385
Views
77
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Dysthyroid optic neuropathy: update on pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management

, , &
Pages 111-121 | Received 04 Nov 2016, Accepted 21 Dec 2016, Published online: 27 Jan 2017

Keep up to date with the latest research on this topic with citation updates for this article.

Read on this site (3)

Alexander Pinhas, Jorge S Andrade Romo, Giselle Lynch, Davis B Zhou, Maria V Castanos Toral, Phillip A Tenzel, Oscar Otero-Marquez, Shoshana Yakubova, Alexander Barash, David Della Rocca, Robert Della Rocca, Toco Y P Chui, Richard B Rosen & Harsha S Reddy. (2022) A Pilot Study of Subclinical Non-Capillary Peripapillary Perfusion Changes in Thyroid-Related Orbitopathy Detected Using Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography. Clinical Ophthalmology 16, pages 867-875.
Read now
Mizuki Tagami, Shigeru Honda & Atsushi Azumi. (2022) Insights into Current Management Strategies for Dysthyroid Optic Neuropathy: A Review. Clinical Ophthalmology 16, pages 841-850.
Read now
Teena M Mendonca, Shobha G Pai, Shrinath P Shetty, Ria Mukherjee & Tishya Vepakommma. (2020) An atypical case of unilateral vision loss in thyroid eye disease. Clinical and Experimental Optometry 103:6, pages 915-917.
Read now

Articles from other publishers (74)

A. Meunier, M. Haissaguerre, C. Majoufre & M. Schlund. (2024) Surgical management of dysthyroid optic neuropathy: A systematic review. Journal of Stomatology, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 125:1, pages 101616.
Crossref
Arnaud R. G. G. Potvin, Farzad Pakdel & Peerooz Saeed. (2023) Dysthyroid Optic Neuropathy. Ophthalmic Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery 39:6S, pages S65-S80.
Crossref
Nan Yang, Hui Zhu, Junxin Ma & Qing Shao. (2023) OCT and OCTA in dysthyroid optic neuropathy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open Ophthalmology 8:1, pages e001379.
Crossref
Mansoreh Jamshidian Tehrani, Hanieh Niktinat, Nazanin Ebrahimiadib, Behzad Jafari, Seyed Mohsen Rafizadeh & Abolfazl Kasaee. (2023) Assessment of retinal and choroidal vessel density and nerve fibre layer thickness changes after orbitotomy in patients with severe non-active thyroid orbitopathy: a prospective study. International Ophthalmology.
Crossref
Aliakbar Sabermoghaddam, Mojtaba Abrishami, Mehrdad Motamed Shariati & Zeinab Salahi. (2023) Macular retinal and choroidal thickness profile in patients with thyroid‐associated orbitopathy compared to healthy individuals: A cross‐sectional study. Health Science Reports 6:10.
Crossref
Jiaqi Liang, Peng Tian, Jing Wang, Shuxian Fan, Xiaowen Deng, Jiafeng Zhang, Jia Zhang, Mei Wang & Peng Zeng. (2023) A diagnostic model based on color vision examination for dysthyroid optic neuropathy using Hardy-Rand-Rittler color plates. Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology 261:9, pages 2669-2678.
Crossref
Xi Lv, Yang Gao, Yujun Ma, Cheng Li, Yi Ren, Zhihui Zhang, Yuekun Bao, Shicai Su & Rong Lu. (2023) Comparison of surgical effect in active and inactive Dysthyroid Optic Neuropathy after Endoscopic Transnasal Medial Orbital Decompression. Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology.
Crossref
Victor Vermot-Desroches, Kim Thia-Soui-Tchong, Perrine Raymond, Andrea Filip, Jacques Orgiazzi, Emmanuel Jouanneau, Caroline Froment Tilikete, Françoise Borson-Chazot, Romain Manet & Juliette Abeillon Du Payrat. (2023) Prognostic factors for significant 6-month recovery in dysthyroid optic neuropathy in a tertiary center: A series of 69 eyes in 38 patients. Annales d'Endocrinologie 84:4, pages 430-439.
