987
Views
57
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Productivity and carbon allocation in a tropical montane cloud forest in the Peruvian Andes

, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , & show all
Pages 107-123 | Received 19 Mar 2012, Accepted 24 Jun 2013, Published online: 17 Sep 2013

Keep up to date with the latest research on this topic with citation updates for this article.

Read on this site (4)

Sheriza Mohd Razali, Arnaldo Aitor Marin Atucha, Ahmad Ainuddin Nuruddin, Hazandy Abdul Hamid & Helmi Zulhaidi Mohd Shafri. (2016) Monitoring vegetation drought using MODIS remote sensing indices for natural forest and plantation areas. Journal of Spatial Science 61:1, pages 157-172.
Read now
David Galbraith, Yadvinder Malhi, Luiz Aragão & Timothy Baker. (2014) The ecosystem dynamics of Amazonian and Andean forests. Plant Ecology & Diversity 7:1-2, pages 1-6.
Read now
CécileA.J. Girardin, William Farfan-Rios, Karina Garcia, KenethJ. Feeley, PeterM. Jørgensen, AlejandroAraujo Murakami, Leslie Cayola Pérez, Renate Seidel, Narel Paniagua, AlfredoF. Fuentes Claros, Carla Maldonado, Miles Silman, Norma Salinas, Carlos Reynel, DavidA. Neill, Martha Serrano, CarlosJ. Caballero, María de los Angeles La Torre Cuadros, MariaJ. Macía, TimothyJ. Killeen & Yadvinder Malhi. (2014) Spatial patterns of above-ground structure, biomass and composition in a network of six Andean elevation transects. Plant Ecology & Diversity 7:1-2, pages 161-171.
Read now
WalterHuaraca Huasco, CécileA.J. Girardin, ChristopherE. Doughty, DanielB. Metcalfe, LilianaD. Baca, JavierE. Silva-Espejo, DarcyG. Cabrera, LuizE.O.C. Aragão, AngelaR. Davila, TobyR. Marthews, LidiaP. Huaraca-Quispe, Ivonne Alzamora-Taype, LuzmilaE. Mora, William Farfán-Rios, KarinaG. Cabrera, Katherine Halladay, Norma Salinas-Revilla, MilesR. Silman, Patrick Meir & Yadvinder Malhi. (2014) Seasonal production, allocation and cycling of carbon in two mid-elevation tropical montane forest plots in the Peruvian Andes. Plant Ecology & Diversity 7:1-2, pages 125-142.
Read now

Articles from other publishers (53)

Emily I. Burt, Gregory R. Goldsmith, Roxanne M. Cruz-de Hoyos, Adan Julian Ccahuana Quispe & A. Joshua West. (2023) The seasonal origins and ages of water provisioning streams and trees in a tropical montane cloud forest. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 27:22, pages 4173-4186.
Crossref
Jhon Villarreal-Veloz, Xavier Zapata-Ríos, Karla Uvidia-Zambrano & Carla Borja-Escobar. (2023) Spatio-Temporal Description of the NDVI (MODIS) of the Ecuadorian Tussock Grasses and Its Link with the Hydrometeorological Variables and Global Climatic Indices. Sustainability 15:15, pages 11562.
Crossref
Cléber R. Souza, Ravi Fernandes Mariano, Vinícius Andrade Maia, Patrícia Vieira Pompeu, Rubens Manoel dos Santos & Marco Aurélio Leite Fontes. (2023) Carbon stock and uptake in the high-elevation tropical montane forests of the threatened Atlantic Forest hotspot: Ecosystem function and effects of elevation variation. Science of The Total Environment 882, pages 163503.
Crossref
Arun Singh Ramesh, Alexander W. Cheesman, Habacuc Flores-Moreno, Noel D. Preece, Darren M. Crayn & Lucas A. Cernusak. (2023) Temperature, nutrient availability, and species traits interact to shape elevation responses of Australian tropical trees. Frontiers in Forests and Global Change 6.
Crossref
Ahmed A. Mawgoud, Mohamed Hamed N. Taha, Amr Abu-Talleb & Amira Kotb. (2022) A deep learning based steganography integration framework for ad-hoc cloud computing data security augmentation using the V-BOINC system. Journal of Cloud Computing 11:1.
