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Original Article

Development and Reliability of the Research Version of the Minnesota Handwriting Test

Pages 41-55 | Published online: 29 Jul 2009

Keep up to date with the latest research on this topic with citation updates for this article.

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Michal Hochhauser, Michael Wagner & Nir Shvalb. (2023) Assessment of children’s writing features: A pilot method study of pen-grip kinetics and writing surface pressure. Assistive Technology 35:1, pages 107-115.
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Ivonne Montgomery & Jill G Zwicker. (2020) Use of Printing like a Pro! in a School-Based Printing Club to Improve Handwriting Legibility in Primary Grade Students. Journal of Occupational Therapy, Schools, & Early Intervention 13:1, pages 40-54.
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Maëlle Biotteau, Jérémy Danna, Éloïse Baudou, Frédéric Puyjarinet, Jean-Luc Velay, Jean-Michel Albaret & Yves Chaix. (2019) Developmental coordination disorder and dysgraphia: signs and symptoms, diagnosis, and rehabilitation. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment 15, pages 1873-1885.
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Sandra Patton & Eve Hutton. (2017) Exploring the participation of children with Down Syndrome in Handwriting Without Tears. Journal of Occupational Therapy, Schools, & Early Intervention 10:2, pages 171-184.
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Hilde Van Waelvelde, Tinneke Hellinckx, Wim Peersman & Bouwien C. M. Smits-Engelsman. (2012) SOS: A Screening Instrument to Identify Children with Handwriting Impairments. Physical & Occupational Therapy In Pediatrics 32:3, pages 306-319.
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Gonca Bumin & Sermin Tukel Kavak. (2010) An investigation of the factors affecting handwriting skill in children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy*. Disability and Rehabilitation 32:8, pages 692-703.
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Kristin Shimel, Catherine Candler & Marsha Neville-Smith. (2009) Comparison of Cursive Handwriting Instruction Programs Among Students Without Identified Problems. Physical & Occupational Therapy In Pediatrics 29:2, pages 170-181.
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Winifred Schultz-Krohn, Amara Boener, Huy Dinh & Monica Phelan. (2008) Handwriting Without Tears—A Short-Term Intervention for Children Living in a Homeless Shelter. Journal of Occupational Therapy, Schools, & Early Intervention 1:3-4, pages 271-282.
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Gonca Bumin & Sermin Tukel Kavak. (2008) An investigation of the factors affecting handwriting performance in children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy. Disability and Rehabilitation 30:18, pages 1374-1385.
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Sara Rosenblum, Dan Chevion & Patrice L. (Tamar) Weiss. (2006) Using data visualization and signal processing to characterize the handwriting process. Pediatric Rehabilitation 9:4, pages 404-417.
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Katya Polena Feder & Annette Majnemer. (2003) Children's Handwriting Evaluation Tools and Their Psychometric Properties. Physical & Occupational Therapy In Pediatrics 23:3, pages 65-84.
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Heidi Schwellnus & Julia Lockhart. (2002) The Development of the Tool for Optimizing Written Productivity (TOW-P). Physical & Occupational Therapy In Pediatrics 22:3-4, pages 5-22.
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Margaret Wallen & Suzanne Mackay. (1999) Test-Retest, Interrater, and Intrarater Reliability, and Construct Validity of the Handwriting Speed Test in Year 3 and Year 6 Students. Physical & Occupational Therapy In Pediatrics 19:1, pages 29-42.
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Cheryl Missiuna & Nancy Pollock. (1995) Beyond the Norms:. Physical & Occupational Therapy In Pediatrics 15:4, pages 57-74.
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Nathalie Bonneton-Botté, Ludovic Miramand, Rodolphe Bailly & Christelle Pons. (2023) Teaching and Rehabilitation of Handwriting for Children in the Digital Age: Issues and Challenges. Children 10:7, pages 1096.
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Lukáš Čunek, Jan Ondřej, Ivana Blažíčková, Veronika Pupíková, David Lacko, Tomáš Prošek & Katarína Šafárová. (2023) Handwriting Quality: Psychometric Properties of Two Evaluation Scales With a Czech Sample. The American Journal of Occupational Therapy 77:3.