Crossref
Elza Azri Othman. (2022) Editorial for “Functional and Morphological Brain Alterations in Dysthyroid Optic Neuropathy: A Combined Resting‐State fMRI and Voxel‐Based Morphometry Study”. Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging 58:2, pages 518-519.
Crossref
Francesco Buonfiglio, Elsa Wilma Böhm, Norbert Pfeiffer & Adrian Gericke. (2023) Oxidative Stress: A Suitable Therapeutic Target for Optic Nerve Diseases?. Antioxidants 12:7, pages 1465.
Crossref
Cheng Song, Yaosheng Luo, Weihong Huang, Yongbo Duan, Xuefeng Deng, Haixiong Chen, Genfeng Yu, Kai Huang, Sirong Xu, Xiaoxin Lin, Yi Wang & Jie Shen. (2023) Extraocular muscle volume index at the orbital apex with optic neuritis: a combined parameter for diagnosis of dysthyroid optic neuropathy. European Radiology 33:12, pages 9203-9212.
Crossref
Arash Delavar, Bharanidharan Radha Saseendrakumar, Tonya C. Lee, Nicole J. Topilow, Michelle A. Ting, Catherine Y. Liu, Bobby S. Korn, Robert N. WeinrebDon O. Kikkawa & Sally L. Baxter. (2023) Associations Between Thyroid Eye Disease and Glaucoma Among Those Enrolled in the National Institutes of Health All of Us Research Program. Ophthalmic Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery 39:4, pages 336-340.
Crossref
Kaylie Chen & Andrew W. Browne. (2023) Radiation Retinopathy. Current Ophthalmology Reports 11:3, pages 49-56.
Crossref
Jie Guo, Ruiqi Ma, Lu Gan, Xiaofeng Li, Kang Xue, Jinwei Cheng & Jiang Qian. (2022) Changes in retinal nerve fibre layer, ganglion cell layer and visual function in eyes with thyroid eye disease of different severities with and without orbital decompression. Eye 37:8, pages 1571-1576.
Crossref
Shuang Zhang, Yuping Qin, Jiujiang Wang, Yuanyu Yu, Lin Wu & Tao Zhang. (2023) Noninvasive Electrical Stimulation Neuromodulation and Digital Brain Technology: A Review. Biomedicines 11:6, pages 1513.
Crossref
Ruchi Goel, Shalin Shah, Gangadhara Sundar, Ritu Arora, Swati Gupta & Tamanna Khullar. (2023) Orbital and ocular perfusion in thyroid eye disease. Survey of Ophthalmology 68:3, pages 481-506.
Crossref
Peng Zeng, Xiao-wen Deng, Peng Tian, Yuan-yu Peng, Ming-tong Xu, Shi-you Zhou & Mei Wang. (2023) The Outcomes of Balanced Orbital Decompression for Dysthyroid Optic Neuropathy: Focusing on Choroiretinal Folds with and without Optic Disc Edema. Disease Markers 2023, pages 1-9.
Crossref
M. Pelewicz-Sowa & P. Miśkiewicz. (2023) Dysthyroid optic neuropathy: emerging treatment strategies. Journal of Endocrinological Investigation 46:7, pages 1305-1316.
Crossref
Maria Elena Pero, Farihah Chowdhury & Francesca Bartolini. (2023) Role of tubulin post-translational modifications in peripheral neuropathy. Experimental Neurology 360, pages 114274.
Crossref
Nisar Sonam Poonam, Md. Shahid AlamPrashant OberoiBipasha Mukherjee. (2022) Dysthyroid optic neuropathy: Demographics, risk factors, investigations, and management outcomes. Indian Journal of Ophthalmology 70:12, pages 4419-4426.
Crossref
Jakub Supronik, Małgorzata Szelachowska, Adam Kretowski & Katarzyna Siewko. (2022) Rituximab in the treatment of Graves’ orbitopathy: latest updates and perspectives. Endocrine Connections 11:12.
Crossref
J. Čivrný, M. Karhanová, P. Hübnerová, J. Schovánek & M. Heřman. (2022) MRI in the assessment of thyroid-associated orbitopathy activity. Clinical Radiology 77:12, pages 925-934.