Crossref
Ana Mariscal, Daniel Churchill Thomas, Austin Haffenden, Rocío Manobanda, William Defas, Miguel Angel Chinchero, José Danilo Simba Larco, Edison Jaramillo, Bitty A. Roy & Mika Peck. (2022) Evidence for Alternate Stable States in an Ecuadorian Andean Cloud Forest. Forests 13:6, pages 875.
Crossref
Andrew T. Nottingham, Alexander W. Cheesman, Terhi Riutta, Christopher E. Doughty, Elizabeth Telford, Walter Huaraca Huasco, Martin Svátek, Jakub Kvasnica, Noreen Majalap, Yadvinder Malhi, Patrick Meir & Yit Arn Teh. (2021) Large contribution of recent photosynthate to soil respiration in tropical dipterocarp forest revealed by girdling. Journal of Ecology 110:2, pages 387-403.
Crossref
Dennis Castillo-Figueroa. (2021) Carbon cycle in tropical upland ecosystems: a global review. Web Ecology 21:2, pages 109-136.
Crossref
Tainá Madalena Oliveira de Morais, Erika Berenguer, Jos Barlow, Filipe França, Gareth D. Lennox, Yadvinder Malhi, Liana Chesini Rossi, Marina Maria Moraes de Seixas & Joice Ferreira. (2021) Leaf-litter production in human-modified Amazonian forests following the El Niño-mediated drought and fires of 2015–2016. Forest Ecology and Management 496, pages 119441.
Crossref
Walter Huaraca Huasco, Terhi Riutta, Cécile A. J. Girardin, Fernando Hancco Pacha, Beisit L. Puma Vilca, Sam Moore, Sami W. Rifai, Jhon Aguila‐Pasquel, Alejandro Araujo Murakami, Renata Freitag, Alexandra C. Morel, Sheleme Demissie, Christopher E. Doughty, Imma Oliveras, Darcy F. Galiano Cabrera, Liliana Durand Baca, Filio Farfán Amézquita, Javier E. Silva Espejo, Antonio C.L. Costa, Erick Oblitas Mendoza, Carlos Alberto Quesada, Fidele Evouna Ondo, Josué Edzang Ndong, Kathryn J. Jeffery, Vianet Mihindou, Lee J. T. White, Natacha N'ssi Bengone, Forzia Ibrahim, Shalom D. Addo‐Danso, Akwasi Duah‐Gyamfi, Gloria Djaney Djagbletey, Kennedy Owusu‐Afriyie, Lucy Amissah, Armel T. Mbou, Toby R. Marthews, Daniel B. Metcalfe, Luiz E. O. Aragão, Ben H. Marimon‐Junior, Beatriz S. Marimon, Noreen Majalap, Stephen Adu‐Bredu, Katharine A. Abernethy, Miles Silman, Robert M. Ewers, Patrick Meir & Yadvinder Malhi. (2021) Fine root dynamics across pantropical rainforest ecosystems. Global Change Biology 27:15, pages 3657-3680.
Crossref
Mariasole Calbi, Francisco Fajardo‐Gutiérrez, Juan Manuel Posada, Robert Lücking, Grischa Brokamp & Thomas Borsch. (2021) Seeing the wood despite the trees: Exploring human disturbance impact on plant diversity, community structure, and standing biomass in fragmented high Andean forests. Ecology and Evolution 11:5, pages 2110-2172.
Crossref
Belen Fadrique, Paul Santos-Andrade, William Farfan-Rios, Norma Salinas, Miles Silman & Kenneth J. Feeley. (2021) Reduced tree density and basal area in Andean forests are associated with bamboo dominance. Forest Ecology and Management 480, pages 118648.
Crossref
Yadvinder Malhi, Cécile Girardin, Daniel B. Metcalfe, Christopher E. Doughty, Luiz E.O.C. Aragão, Sami W. Rifai, Immaculada Oliveras, Alexander Shenkin, Jesus Aguirre-Gutiérrez, Cecilia A.L. Dahlsjö, Terhi Riutta, Erika Berenguer, Sam Moore, Walter Huaraca Huasco, Norma Salinas, Antonio Carlos Lola da Costa, Lisa Patrick Bentley, Stephen Adu-Bredu, Toby R. Marthews, Patrick Meir & Oliver L. Phillips. (2021) The Global Ecosystems Monitoring network: Monitoring ecosystem productivity and carbon cycling across the tropics. Biological Conservation 253, pages 108889.
