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Original Articles

A new, direct analytical method using LC-MS/MS for fatty acid esters of 3-chloro-1,2-propanediol (3-MCPD esters) in edible oils

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Pages 52-68 | Received 01 Jun 2012, Accepted 12 Jul 2012, Published online: 21 Aug 2012

Keep up to date with the latest research on this topic with citation updates for this article.

Read on this site (11)

Jessica K. Beekman, Samanta Popol, Michael Granvogl & Shaun MacMahon. (2021) Occurrence of 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD) esters and glycidyl esters in infant formulas from Germany. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A 38:10, pages 1656-1671.
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Jessica K. Beekman, Kaitlin Grassi & Shaun MacMahon. (2020) Updated occurrence of 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol esters (3-MCPD) and glycidyl esters in infant formulas purchased in the United States between 2017 and 2019. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A 37:3, pages 374-390.
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Jessica Beekman & Shaun MacMahon. (2020) The impact of infant formula production on the concentrations of 3-MCPD and glycidyl esters. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A 37:1, pages 48-60.
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Raznim Arni Abd. Razak, Azmil Haizam Ahmad Tarmizi, Abdul Niefaizal Abdul Hammid, Ainie Kuntom, Intan Safinar Ismail & Maimunah Sanny. (2019) Verification and evaluation of monochloropropanediol (MCPD) esters and glycidyl esters in palm oil products of different regions in Malaysia. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A 36:11, pages 1626-1636.
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Giulia Graziani, Anna Gaspari, Donato Chianese, Lanfranco Conte & Alberto Ritieni. (2017) Direct determination of 3-chloropropanol esters in edible vegetable oils using high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS-Orbitrap). Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A 34:11, pages 1893-1903.
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Jessica Leigh & Shaun MacMahon. (2017) Occurrence of 3-monochloropropanediol esters and glycidyl esters in commercial infant formulas in the United States. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A 34:3, pages 356-370.
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Renata Jędrkiewicz, Magdalena Kupska, Agnieszka Głowacz, Justyna Gromadzka & Jacek Namieśnik. (2016) 3-MCPD: A Worldwide Problem of Food Chemistry. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 56:14, pages 2268-2277.
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Adriana Pavesi Arisseto, Priscila Francisca Corrêa Marcolino & Eduardo Vicente. (2015) 3-Monochloropropane-1,2-diol fatty acid esters in commercial deep-fat fried foods. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A 32:9, pages 1431-1435.
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Muhamad Roddy Ramli, Wai Lin Siew, Nuzul Amri Ibrahim, Ainie Kuntom & Raznim Arni Abd. Razak. (2015) Other factors to consider in the formation of chloropropandiol fatty esters in oil processes. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A 32:6, pages 817-824.
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A.P. Arisseto, P.F.C. Marcolino & E. Vicente. (2014) Determination of 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol fatty acid esters in Brazilian vegetable oils and fats by an in-house validated method. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A 31:8, pages 1385-1392.
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Shaun MacMahon, Timothy H. Begley & Gregory W. Diachenko. (2013) Occurrence of 3-MCPD and glycidyl esters in edible oils in the United States. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A 30:12, pages 2081-2092.
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Articles from other publishers (38)