Crossref
Cong Wu, Shijun Li, Xiao Liu, Fagang Jiang & Bingjie Shi. (2022) DMs-MAFM+EfficientNet: a hybrid model for predicting dysthyroid optic neuropathy. Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing 60:11, pages 3217-3230.
Crossref
Sandra Rezar-Dreindl, Andrea Papp, Arnulf Baumann, Thomas Neumayer, Katharina Eibenberger, Eva Stifter & Ursula Schmidt-Erfurth. (2022) Management of patients with dysthyroid optic neuropathy treated with intravenous corticosteroids and/or orbital decompression surgery. Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology 260:11, pages 3683-3691.
Crossref
Xueting Li, Senmao Li, Wanlin Fan, Alexander C. Rokohl, Sitong Ju, Xiaojun Ju, Yongwei Guo & Ludwig M. Heindl. (2022) Recent advances in graves ophthalmopathy medical therapy: a comprehensive literature review. International Ophthalmology 43:4, pages 1437-1449.
Crossref
Krzysztof B. Poślednik, Katarzyna Czerwaty, Nils Ludwig, Marta Molińska-Glura, Anna Jabłońska-Pawlak, Piotr Miśkiewicz, Ireneusz Kantor, Karolina Dżaman, Anna M. Cyran & Mirosław J. Szczepański. (2022) Treatment Results of Endoscopic Transnasal Orbital Decompression for Graves’ Orbitopathy—A Single-Center Retrospective Analysis in 28 Orbits of 16 Patients. Journal of Personalized Medicine 12:10, pages 1714.
Crossref
Cheng Song, Yaosheng Luo, Genfeng Yu, Haixiong Chen & Jie Shen. (2022) Current insights of applying MRI in Graves’ ophthalmopathy. Frontiers in Endocrinology 13.
Crossref
Haochen Jin, Xi Yu, Suqi Cao, Mengting Wang, Xiaozhou Hu, Jie Ye, Weijie Liu, Mingna Xu, Wencan Wu & Yunhai Tu. (2022) Selective deficits of S-cone in thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy patients without clinical signs of dysthyroid optic neuropathy. Frontiers in Neuroscience 16.
Crossref
Kinga Yo, Kunihiro Nishimura, Yasuhiro Takahashi, Hiroki Yokota, Naoyuki Hatayama, Tetsuro Hoshino, Munekazu Naito, Tetsuya Ogawa & Yasushi Fujimoto. (2022) Comparison of the decompressive effect of different surgical procedures for dysthyroid optic neuropathy using 3D printed models. Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology 260:9, pages 3043-3051.
Crossref
Yufei Wu, Qiaoli Yang, Liujun Ding, Yunhai Tu, Xiaoyu Deng, Yan Yang, Meixiao Shen, Qinkang Lu, Fan Lu & Qi Chen. (2022) Peripapillary structural and microvascular alterations in early dysthyroid optic neuropathy. Eye and Vision 9:1.
Crossref
Agnieszka Jagiełło-Korzeniowska, Agata Bałdys-Waligórska, Alicja Hubalewska-Dydejczyk & Bożena Romanowska-Dixon. (2022) Functional and Morphological Changes in the Visual Pathway in Patients with Graves’ Orbitopathy. Journal of Clinical Medicine 11:14, pages 4095.
Crossref
Michael J. Lopez, Jordan L. Herring, Ciera Thomas, Bradley A. Bertram & Dilip A. Thomas. (2022) Visual Recovery of Dysthyroid Optic Neuropathy With Teprotumumab. Journal of Neuro-Ophthalmology 42:2, pages e491-e493.
Crossref
Tracy J. Lu, Linus Amarikwa, Connie M. Sears & Andrea L. Kossler. (2022) Advances in the Treatment of Thyroid Eye Disease Associated Extraocular Muscle Myopathy and Optic Neuropathy. Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports 22:6, pages 313-325.