Crossref
Wolfgang Wilcke. 2021. The Andean Cloud Forest. The Andean Cloud Forest 89 110 .
Imma Oliveras, Lisa Bentley, Nikolaos M. Fyllas, Agne Gvozdevaite, Alexander Frederick Shenkin, Theresa Peprah, Paulo Morandi, Karine Silva Peixoto, Mickey Boakye, Stephen Adu-Bredu, Beatriz Schwantes Marimon, Ben Hur Marimon Junior, Norma Salinas, Roberta Martin, Gregory Asner, Sandra Díaz, Brian J. Enquist & Yadvinder Malhi. (2020) The Influence of Taxonomy and Environment on Leaf Trait Variation Along Tropical Abiotic Gradients. Frontiers in Forests and Global Change 3.
Crossref
Frédérique M. S. A. Kirkels, Camilo Ponton, Valier Galy, A. Joshua West, Sarah J. Feakins & Francien Peterse. (2020) From Andes to Amazon: Assessing Branched Tetraether Lipids as Tracers for Soil Organic Carbon in the Madre de Dios River System. Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences 125:1.
Crossref
Daniel B. Metcalfe & Jenny C. M. Ahlstrand. (2019) Effects of moisture dynamics on bryophyte carbon fluxes in a tropical cloud forest. New Phytologist 222:4, pages 1766-1777.
Crossref
Mong Sin Wu, A. Joshua West & Sarah J. Feakins. (2019) Tropical soil profiles reveal the fate of plant wax biomarkers during soil storage. Organic Geochemistry 128, pages 1-15.
Crossref
Tarun Kumar Thakur, S. L. Swamy, Arvind Bijalwan & Mammohan J. R. Dobriyal. (2018) Assessment of biomass and net primary productivity of a dry tropical forest using geospatial technology. Journal of Forestry Research 30:1, pages 157-170.
Crossref
Hua Zhou, Yang Luo, Guang Zhou, Jian Yu, Sher Shah, Shengwang Meng & Qijing Liu. (2019) Exploring the Sensitivity of Subtropical Stand Aboveground Productivity to Local and Regional Climate Signals in South China. Forests 10:1, pages 71.
Crossref
Miguel A. Peña, Kenneth J. Feeley & Alvaro Duque. (2018) Effects of endogenous and exogenous processes on aboveground biomass stocks and dynamics in Andean forests. Plant Ecology 219:12, pages 1481-1492.
Crossref
Benjamin Blonder, Norma Salinas, Lisa Patrick Bentley, Alexander Shenkin, Percy Orlando Chambi Porroa, Yolvi Valdez Tejeira, Tatiana Erika Boza Espinoza, Gregory R. Goldsmith, Lucas Enrico, Roberta Martin, Gregory P. Asner, Sandra Díaz, Brian J. Enquist & Yadvinder Malhi. (2018) Structural and defensive roles of angiosperm leaf venation network reticulation across an Andes–Amazon elevation gradient. Journal of Ecology 106:4, pages 1683-1699.
Crossref
Christopher E. Doughty, Gregory R. Goldsmith, Nicolas Raab, Cecile A. J. Girardin, Filio Farfan-Amezquita, Walter Huaraca-Huasco, Javier E. Silva-Espejo, Alejandro Araujo-Murakami, Antonio C. L. da Costa, Wanderley Rocha, David Galbraith, Patrick Meir, Dan B. Metcalfe & Yadvinder Malhi. (2018) What controls variation in carbon use efficiency among Amazonian tropical forests?. Biotropica 50:1, pages 16-25.
Crossref
T. Chiti, E. Díaz-Pinés, K. Butterbach-Bahl, F. Marzaioli & R. Valentini. (2017) Soil organic carbon changes following degradation and conversion to cypress and tea plantations in a tropical mountain forest in Kenya. Plant and Soil 422:1-2, pages 527-539.