Ting Xu, Qingru Zeng, Xin Liu, Shensheng Xiao, Xiaoming Jiang, Yuepeng Lu, Zhiyong Gong, Yonggui Gao & Min Fang. (2023) Enzymatic hydrolysis and detection of 3‐monochloropropane ‐1,2‐diol esters . Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society 100:8, pages 615-621.
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Changxia Sun, Ni Wu, Shunli Kou, Haolin Wu, Yu Liu, Annan Pei & Qiang Li. (2023) Occurrence, formation mechanism, detection methods, and removal approaches for chloropropanols and their esters in food: An updated systematic review. Food Chemistry: X 17, pages 100529.
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Jorge A. Custodio-Mendoza, Raquel Sendón, Ana Rodríguez-Bernaldo de Quirós, Rosa A. Lorenzo & Antonia M. Carro. (2023) Development of a QuEChERS method for simultaneous analysis of 3-Monochloropropane-1,2-diol monoesters and Glycidyl esters in edible oils and margarine by LC-APCI-MS/MS. Analytica Chimica Acta 1239, pages 340712.
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Kazuaki Yoshinaga, Kaori Yamazaki, Toshiharu Nagai, Seiya Tanaka & Naohiro Gotoh. (2022) Stable Isotope Tracer to Reveal the Interconversion between 3-Monochloro-1,2-propanediol Ester and Glycidyl Ester during the Deodorization Process. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 70:50, pages 15955-15961.
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Hai Chi, Yujie Li & Guoqin Liu. (2022) Molecularly imprinted sensing platform based on electrochemically modified graphite paper for efficient detection of 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol. Food Chemistry 386, pages 132829.
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Shaun MacMahon. 2022. Processing Contaminants in Edible Oils. Processing Contaminants in Edible Oils 145 193 .
Nur Hasanah Mohd Jumali, Shangeetha Ganesan, Noorfatimah Yahaya & Mazidatulakmam Miskam. (2021) 3-Monochloropropane-1,2-diol Monoesters Food Contaminant Analysis in Palm Oil-Based Food Samples Using C18-Dispersive Solid-Phase Extraction Coupled with GC-FID. Food Analytical Methods 14:10, pages 2101-2110.
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Elvi Restiawaty, Aulia Maulana, Neng Tresna Umi Culsum, Christian Aslan, Veinardi Suendo, Norikazu Nishiyama & Yogi Wibisono Budhi. (2021) The removal of 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol ester and glycidyl ester from refined-bleached and deodorized palm oil using activated carbon. RSC Advances 11:27, pages 16500-16509.
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Oktay Kalkan, Mustafa Topkafa & Huseyin Kara. (2021) Determination of effect of some parameters on formation of 2-monochloropropanediol, 3-monochloropropanediol and glycidyl esters in the frying process with sunflower oil, by using central composite design. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis 96, pages 103681.
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AlaaEldean Fathy Ahmed Aboelhassan, Ahmed Mamdouh I. Gomaa, Faten A. Nour El-Dien & Moustapha N. Mohammed. (2020) Validation of an Enhanced Swift Analytical Method for the Determination of Bound and Free 3-chloropropane-1,2-Diol in Foodstuffs using Gas Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Journal of Analytical Chemistry 75:11, pages 1469-1476.
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Minwei Xu, Zhao Jin, Zhongyu Yang, Jiajia Rao & Bingcan Chen. (2020) Optimization and validation of in-situ derivatization and headspace solid-phase microextraction for gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis of 3-MCPD esters, 2-MCPD esters and glycidyl esters in edible oils via central composite design. Food Chemistry 307, pages 125542.
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Biow Ing Sim, Yu Hua Wong & Chin Ping Tan. 2019. Mitigating Contamination from Food Processing. Mitigating Contamination from Food Processing 152 190 .
Jessica K. Beekman, Michael Granvogl & Shaun MacMahon. 2019. Mitigating Contamination from Food Processing. Mitigating Contamination from Food Processing 75 107 .
Kazuo KOYAMAKinuko MIYAZAKI. (2019) Development of an Indirect Enzymatic Method for Simultaneous Analysis of 2-/3-MCPD and Glycidyl Fatty Acid Esters2-/3-MCPD脂肪酸エステル,グリシドール脂肪酸エステル間接分析法(酵素法)の開発. Oleoscience 17:4, pages 171-178.
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Jessica K. Beekman, Michael Granvogl & Shaun MacMahon. 2019. Food-Borne Toxicants: Formation, Analysis, and Toxicology. Food-Borne Toxicants: Formation, Analysis, and Toxicology 67 90 .
J.A. Custodio-Mendoza, A.M. Carro, M.A. Lage-Yusty, A. Herrero, I.M. Valente, J.A. Rodrigues & R.A. Lorenzo. (2019) Occurrence and exposure of 3-monochloropropanediol diesters in edible oils and oil-based foodstuffs from the Spanish market. Food Chemistry 270, pages 214-222.
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J.A. Custodio-Mendoza, R.A. Lorenzo, I.M. Valente, P.J. Almeida, M.A. Lage, J.A. Rodrigues & A.M. Carro. (2018) Development of a partitioned liquid-liquid extraction- dispersive solid phase extraction procedure followed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for analysis of 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol diesters in edible oils. Journal of Chromatography A 1548, pages 19-26.
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Qingqing Chai, Khizar Hayat, Eric Karangwa, Emmanuel Duhoranimana, Xiaoming Zhang, Shuqin Xia & Jingyang Yu. (2018) Investigating the optimum conditions for minimized 3-chloropropane-1,2-diol esters content and improved sensory attributes during savory beef flavor preparation. Food Chemistry 243, pages 96-102.
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Jessica K. Leigh & Shaun MacMahon. (2016) Extraction and Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry Detection of 3-Monochloropropanediol Esters and Glycidyl Esters in Infant Formula. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 64:49, pages 9442-9451.
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Renata Jędrkiewicz, Agnieszka Głowacz-Różyńska, Justyna Gromadzka, Adam Kloskowski & Jacek Namieśnik. (2016) Indirect Determination of MCPD Fatty Acid Esters in Lipid Fractions of Commercially Available Infant Formulas for the Assessment of Infants’ Health Risk. Food Analytical Methods 9:12, pages 3460-3469.