Crossref
Janos K. Aranyosi, Erika Galgoczi, Annamaria Erdei, Monika Katko, Mariann Fodor, Zoltan Ujhelyi, Ildiko Bacskay, Endre V. Nagy & Bernadett Ujhelyi. (2022) Different Effects of Cigarette Smoke, Heated Tobacco Product and E-Cigarette Vapour on Orbital Fibroblasts in Graves’ Orbitopathy; a Study by Real Time Cell Electronic Sensing. Molecules 27:9, pages 3001.
Crossref
Ping Liu, Ban Luo, Lin-han Zhai, Hong-Yu Wu, Qiu-Xia Wang, Gang Yuan, Gui-Hua Jiang, Lang Chen & Jing Zhang. (2022) Multi-Parametric Diffusion Tensor Imaging of The Optic Nerve for Detection of Dysthyroid Optic Neuropathy in Patients With Thyroid-Associated Ophthalmopathy. Frontiers in Endocrinology 13.
Crossref
Catherine J Hwang, Erin E Nichols, Brian H Chon & Julian D Perry. (2021) Bilateral dysthyroid compressive optic neuropathy responsive to teprotumumab. European Journal of Ophthalmology 32:3, pages NP46-NP49.
Crossref
Bjorn Kaijun Betzler, Stephanie M. Young & Gangadhara Sundar. (2021) Intraocular Pressure and Glaucoma in Thyroid Eye Disease. Ophthalmic Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery 38:3, pages 219-225.
Crossref
Parya Abdolalizadeh, Mohsen Bahmani Kashkouli, Farideh Moradpasandi, Khalil Ghasemi Falavarjani, Reza Mirshahi & Shadi Akbarian. (2021) Optic Nerve Head Vessel Density Changes from Graves’ Disease without TED to TED Dysthyroid Optic Neuropathy: Does Optic Nerve Head Ischemia Play a Role?. Ophthalmic Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery 38:3, pages 250-257.
Crossref
Trishal Jeeva-Patel, Seema Emami & Edward Margolin. (2021) Central Retinal Vein Occlusion and Compressive Optic Neuropathy Secondary to Thyroid Eye Disease. Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques 49:2, pages 302-304.
Crossref
Mengsha Zou, Dide Wu, Hongzhang Zhu, Xiahua Huang, Xiaojuan Zhao, Jing Zhao, Wenhao Fu, Ruocheng Li, Bin Li, Pengxia Wan, Shubin Hong, Yanbing Li, Haipeng Xiao & Zhiyun Yang. (2021) Multiparametric quantitative MRI for the evaluation of dysthyroid optic neuropathy. European Radiology 32:3, pages 1931-1938.
Crossref
Yun Hsia, Chia-Chieh Hsiao, Yi-Hsuan Wei, I-Wen Lai, Chao-Wen Lin & Shu-Lang Liao. (2022) The Changes in Optic Nerve after Orbital Decompression Surgery for Thyroid Eye Disease and Case Reports of Ischemic Optic Neuropathy. BioMed Research International 2022, pages 1-10.
Crossref
Vinita Gupta, Sucharita Das, Shalini Mohan & Udit Chauhan. (2022) RAPD as a clinical alert for early evidence of dysthyroid optic neuropathy. Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care 11:1, pages 370.
Crossref
Yunhai Tu, Pingping Huang, Chuanwan Mao, Xiaozheng Liu & Jianlu Gao. (2022) Abnormal Functional Connectivity Density in Patients with Dysthyroid Optic Neuropathy. Ophthalmic Research 65:2, pages 171-179.
Crossref
Jie Guo, Xiaofeng Li, Ruiqi Ma, Lu Gan & Jiang Qian. (2021) The changes of retinal nerve fibre layer and ganglion cell layer with different severity of thyroid eye disease. Eye 36:1, pages 129-134.
Crossref
Yunhai Tu, Mingna Xu, Andy D. Kim, Michael T. M. Wang, Zhaoqi Pan & Wencan Wu. (2021) Modified endoscopic transnasal orbital apex decompression in dysthyroid optic neuropathy. Eye and Vision 8:1.