Crossref
Michelle Venter, John Dwyer, Wouter Dieleman, Anurag Ramachandra, David Gillieson, Susan Laurance, Lucas A. Cernusak, Bruce Beehler, Rigel Jensen & Michael I. Bird. (2017) Optimal climate for large trees at high elevations drives patterns of biomass in remote forests of Papua New Guinea. Global Change Biology 23:11, pages 4873-4883.
Crossref
Yadvinder Malhi, Cécile A. J. Girardin, Gregory R. Goldsmith, Christopher E. Doughty, Norma Salinas, Daniel B. Metcalfe, Walter Huaraca Huasco, Javier E. Silva‐Espejo, Jhon Aguilla‐Pasquell, Filio Farfán Amézquita, Luiz E. O. C. Aragão, Rossella Guerrieri, Françoise Yoko Ishida, Nur H. A. Bahar, William Farfan‐Rios, Oliver L. Phillips, Patrick Meir & Miles Silman. (2016) The variation of productivity and its allocation along a tropical elevation gradient: a whole carbon budget perspective. New Phytologist 214:3, pages 1019-1032.
Crossref
Gregory R. Goldsmith, Lisa Patrick Bentley, Alexander Shenkin, Norma Salinas, Benjamin Blonder, Roberta E. Martin, Rosa Castro‐Ccossco, Percy Chambi‐Porroa, Sandra Diaz, Brian J. Enquist, Gregory P. Asner & Yadvinder Malhi. (2016) Variation in leaf wettability traits along a tropical montane elevation gradient. New Phytologist 214:3, pages 989-1001.
Crossref
Nur H. A. Bahar, F. Yoko Ishida, Lasantha K. Weerasinghe, Rossella Guerrieri, Odhran S. O'Sullivan, Keith J. Bloomfield, Gregory P. Asner, Roberta E. Martin, Jon Lloyd, Yadvinder Malhi, Oliver L. Phillips, Patrick Meir, Norma Salinas, Eric G. Cosio, Tomas F. Domingues, Carlos A. Quesada, Felipe Sinca, Alberto Escudero Vega, Paola P. Zuloaga Ccorimanya, Jhon Aguila‐Pasquel, Katherine Quispe Huaypar, Israel Cuba Torres, Rosalbina Butrón Loayza, Yulina Pelaez Tapia, Judit Huaman Ovalle, Benedict M. Long, John R. Evans & Owen K. Atkin. (2016) Leaf‐level photosynthetic capacity in lowland Amazonian and high‐elevation Andean tropical moist forests of Peru. New Phytologist 214:3, pages 1002-1018.
Crossref
Brigitte Nyirambangutse, Etienne Zibera, Félicien K. Uwizeye, Donat Nsabimana, Elias Bizuru, Håkan Pleijel, Johan Uddling & Göran Wallin. (2017) Carbon stocks and dynamics at different successional stages in an Afromontane tropical forest. Biogeosciences 14:5, pages 1285-1303.
Crossref
K. E. Clark, R. G. Hilton, A. J. West, A. Robles Caceres, D. R. Gröcke, T. R. Marthews, R. I. Ferguson, G. P. Asner, M. New & Y. Malhi. (2017) Erosion of organic carbon from the Andes and its effects on ecosystem carbon dioxide balance. Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences 122:3, pages 449-469.
Crossref
Tilak Prasad Gautam & Tej Narayan Mandal. (2016) Effect of disturbance on biomass, production and carbon dynamics in moist tropical forest of eastern Nepal. Forest Ecosystems 3:1.
Crossref
Christopher S. Balzotti, Gregory P. Asner, Philip G. Taylor, Cory C. Cleveland, Rebecca Cole, Roberta E. Martin, Megan Nasto, Brooke B. Osborne, Stephen Porder & Alan R. Townsend. (2016) Environmental controls on canopy foliar nitrogen distributions in a Neotropical lowland forest. Ecological Applications 26:8, pages 2451-2464.
Crossref
Sarah J. Feakins, Tom Peters, Mong Sin Wu, Alexander Shenkin, Norma Salinas, Cécile A.J. Girardin, Lisa Patrick Bentley, Benjamin Blonder, Brian J. Enquist, Roberta E. Martin, Gregory P. Asner & Yadvinder Malhi. (2016) Production of leaf wax n-alkanes across a tropical forest elevation transect. Organic Geochemistry 100, pages 89-100.
