. Chambless & Michael I. Miga. (2023) Development of a mixed reality application to simulate neurosurgical procedures. Development of a mixed reality application to simulate neurosurgical procedures.
Jun Liu, Kai Qian, Zhibao Qin, Mohammad Dahman Alshehri, Qiong Li & Yonghang Tai. (2023) Cloud computing-enabled IIOT system for neurosurgical simulation using augmented reality data access. Digital Communications and Networks 9:2, pages 347-357.
Crossref
Rizwan Khan, Saeed Akbar, Ali Khan, Muhammad Marwan, Zahid Hussain Qaisar, Atif Mehmood, Farah Shahid, Khushboo Munir & Zhonglong Zheng. (2023) Dental image enhancement network for early diagnosis of oral dental disease. Scientific Reports 13:1.
Crossref
Hemendra Worlikar, Sean Coleman, Jack Kelly, Sadhbh O’Connor, Aoife Murray, Terri McVeigh, Jennifer Doran, Ian McCabe & Derek O'Keeffe. (2023) Mixed Reality Platforms in Telehealth Delivery: Scoping Review. JMIR Biomedical Engineering 8, pages e42709.
Crossref
N. Wenk, J. Penalver-Andres, K. A. Buetler, T. Nef, R. M. Müri & L. Marchal-Crespo. (2021) Effect of immersive visualization technologies on cognitive load, motivation, usability, and embodiment. Virtual Reality 27:1, pages 307-331.
Crossref
Kyong-No Lee, Hyeon Ji Kim, Kiroong Choe, Aeri Cho, Bohyoung Kim, Jinwook Seo, Woojae Myung, Jee Yoon Park & Kyung Joon Oh. (2023) Effects of Fetal Images Produced in Virtual Reality on Maternal-Fetal Attachment: Randomized Controlled Trial. Journal of Medical Internet Research 25, pages e43634.
Crossref
Yasunari Matsuzaka & Ryu Yashiro. (2023) AI-Based Computer Vision Techniques and Expert Systems. AI 4:1, pages 289-302.
Crossref
Woraphon Yamaka, Paravee Maneejuk, Rungrapee Phadkantha, Wiranya Puntoon, Payap Tarkhamtham & Tatcha Sudtasan. (2023) Survival and Duration Analysis of MSMEs in Chiang Mai, Thailand: Evidence from the Post-COVID-19 Recovery. Mathematics 11:4, pages 794.
Crossref
Thomas Thurner, Benjamin Esterer, David Furst, Marianne Hollensteiner, Sabrina Sandriesser, Peter Augat, Roland Pruckner, Daniela Wirthl, Martin Kaltenbrunner, Andreas Muller, Gerhard Forster, Claus Pototschnig & Andreas Schrempf. (2023) Smart Artificial Soft Tissue - Application to a Hybrid Simulator for Training of Laryngeal Pacemaker Implantation. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering 70:2, pages 735-746.
Crossref
Zahra Kiani, Mobina Moghasemi, Forouzan Elyasi, MarjanAhmadi Shirvani, Zeinab Hamzehgardeshi, Tahereh Tayebi, NargesSadat Motahari Tabari, Hamidreza Azarfar, Mahmood Moosazadeh & Soghra Khani. (2023) Design, implementation, and validation of an application for childbirth preparation classes to improve the performance of midwifery students: Study protocol. Journal of Education and Health Promotion 12:1, pages 137.
Crossref
Thomas Thurner, Roland Pruckner, Martin Kaltenbrunner & Andreas Schrempf. (2023) Open Source Sensor Interface for Soft Detectors in Surgical Simulators. IEEE Access 11, pages 49650-49664.
Crossref
Michele Gattullo, Antonio Piccininni, Alessandro Evangelista, Pasquale Guglielmi, Antonio Boccaccio, Angela Cusanno, Antonio Emmanuele Uva & Gianfranco Palumbo. (2023) A Mixed Reality application to support the design of custom prostheses. Procedia Computer Science 217, pages 1018-1027.
Crossref
A. R. Mendicino, E. Bani, M. Caretto, F. Cutolo, T. Simoncini & V. Ferrari. 2023. Extended Reality. Extended Reality 367 378 .
Yong-Qin Wang, Peng-Fei Li, Zi-Huan Xu, Ying-Qi Zhang, Qua-Na Lee, James Chung-Wai Cheung, Ming Ni & Duo Wai-Chi Wong. (2022) Augmented reality (AR) and fracture mapping model on middle-aged femoral neck fracture: A proof-of-concept towards interactive visualization. Medicine in Novel Technology and Devices 16, pages 100190.
Crossref
Silas F. R. Alves, Mithusa Sivanathan, Julia Micallef, Bruno Gino, Marvin Mnaymneh, Adam Dubrowski & Alvaro Uribe-Quevedo. (2022) Cricothyroidotomy Simulator: A Makerspace and Augmented Reality Approach. Cricothyroidotomy Simulator: A Makerspace and Augmented Reality Approach.