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Katsuhito Hori, Natsuko Hori-Koriyama, Kazunobu Tsumura, Eiichiro Fukusaki & Takeshi Bamba. (2016) Insights into the formation mechanism of chloropropanol fatty acid esters under laboratory-scale deodorization conditions. Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering 122:2, pages 246-251.
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Kinuko Miyazaki & Kazuo Koyama. (2016) Application of Indirect Enzymatic Method for Determinations of 2-/3-MCPD-Es and Gly-Es in Foods Containing fats and Oils. Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society 93:7, pages 885-893.
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Kazuo KoyamaKinuko MiyazakiKousuke AbeYoshitsugu EgawaHirotsugu Kido, Tadashi KittaTakashi MiyashitaToru NezuHidenori NoharaTakashi SanoYukinari TakahashiHideji TaniguchiHiroshi YadaKumiko Yamazaki & Yomi Watanabe. (2016) Collaborative Study of an Indirect Enzymatic Method for the Simultaneous Analysis of 3-MCPD, 2-MCPD, and Glycidyl Esters in Edible Oils. Journal of Oleo Science 65:7, pages 557-568.
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Qingqing Chai, Xiaoming Zhang, Eric Karangwa, Qingyuan Dai, Shuqin Xia, Jingyang Yu & Yahui Gao. (2016) Direct determination of 3-chloro-1,2-propanediol esters in beef flavoring products by ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem quadrupole mass spectrometry. RSC Advances 6:114, pages 113576-113582.
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Heli Li, Dawei Chen, Hong Miao, Yunfeng Zhao, Jianzhong Shen & Yongning Wu. (2015) Direct determination of fatty acid esters of 3-chloro-1, 2-propanediol in edible vegetable oils by isotope dilution - ultra high performance liquid chromatography - triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography A 1410, pages 99-109.
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A. Becalski, S. Feng, B. P-Y. Lau & T. Zhao. (2015) A pilot survey of 2- and 3-monochloropropanediol and glycidol fatty acid esters in foods on the Canadian market 2011–2013. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis 37, pages 58-66.
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Kazuo KoyamaKinuko MiyazakiKousuke AbeKeiich IkutaYoshitsugu EgawaTadashi KittaHirotsugu Kido, Takashi SanoYukinari TakahashiToru NezuHidenori NoharaTakashi MiyashitaHiroshi YadaKumiko Yamazaki & Yomi Watanabe. (2015) Optimization of an Indirect Enzymatic Method for the Simultaneous Analysis of 3-MCPD, 2-MCPD, and Glycidyl Esters in Edible Oils. Journal of Oleo Science 64:10, pages 1057-1064.
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Shaun MacMahon, Clark D. Ridge & Timothy H. Begley. (2014) Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) Method for the Direct Detection of 2-Monochloropropanediol (2-MCPD) Esters in Edible Oils. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 62:48, pages 11647-11656.
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Saeko Onami, Young-man Cho, Takeshi Toyoda, Yasuko Mizuta, Midori Yoshida, Akiyoshi Nishikawa & Kumiko Ogawa. (2014) A 13-week repeated dose study of three 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol fatty acid esters in F344 rats. Archives of Toxicology 88:4, pages 871-880.
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Anja K. K. Rahn & Varoujan A. Yaylayan. (2014) Characterization of Electron Ionization Mass Spectral (EIMS) Fragmentation Patterns of Chloropropanol Esters of Palmitic Acid Using Isotope Labeling Technique. Journal of Oleo Science 63:10, pages 1045-1055.
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Yafei Zhou, Zhongchen Wu, Cao Li, Nannan Wang, Xinglei Zhang, Huanwen Chen & Saijin Xiao. (2014) Coupling neutral desorption sampling to dielectric barrier discharge ionization mass spectrometry for direct oil analysis. Anal. Methods 6:5, pages 1538-1544.
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Shaun MacMahon. 2014. Processing Contaminants in Edible Oils. Processing Contaminants in Edible Oils 121 167 .
Qing Liu, Feng Han, Ke Xie, Hong Miao & Yongning Wu. (2013) Simultaneous determination of total fatty acid esters of chloropropanols in edible oils by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry with solid-supported liquid–liquid extraction. Journal of Chromatography A 1314, pages 208-215.
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Anja K. K. Rahn & Varoujan A. Yaylayan. (2013) Isotope Labeling Studies on the Electron Impact Mass Spectral Fragmentation Patterns of Chloropropanol Acetates. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 61:37, pages 8743-8751.
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. (2013) Analysis of occurrence of 3-monochloropropane-1, 2-diol (3-MCPD) in food in Europe in the years 2009-2011 and preliminary exposure assessment. EFSA Journal 11:9, pages 3381.
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Saeed Mirzaee Ghazani & Alejandro G. Marangoni. (2013) Minor Components in Canola Oil and Effects of Refining on These Constituents: A Review. Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society 90:7, pages 923-932.
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Shaun MacMahon, Timothy H. Begley & Gregory W. Diachenko. (2013) Analysis of Processing Contaminants in Edible Oils. Part 2. Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry Method for the Direct Detection of 3-Monochloropropanediol and 2-Monochloropropanediol Diesters. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 61:20, pages 4748-4757.
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Shaun MacMahon, Eugene Mazzola, Timothy H. Begley & Gregory W. Diachenko. (2013) Analysis of Processing Contaminants in Edible Oils. Part 1. Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry Method for the Direct Detection of 3-Monochloropropanediol Monoesters and Glycidyl Esters. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 61:20, pages 4737-4747.
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