Crossref
Sybil G. Gotsch, Heidi Asbjornsen & Gregory R. Goldsmith. (2016) Plant carbon and water fluxes in tropical montane cloud forests. Journal of Tropical Ecology 32:5, pages 404-420.
Crossref
Timothy J. Fahey, Ruth E. Sherman & Edmund V.J. Tanner. (2015) Tropical montane cloud forest: environmental drivers of vegetation structure and ecosystem function. Journal of Tropical Ecology 32:5, pages 355-367.
Crossref
Margot Neyret, Lisa Patrick Bentley, Imma Oliveras, Beatriz S. Marimon, Ben Hur Marimon‐Junior, Edmar Almeida de Oliveira, Fábio Barbosa Passos, Rosa Castro Ccoscco, Josias Santos, Simone Matias Reis, Paulo S. Morandi, Gloria Rayme Paucar, Arturo Robles Cáceres, Yolvi Valdez Tejeira, Yovana Yllanes Choque, Norma Salinas, Alexander Shenkin, Gregory P. Asner, Sandra Díaz, Brian J. Enquist & Yadvinder Malhi. (2016) Examining variation in the leaf mass per area of dominant species across two contrasting tropical gradients in light of community assembly. Ecology and Evolution 6:16, pages 5674-5689.
Crossref
Sarah J. Feakins, Lisa Patrick Bentley, Norma Salinas, Alexander Shenkin, Benjamin Blonder, Gregory R. Goldsmith, Camilo Ponton, Lindsay J. Arvin, Mong Sin Wu, Tom Peters, A. Joshua West, Roberta E. Martin, Brian J. Enquist, Gregory P. Asner & Yadvinder Malhi. (2016) Plant leaf wax biomarkers capture gradients in hydrogen isotopes of precipitation from the Andes and Amazon. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 182, pages 155-172.
Crossref
Martin G. De Kauwe, Yan‐Shih Lin, Ian J. Wright, Belinda E. Medlyn, Kristine Y. Crous, David S. Ellsworth, Vincent Maire, I. Colin Prentice, Owen K. Atkin, Alistair Rogers, Ülo Niinemets, Shawn P. Serbin, Patrick Meir, Johan Uddling, Henrique F. Togashi, Lasse Tarvainen, Lasantha K. Weerasinghe, Bradley J. Evans, F. Yoko Ishida & Tomas F. Domingues. (2015) A test of the ‘one‐point method’ for estimating maximum carboxylation capacity from field‐measured, light‐saturated photosynthesis. New Phytologist 210:3, pages 1130-1144.
Crossref
Xiaojuan Feng, Sarah J. Feakins, Zongguang Liu, Camilo Ponton, Renée Z. Wang, Elias Karkabi, Valier Galy, William M. Berelson, Andrew T. Nottingham, Patrick Meir & A. Joshua West. (2016) Source to sink: Evolution of lignin composition in the Madre de Dios River system with connection to the Amazon basin and offshore. Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences 121:5, pages 1316-1338.
Crossref
K. E. Clark, A. J. West, R. G. Hilton, G. P. Asner, C. A. Quesada, M. R. Silman, S. S. Saatchi, W. Farfan-Rios, R. E. Martin, A. B. Horwath, K. Halladay, M. New & Y. Malhi. (2016) Storm-triggered landslides in the Peruvian Andes and implications for topography, carbon cycles, and biodiversity. Earth Surface Dynamics 4:1, pages 47-70.
Crossref
Bart Kruijt, Patrick Meir, Michelle Johnson, Anja Rammig, Sophie Fauset, Tim Baker, David Galbraith, Celso von Randow & Hans Verbeeck. 2016. Interactions Between Biosphere, Atmosphere and Human Land Use in the Amazon Basin. Interactions Between Biosphere, Atmosphere and Human Land Use in the Amazon Basin 331 366 .
Erika Buscardo, Gabriela Nardoto, Flávio Luizão, Maria T. F. Piedade, Jochen Schöngart, Florian Wittmann, Christopher E. Doughty, Carlos A. Quesada & Laszlo Nagy. 2016. Interactions Between Biosphere, Atmosphere and Human Land Use in the Amazon Basin. Interactions Between Biosphere, Atmosphere and Human Land Use in the Amazon Basin 225 266 .