Crossref
Liam K Fisher, Xiaofei Wang, Tin A Tun, Hsi-Wei Chung, Dan Milea & Michael J A Girard. (2021) Gaze-evoked deformations of the optic nerve head in thyroid eye disease. British Journal of Ophthalmology 105:12, pages 1758-1764.
Crossref
Xin Qi, Boding Tong, Weikun Hu & Ban Luo. (2020) Comparing isolated-check visual evoked potential, pattern visual evoked potential, and standard automated perimetry in dysthyroid optic neuropathy eyes. Eye 35:9, pages 2556-2563.
Crossref
Connie M. Sears, Yao Wang, Lucy A. Bailey, Roger Turbin, Prem S. Subramanian, Raymond Douglas, Kimberly Cockerham & Andrea L. Kossler. (2021) Early efficacy of teprotumumab for the treatment of dysthyroid optic neuropathy: A multicenter study. American Journal of Ophthalmology Case Reports 23, pages 101111.
Crossref
Shengnan Cheng, Yueqi Yu, Yayan You, Jin Chen, Xiaohuan Pi, Xinghua Wang & Fagang Jiang. (2021) Retinal nerve fiber layer thickness measured by optical coherence tomography predicts visual recovery after orbital decompression for dysthyroid optic neuropathy. International Ophthalmology 41:9, pages 3121-3133.
Crossref
Joshua Yap. 2005. Radiopaedia.org. Radiopaedia.org.
Juan R. Gras-Cabrerizo, Fernando Rodríguez-Álvarez, Beatriz Gomez-Anson, José María Cubero-Marcos, Maria Martel-Martin, Esther Granell-Moreno, Montserrat Lopez-VilasJoan Ramon Montserrat-GiliHumbert Massegur-Solench. (2021) Management of Patients With Graves Orbitopathy Using Endonasal Endoscopic Techniques. Journal of Craniofacial Surgery 32:4, pages 1521-1525.
Crossref
Sönke Langner & Felix Streckenbach. (2021) Erkrankungen der Orbita – vom Zufallsbefund bis zum Exophthalmus. Radiologie up2date 21:02, pages 115-132.
Crossref
Connie M. Sears, Amee D. Azad, Chrysoula DosiouAndrea L. Kossler. (2021) Teprotumumab for Dysthyroid Optic Neuropathy: Early Response to Therapy. Ophthalmic Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery 37:3S, pages S157-S160.
Crossref
Hao Hu, Huan-Huan Chen, Wen Chen, Qian Wu, Lu Chen, Hui Zhu, Hai-Bin Shi, Xiao-Quan Xu & Fei-Yun Wu. (2021) Thyroid-Associated Ophthalmopathy: Preliminary Study Using T2 Mapping to Characterize Intraorbital Optic Nerve Changes Before Dysthyroid Optic Neuropathy. Endocrine Practice 27:3, pages 191-197.
Crossref
P. J. Dolman. (2020) Dysthyroid optic neuropathy: evaluation and management. Journal of Endocrinological Investigation 44:3, pages 421-429.
Crossref
Xian Ji, Wei Xiao, Huijing Ye, Rongxin Chen, Jinghong Wu, Yuxiang Mao & Huasheng Yang. (2020) Ultrasonographic measurement of the optic nerve sheath diameter in dysthyroid optic neuropathy. Eye 35:2, pages 568-574.
Crossref
Sheng-Nan Cheng, Yue-Qi Yu, Ya-Yan You, Jin Chen, Xiao-Huan Pi, Xing-Hua Wang & Fa-Gang Jiang. (2021) Comparison of 2-wall versus 3-wall orbital decompression against dysthyroid optic neuropathy in visual function. Medicine 100:8, pages e24513.
Crossref
Anaïs L. Carniciu, Raymond I. Cho & Alon Kahana. 2021. Smith and Nesi’s Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. Smith and Nesi’s Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 1001 1026 .
Benping Zhang, Yaling Li, Weijie Xu, Bei Peng & Gang Yuan. (2020) Use of Rituximab After Orbital Decompression Surgery in Two Grave’s Ophthalmopathy Patients Progressing to Optic Neuropathy. Frontiers in Endocrinology 11.