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Wen-Feng Huang, Tien-Ni Wang, Po-Ya Chuang & Hao-Ling Chen. (2023) Development and Psychometric Evaluation of the Computer-Aided Measure of Chinese Handwriting Legibility (CAM-CHL) for School-Age Children. The American Journal of Occupational Therapy 77:1.
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Yu-Chen Lin, Chieh-Hsiang Hsu, Cheng-Feng Lin, Hsiu-Yun Hsu, Jin-Wei Liu, Chien-Hsien Yeh & Li-Chieh Kuo. (2022) Pen-grip kinetics in children with and without handwriting difficulties. PLOS ONE 17:6, pages e0270466.
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Sinan Hopcan & S. Tugba Tokel. (2021) Exploring the effectiveness of a mobile writing application for supporting handwriting acquisition of students with dysgraphia. Education and Information Technologies 26:4, pages 3967-4002.
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Chia-Jui Chang, C. Owen Lo & Su-Chen Chuang. (2020) Applying Video Modeling to Promote the Handwriting Accuracy of Students with Low Vision Using Mobile Technology. Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness 114:5, pages 406-420.
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Eun Bin Kim, Eun Young Kim & Onseok Lee. (2020) Meta-Analyzing the Writing Process of Structural Language to Develop New Writing Analysis Elements. Applied Sciences 10:10, pages 3479.
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Yu-Chen Lin, Yen-Li Chao, Chieh-Hsiang Hsu, Hsiao-Man Hsu, Po-Tsun Chen & Li-Chieh Kuo. (2019) The effect of task complexity on handwriting kinetics. Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy 86:2, pages 158-168.
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Clémence Lopez, Cherhazad Hemimou, Bernard Golse & Laurence Vaivre-Douret. (2018) Developmental dysgraphia is often associated with minor neurological dysfunction in children with developmental coordination disorder (DCD). Neurophysiologie Clinique 48:4, pages 207-217.
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Mahta Karimpoor, Nathan W. Churchill, Fred Tam, Corinne E. Fischer, Tom A. Schweizer & Simon J. Graham. (2018) Functional MRI of Handwriting Tasks: A Study of Healthy Young Adults Interacting with a Novel Touch-Sensitive Tablet. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 12.
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Anna L. Barnett, Mellissa Prunty & Sara Rosenblum. (2018) Development of the Handwriting Legibility Scale (HLS): A preliminary examination of Reliability and Validity. Research in Developmental Disabilities 72, pages 240-247.
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Pablo Barrientos. (2016) Handwriting Development in Spanish Children With and Without Learning Disabilities: A Graphonomic Approach. Journal of Learning Disabilities 50:5, pages 552-563.
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Adel A Alhusaini, Ganeswara Rao Melam & Syamala Buragadda. (2016) Short-term sensorimotor-based intervention for handwriting performance in elementary school children. Pediatrics International 58:11, pages 1118-1123.
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Naser Havaei, Akram Azad, Mehdi Alizadeh Zarei & Abbas Ebadi. (2016) Development and Validity of the Persian Handwriting Assessment Tool for Primary School-Aged Children. Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal 19:3.
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Eleonora Bieber, Bouwien C.M. Smits-Engelsman, Giuseppina Sgandurra, Giovanni Cioni, Hilde Feys, Andrea Guzzetta & Katrijn Klingels. (2016) Manual function outcome measures in children with developmental coordination disorder (DCD): Systematic review. Research in Developmental Disabilities 55, pages 114-131.
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Stephen E Ryan. (2016) Lessons learned from studying the functional impact of adaptive seating interventions for children with cerebral palsy. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology 58, pages 78-82.
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Sara Rosenblum, Hemda Amit Ben Simhon & Eynat Gal. (2016) Unique handwriting performance characteristics of children with high-functioning autism spectrum disorder. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders 23, pages 235-244.