Christopher E. Doughty, D. B. Metcalfe, C. A. J. Girardin, F. F. Amezquita, L. Durand, W. Huaraca Huasco, J. E. Silva-Espejo, A. Araujo-Murakami, M. C. da Costa, A. C. L. da Costa, W. Rocha, P. Meir, D. Galbraith & Y. Malhi. (2015) Source and sink carbon dynamics and carbon allocation in the Amazon basin. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 29:5, pages 645-655.
Crossref
Christopher E. Doughty, D. B. Metcalfe, C. A. J. Girardin, F. Farfán Amézquita, D. Galiano Cabrera, W. Huaraca Huasco, J. E. Silva-Espejo, A. Araujo-Murakami, M. C. da Costa, W. Rocha, T. R. Feldpausch, A. L. M. Mendoza, A. C. L. da Costa, P. Meir, O. L. Phillips & Y. Malhi. (2015) Drought impact on forest carbon dynamics and fluxes in Amazonia. Nature 519:7541, pages 78-82.
Crossref
K. E. Clark, M. A. Torres, A. J. West, R. G. Hilton, M. New, A. B. Horwath, J. B. Fisher, J. M. Rapp, A. Robles Caceres & Y. Malhi. (2014) The hydrological regime of a forested tropical Andean catchment. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 18:12, pages 5377-5397.
Crossref
I Oliveras, C Girardin, C E Doughty, N Cahuana, C E Arenas, V Oliver, W Huaraca Huasco & Y Malhi. (2014) Andean grasslands are as productive as tropical cloud forests. Environmental Research Letters 9:11, pages 115011.
Crossref
C. A. J. Girardin, Y. Malhi, K. J. Feeley, J. M. Rapp, M. R. Silman, P. Meir, W. Huaraca Huasco, N. Salinas, M. Mamani, J. E. Silva-Espejo, K. García Cabrera, W. Farfan Rios, D. B. Metcalfe, C. E. Doughty & L. E. O. C. Aragão. (2014) Seasonality of above-ground net primary productivity along an Andean altitudinal transect in Peru. Journal of Tropical Ecology 30:6, pages 503-519.
Crossref
Camilo Ponton, A. Joshua West, Sarah J. Feakins & Valier Galy. (2014) Leaf wax biomarkers in transit record river catchment composition. Geophysical Research Letters 41:18, pages 6420-6427.
Crossref
Jeanette Whitaker, Nicholas Ostle, Andrew T. Nottingham, Adan Ccahuana, Norma Salinas, Richard D. Bardgett, Patrick Meir & Niall P. McNamara. (2014) Microbial community composition explains soil respiration responses to changing carbon inputs along an A ndes‐to‐ A mazon elevation gradient . Journal of Ecology 102:4, pages 1058-1071.
Crossref
D. V. Spracklen & R. Righelato. (2014) Tropical montane forests are a larger than expected global carbon store. Biogeosciences 11:10, pages 2741-2754.
Crossref
Michael Kessler, Johanna M. Toivonen, Steven P. Sylvester, Jürgen Kluge & Dietrich Hertel. (2014) Elevational patterns of Polylepis tree height (Rosaceae) in the high Andes of Peru: role of human impact and climatic conditions. Frontiers in Plant Science 5.
Crossref
L. V. Gatti, M. Gloor, J. B. Miller, C. E. Doughty, Y. Malhi, L. G. Domingues, L. S. Basso, A. Martinewski, C. S. C. Correia, V. F. Borges, S. Freitas, R. Braz, L. O. Anderson, H. Rocha, J. Grace, O. L. Phillips & J. Lloyd. (2014) Drought sensitivity of Amazonian carbon balance revealed by atmospheric measurements. Nature 506:7486, pages 76-80.
Crossref
C. A. J. Girardin, L. E. O. C. Aragão, Y. Malhi, W. Huaraca Huasco, D. B. Metcalfe, L. Durand, M. Mamani, J. E. Silva‐Espejo & R. J. Whittaker. (2013) Fine root dynamics along an elevational gradient in tropical Amazonian and Andean forests. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 27:1, pages 252-264.
Crossref

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.