Crossref
Aric Vaidya, Patricia Ann L. Lee, Yoshiyuki Kitaguchi, Hirohiko Kakizaki & Yasuhiro Takahashi. (2020) Spontaneous orbital decompression in thyroid eye disease: new measurement methods and its influential factors. Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology 258:10, pages 2321-2329.
Crossref
Anny M. S. Cheng, Yi-Hsuan Wei & Shu-Lang Liao. (2020) Strategies in Surgical Decompression for Thyroid Eye Disease. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 2020, pages 1-7.
Crossref
Jin Young Seo, Hong-Ki Song, Ju-Hun Lee, Jong Seok Bae & Yerim Kim. (2020) Bilateral Optic Neuritis Associated with Central Nervous System Infection in an Adult. Journal of Neurosonology and Neuroimaging 12:1, pages 40-43.
Crossref
Alevtina F. Brovkina. (2020) Optic neuropathy and exophthalmos edematous: symptom or complication?. Ophthalmology Reports 13:1, pages 71-76.
Crossref
Roshmi Gupta, Rwituja Thomas, Fatema Almukhtar & Anjali Kiran. (2020) Visual morbidity in thyroid eye disease in Asian Indian patients. Indian Journal of Ophthalmology 68:8, pages 1622.
Crossref
Huan-Huan Chen, Hao Hu, Wen Chen, Dai Cui, Xiao-Quan Xu, Fei-Yun Wu & Tao Yang. (2020) Thyroid-Associated Orbitopathy: Evaluating Microstructural Changes of Extraocular Muscles and Optic Nerves Using Readout-Segmented Echo-Planar Imaging-Based Diffusion Tensor Imaging. Korean Journal of Radiology 21:3, pages 332.
Crossref
Y.O. Grusha, D.S. Ismailova, P.A. Kochetkov & N.A. Andreeva. (2020) Dysthyroid optic neuropathy: surgical treatment potential. Vestnik oftal'mologii 136:4, pages 193.
Crossref
Shoaib Ugradar & Daniel B. Rootman. (2019) Quantification of optic nerve length and tortuosity in thyroid eye disease. Canadian Journal of Ophthalmology 54:5, pages 611-614.
Crossref
Te Zhang, Wei Xiao, Huijing Ye, Rongxin Chen, Yuxiang Mao & Huasheng Yang. (2019) Peripapillary and Macular Vessel Density in Dysthyroid Optic Neuropathy: An Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography Study. Investigative Opthalmology & Visual Science 60:6, pages 1863.
Crossref
Ma. Regina Paula Valencia, Yasuhiro Takahashi, Eri Ishikawa & Hirohiko Kakizaki. (2019) Compressive optic neuropathy in non-thyroidal lymphocytic infiltrative disorders of the extraocular muscles. Canadian Journal of Ophthalmology 54:2, pages e81-e84.
Crossref
Andrea Rau, Matthias Klopfer, Niklas Rommel, Mechthild Rau-Fornefeld & Andreas Kolk. (2018) Extraocular muscle repositioning as the last therapeutic option for a patient with a severe course of Graves’ Ophthalmopathy: a case report. BMC Ophthalmology 18:1.
Crossref
Peerooz Saeed, Shahzad Tavakoli Rad & Peter H. L. T. Bisschop. (2018) Dysthyroid Optic Neuropathy. Ophthalmic Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery 34:4S, pages S60-S67.
Crossref
Jonathan J. Dutton. (2018) Anatomic Considerations in Thyroid Eye Disease. Ophthalmic Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery 34:4S, pages S7-S12.
Crossref
Stefania Bianchi Marzoli & Alessandra Criscuoli. (2018) Pain in optic neuropathies. Neurological Sciences 39:S1, pages 25-31.
Crossref
Fotini Adamidou, Panagiotis Anagnostis, Kostas Boboridis, Christina Manani, Thomas Georgiou, Stavroula Veneti & Marina Kita. (2018) Enduring remission of active and sight-threatening Graves’ orbitopathy with rituximab: report of two cases. Endocrine Journal 65:9, pages 963-967.
Crossref

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.