Hanjiang Zhao, Mengjia Cheng, Jingyang Huang, Meng Li, Huanchong Cheng, Kun Tian & Hongbo Yu. (2022) A virtual surgical prototype system based on gesture recognition for virtual surgical training in maxillofacial surgery. International Journal of Computer Assisted Radiology and Surgery 18:5, pages 909-919.
Crossref
Eliana Aguilar, Pedro Luis Solarte Correa, Jesus Humberto Dorado, José María Sabater & Oscar Andrés Vivas Albán. (2022) Prototipo de exploración educativa basada en realidad mixta para cirugía con casco Meta 2. Ingeniería 28:1, pages e18543.
Crossref
Ge Wang, Andreu Badal, Xun Jia, Jonathan S. Maltz, Klaus Mueller, Kyle J. Myers, Chuang Niu, Michael Vannier, Pingkun Yan, Zhou Yu & Rongping Zeng. (2022) Development of metaverse for intelligent healthcare. Nature Machine Intelligence 4:11, pages 922-929.
Crossref
Mehmet Bahadir Askin & Ufuk Celikcan. (2022) Learning based versus heuristic based: A comparative analysis of visual saliency prediction in immersive virtual reality. Computer Animation and Virtual Worlds 33:6.
Crossref
Maria Suong Tjønnås, Anita Das, Cecilie Våpenstad & Solveig Osborg Ose. (2022) Simulation-based skills training: a qualitative interview study exploring surgical trainees’ experience of stress. Advances in Simulation 7:1.
Crossref
Judith Stemick, Julia Kurth & Thomas Saur. (2022) Gesteigerte Therapiemotivation durch innovative Virtual-Reality-Therapie. Nervenheilkunde 41:10, pages 681-686.
Crossref
Ramandeep Singh, Rajdeep Singh, Britty Baby & Ashish Suri. (2022) Effect of the Segmentation Threshold on Computed Tomography–Based Reconstruction of Skull Bones with Reference Optical Three-Dimensional Scanning. World Neurosurgery 166, pages e34-e43.
Crossref
Daeun Kang, Jaeseok Moon, Saeyoung Yang, Taesoo Kwon & Yejin Kim. (2022) Physics-Based Simulation of Soft-Body Deformation Using RGB-D Data. Sensors 22:19, pages 7225.
Crossref
Hao Xie. (2022) Digitized Visual Transformation of Grotto Art Using Deep Learning and Virtual Reality Technology. Scientific Programming 2022, pages 1-10.
Crossref
Chiara Piramide, Luca Ulrich, Pietro Piazzolla & Enrico Vezzetti. (2022) Toward Supporting Maxillo-Facial Surgical Guides Positioning with Mixed Reality—A Preliminary Study. Applied Sciences 12:16, pages 8154.
Crossref
Madeleine de Lotbiniere-Bassett, Arthur Volpato Batista, Carolyn Lai, Trishia El Chemaly, Joseph Dort, Nikolas Blevins & Justin Lui. (2022) The user experience design of a novel microscope within SurgiSim, a virtual reality surgical simulator. International Journal of Computer Assisted Radiology and Surgery 18:1, pages 85-93.
Crossref
Na Li, Jian’an He, Yang Chen & Shoujun Zhou. (2022) A Survey on the Progress of Computer-Assisted Vascular Intervention. Journal of Computer-Aided Design & Computer Graphics 34:07, pages 985-1010.
Crossref
Jiayi Wei, Liangjing Wu, Shuai Yang, Conghui Zhang, Le Feng, Minli Wang, Hui Li & Fang Wang. (2022) E-cadherin to N-cadherin switching in the TGF-β1 mediated retinal pigment epithelial to mesenchymal transition. Experimental Eye Research 220, pages 109085.
Crossref
Jackey J.K. Chai, Carol O'Sullivan, Aoife A. Gowen, Brendan Rooney & Jun-Li Xu. (2022) Augmented/mixed reality technologies for food: A review. Trends in Food Science & Technology 124, pages 182-194.
Crossref
Bonsa Regassa Hunde & Abraham Debebe Woldeyohannes. (2022) Future prospects of computer-aided design (CAD) – A review from the perspective of artificial intelligence (AI), extended reality, and 3D printing. Results in Engineering 14, pages 100478.
Crossref
Mareen Allgaier, Vuthea Chheang, Patrick Saalfeld, Vikram Apilla, Tobias Huber, Florentine Huettl, Belal Neyazi, I. Erol Sandalcioglu, Christian Hansen, Bernhard Preim & Sylvia Saalfeld. (2022) A comparison of input devices for precise interaction tasks in VR-based surgical planning and training. Computers in Biology and Medicine 145, pages 105429.
Crossref
Poh Soon JosephNg & Xiaoxue Gong. (2022) Technology Behavior Model—Impact of Extended Reality on Patient Surgery. Applied Sciences 12:11, pages 5607.
Crossref
Minyue Zhang, Hongwei Ding, Meri Naumceska & Yang Zhang. (2022) Virtual Reality Technology as an Educational and Intervention Tool for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: Current Perspectives and Future Directions. Behavioral Sciences 12:5, pages 138.
