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Original Articles

Cadmium and lead in cocoa powder and chocolate products in the US Market

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Pages 92-102 | Received 22 Sep 2017, Accepted 19 Dec 2017, Published online: 01 Feb 2018

Keep up to date with the latest research on this topic with citation updates for this article.

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Sara Mohamadi, Trias Mahmudiono, Tayebeh Zienali, Parisa Sadighara, Bijan Omidi, Intissar Limam & Yadolah Fakhri. (2022) Probabilistic health risk assessment of heavy metals (Cd, Pb, and As) in Cocoa powder (Theobroma cacao) in Tehran, Iran market. International Journal of Environmental Health Research 0:0, pages 1-16.
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Daniel Bravo, Margareth Santander, Jader Rodríguez, Sebastian Escobar, Gideon Ramtahal & Rachel Atkinson. (2022) ‘From soil to chocolate bar’: identifying critical steps in the journey of cadmium in a Colombian cacao plantation. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A 39:5, pages 949-963.
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Rafaella Regina Alves Peixoto, Andrea Oliveira & Solange Cadore. (2018) Risk assessment of cadmium and chromium from chocolate powder. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part B 11:4, pages 256-263.
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Hester Blommaert, Géraldine Sarret, Eduardo Chavez, Erik Smolders & Ruth Vanderschueren. (2024) Cadmium speciation in cacao beans changes during a fermentation-like incubation. Food Chemistry 431, pages 137068.
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Ahmed G. Darwish, Islam El-Sharkawy, Chunya Tang, Qinchun Rao & Juzhong Tan. (2023) Investigation of Antioxidant and Cytotoxicity Activities of Chocolate Fortified with Muscadine Grape Pomace. Foods 12:17, pages 3153.
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Irene Martinez-Morata, Marisa Sobel, Maria Tellez-Plaza, Ana Navas-Acien, Caitlin G. Howe & Tiffany R. Sanchez. (2023) A State-of-the-Science Review on Metal Biomarkers. Current Environmental Health Reports 10:3, pages 215-249.
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Ruth Vanderschueren, Jasmien Doevenspeck, Lieselot Goethals, Mirjana Andjelkovic, Nadia Waegeneers & Erik Smolders. (2023) The contribution of cacao consumption to the bioaccessible dietary cadmium exposure in the Belgian population. Food and Chemical Toxicology 172, pages 113599.
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Ruth Vanderschueren, Florence Helsen, Jasmien Doevenspeck, Jan A. Delcour & Erik Smolders. (2023) Incubation tests mimicking fermentation reveal that phytate breakdown is key to lower the cadmium concentrations in cacao nibs. Food Chemistry 398, pages 133899.
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Yu Yang, Ahmed G. Darwish, Islam El-Sharkawy, Qibing Zhu, Shangpeng Sun & Juzhong Tan. (2022) Rapid determination of the roasting degree of cocoa beans by extreme learning machine (ELM)-based imaging analysis. Journal of Agriculture and Food Research 10, pages 100437.
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Daniel E. Bustos, Juan A. Toro, Marisol Briceño & Ricardo E. Rivas. (2022) Use of slow atomization ramp in high resolution continuum source graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry for the simultaneous determination of Cd and Ni in slurry powdered chocolate samples. Talanta 247, pages 123547.
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Fatma HEPSAĞ & İbrahim HAYOĞLU. (2022) Sütlü Çikolatalarda Kurşun ve Kadmiyum Elementlerinin ICP-OES ile Tespiti ve Metod Validasyon ÇalışmasıDetermination of Lead and Cadmium Elements in Milk Chocolate with ICP-OES and Method Validation Study. Osmaniye Korkut Ata Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi 5:2, pages 871-884.
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Simona Jaćimović, Jelena Popović-Djordjević, Beka Sarić, Aleksandar Krstić, Violeta Mickovski-Stefanović & Nebojša Đ. Pantelić. (2022) Antioxidant Activity and Multi-Elemental Analysis of Dark Chocolate. Foods 11:10, pages 1445.
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Ruth Vanderschueren, David Argüello, Hester Blommaert, Daniela Montalvo, Fiorella Barraza, Laurence Maurice, Eva Schreck, Rainer Schulin, Caleb Lewis, José Luis Vazquez, Pathmanathan Umaharan, Eduardo Chavez, Geraldine Sarret & Erik Smolders. (2021) Mitigating the level of cadmium in cacao products: Reviewing the transfer of cadmium from soil to chocolate bar. Science of The Total Environment 781, pages 146779.
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Ekpor Anyimah-Ackah, Isaac Williams Ofosu, Herman Erick Lutterodt & Godfred Darko. (2021) Health Benefit: Risk Assessment of Trace and Essential Elements Found in Cocoa Beans and Derived Products. Chemistry Africa 4:2, pages 299-312.
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Ana Paula Ferreira de Oliveira, Raquel Fernanda Milani, Priscilla Efraim, Marcelo Antonio Morgano & Silvia Amelia Verdiani Tfouni. (2021) Cd and Pb in cocoa beans: Occurrence and effects of chocolate processing. Food Control 119, pages 107455.
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Caleb Lewis, Adrian M. Lennon, Gaius Eudoxie, Paramasivam Sivapatham & Pathmanathan Umaharan. (2021) Plant metal concentrations in Theobroma cacao as affected by soil metal availability in different soil types. Chemosphere 262, pages 127749.
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Eileen Abt & Lauren Posnick Robin. (2020) Perspective on Cadmium and Lead in Cocoa and Chocolate. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 68:46, pages 13008-13015.
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Benjamin W. Redan & Lauren S. Jackson. (2020) Overview of the American Chemical Society Symposium on Metals and Trace Elements in Food Safety, Health, and Food Quality. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 68:46, pages 12773-12775.
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Maribel Alexandra Quelal‐Vásconez, María Jesús Lerma‐García, Édgar Pérez‐Esteve, Pau Talens & José Manuel Barat. (2020) Roadmap of cocoa quality and authenticity control in the industry: A review of conventional and alternative methods. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety 19:2, pages 448-478.
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Sean R. Scott, Kate E. Smith, Christa Dahman, Patrick R. Gorski, Scott V. Adams & Martin M. Shafer. (2019) Cd isotope fractionation during tobacco combustion produces isotopic variation outside the range measured in dietary sources. Science of The Total Environment 688, pages 600-608.
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Carolin Fechner, Matthias Greiner, Helmut Heseker & Oliver Lindtner. (2019) Dietary exposure assessment of aluminium and cadmium from cocoa in relation to cocoa origin. PLOS ONE 14:6, pages e0217990.
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Ekpor Anyimah-Ackah, Isaac W Ofosu, Herman E Lutterodt & Godfred Darko. (2019) Exposures and risks of arsenic, cadmium, lead, and mercury in cocoa beans and cocoa-based foods: a systematic review. Food Quality and Safety 3:1, pages 1-8.
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Yohei Kataoka, Takahiro Watanabe, Kyoko Hayashi & Hiroshi Akiyama. (2018) Surveillance of Cadmium Concentration in Chocolate and Cocoa Powder Products Distributed in Japan国内流通するチョコレートとココア粉末製品中のカドミウム濃度の実態調査. Food Hygiene and Safety Science (Shokuhin Eiseigaku Zasshi) 59:6, pages 269-274.
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