Crossref
Adeeb Zoabi, Idan Redenski, Daniel Oren, Adi Kasem, Asaf Zigron, Shadi Daoud, Liad Moskovich, Fares Kablan & Samer Srouji. (2022) 3D Printing and Virtual Surgical Planning in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. Journal of Clinical Medicine 11:9, pages 2385.
Crossref
Ufuk ÇELİKCAN. (2022) Applications of Virtual Reality in Education and Medicine: A Review of the Past, Present, and Future Outlook. DÜMF Mühendislik Dergisi.
Crossref
Dewen Cheng, Qichao Hou, Yang Li, Tian Zhang, Danyang Li, Yilun Huang, Yue Liu, Qiwei Wang, Weihong Hou, Tong Yang, Zexin Feng & Yongtian Wang. (2022) Optical design and pupil swim analysis of a compact, large EPD and immersive VR head mounted display. Optics Express 30:5, pages 6584.
Crossref
Lin Lu, Honglin Wang, Pengran Liu, Rong Liu, Jiayao Zhang, Yi Xie, Songxiang Liu, Tongtong Huo, Mao Xie, Xinghuo Wu & Zhewei Ye. (2022) Applications of Mixed Reality Technology in Orthopedics Surgery: A Pilot Study. Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology 10.
Crossref
Hayden Scott, Connor Griffin, William Coggins, Brooke Elberson, Mohamed Abdeldayem, Tuhin Virmani, Linda J. Larson-Prior & Erika Petersen. (2022) Virtual Reality in the Neurosciences: Current Practice and Future Directions. Frontiers in Surgery 8.
Crossref
Liu-Yang Zhu, Jian-Cun Hou, Long Yang, Zi-Rong Liu, Wen Tong, Yi Bai & Ya-Min Zhang. (2022) Application value of mixed reality in hepatectomy for hepatocellular carcinoma. World Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery 14:1, pages 36-45.
Crossref
Israel Barrutia Barreto, Fabrizio Del Carpio Delgado, Dometila Mamani Jilaja, Gino Frank Laque Córdova & Renzo Antonio Seminario Córdova. 2022. Emerging Advancements for Virtual and Augmented Reality in Healthcare. Emerging Advancements for Virtual and Augmented Reality in Healthcare 99 116 .
Yan Li. (2022) Fractional differential equations in National Sports Training in Colleges and Universities. Applied Mathematics and Nonlinear Sciences 7:1, pages 379-386.
Crossref
Dewen Cheng, Jiaxi Duan, Hailong Chen, He Wang, Danyang Li, Qiwei Wang, Qichao Hou, Tong Yang, Weihong Hou, Donghua Wang, Xiaoyu Chi, Bin Jiang & Yongtian Wang. (2021) Freeform OST-HMD system with large exit pupil diameter and vision correction capability. Photonics Research 10:1, pages 21.
Crossref
Alireza Ahmadian, Parastoo Farnia, Ebrahim Najafzadeh, Saeedeh Navaei Lavasani, Maryam Jalili Aziz & Amirhossein Ahmadian. 2022. Navigation in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. Navigation in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 1 50 .
Sadrieh Hajesmaeel-Gohari, Fatemeh Sarpourian & Elaheh Shafiei. (2021) Virtual reality applications to assist pregnant women: a scoping review. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 21:1.
Crossref
Andrew A. Furman & Wellington K. Hsu. (2021) Augmented Reality (AR) in Orthopedics: Current Applications and Future Directions. Current Reviews in Musculoskeletal Medicine 14:6, pages 397-405.
Crossref
Joshua Eves, Abhilash Sudarsanam, Joseph Shalhoub & Dimitri Amiras. (2021) Augmented reality in vascular and endovascular surgery: A scoping review (Preprint). JMIR Serious Games.
Crossref
Divya Mehrotra & A.F. Markus. (2021) Emerging simulation technologies in global craniofacial surgical training. Journal of Oral Biology and Craniofacial Research 11:4, pages 486-499.
Crossref
Jina Bae & Hyoungsik Nam. (2021) Body-Effect-Free OLED-on-Silicon Pixel Circuit Based on Capacitive Division to Extend Data Voltage Range. Electronics 10:19, pages 2351.
Crossref
Shuhua Ma, Xianchun Ma, Hairong You, Tiang Tang, Jinhua Wang & Min Wang. (2021) SC-PROSAC: An Improved Progressive Sample Consensus Algorithm Based on Spectral Clustering. SC-PROSAC: An Improved Progressive Sample Consensus Algorithm Based on Spectral Clustering.
Fabio Cofano, Giuseppe Di Perna, Marco Bozzaro, Alessandro Longo, Nicola Marengo, Francesco Zenga, Nicola Zullo, Matteo Cavalieri, Luca Damiani, Daniya J. Boges, Marco Agus, Diego Garbossa & Corrado Calì. (2021) Augmented Reality in Medical Practice: From Spine Surgery to Remote Assistance. Frontiers in Surgery 8.
Crossref

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.