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Sara Rosenblum. (2015) Do motor ability and handwriting kinematic measures predict organizational ability among children with Developmental Coordination Disorders?. Human Movement Science 43, pages 201-215.
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Li-Chieh Kuo, Hsiao-Man Hsu, Po-Ting Wu, Sheng-Che Lin, Hsiu-Yun Hsu & I-Ming Jou. (2013) Impact of Distal Median Neuropathy on Handwriting Performance for Patients with Carpal Tunnel Syndrome in Office and Administrative Support Occupations. Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation 24:2, pages 332-343.
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Mabel M.P. Leung, Carly S.Y. Lam, Sutie S.T. Lam, Natalie W.Y. Pao & Cecilia W.P. Li-Tsang. (2014) Visual profile of children with handwriting difficulties in Hong Kong Chinese. Research in Developmental Disabilities 35:1, pages 144-152.
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Sara Rosenblum & Miri Livneh-Zirinski. 2014. Recent Advances of Neural Network Models and Applications. Recent Advances of Neural Network Models and Applications 269 281 .
Virginia Wright, Annette Majnemer, Désirée B. Maltais, Patricia A. Burtner & Heidi Sanders. (2013) Motor Measures: A Moving Target?. Seminars in Pediatric Neurology 20:2, pages 84-99.
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Gil Luria & Sara Rosenblum. (2011) A computerized multidimensional measurement of mental workload via handwriting analysis. Behavior Research Methods 44:2, pages 575-586.
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Rubita Sudirman, Narges Tabatabaey-Mashadi & Ismail Ariffin. (2011) Aspects of a Standardized Automated System for Screening Children's Handwriting. Aspects of a Standardized Automated System for Screening Children's Handwriting.
Tiago H. Falk, Cynthia Tam, Heidi Schellnus & Tom Chau. (2011) On the development of a computer-based handwriting assessment tool to objectively quantify handwriting proficiency in children. Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine 104:3, pages e102-e111.
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Azadeh Kushki, Tom Chau & Evdokia Anagnostou. (2011) Handwriting Difficulties in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Scoping Review. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 41:12, pages 1706-1716.
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Jane Case-Smith, Terri Holland & Beth Bishop. (2011) Effectiveness of an Integrated Handwriting Program for First-Grade Students: A Pilot Study. The American Journal of Occupational Therapy 65:6, pages 670-678.
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Tiago H. Falk, Cynthia Tam, Heidi Schwellnus & Tom Chau. (2010) Grip Force Variability and Its Effects on Children’s Handwriting Legibility, Form, and Strokes. Journal of Biomechanical Engineering 132:11.
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Gil Luria & Sara Rosenblum. (2009) Comparing the handwriting behaviours of true and false writing with computerized handwriting measures. Applied Cognitive Psychology 24:8, pages 1115-1128.
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Stephen E. Ryan, Patricia J. Rigby & Kent A. Campbell. (2010) Randomised controlled trial comparing two school furniture configurations in the printing performance of young children with cerebral palsy. Australian Occupational Therapy Journal 57:4, pages 239-245.
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Nadine Mackay, Annie McCluskey & Rachel Mayes. (2010) The Log Handwriting Program Improved Children’s Writing Legibility: A Pretest–Posttest Study. The American Journal of Occupational Therapy 64:1, pages 30-36.
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Cynthia Tam, Stephen E. Ryan, Patty Rigby & Mary-Beth Sophianopoulos. (2009) Rater reliability of the adapted scoring criteria of the Minnesota Handwriting Assessment for children with cerebral palsy. Australian Occupational Therapy Journal 56:6, pages 403-408.
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Christina T. FuentesStewart H. MostofskyAmy J. Bastian. (2009) Children with autism show specific handwriting impairments. Neurology 73:19, pages 1532-1537.
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Paul O'Mahony, Mairead Dempsey & Hazel Killeen. (2008) Handwriting speed: duration of testing period and relation to socio‐economic disadvantage and handedness. Occupational Therapy International 15:3, pages 165-177.
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P. Werner, S. Rosenblum, G. Bar-On, J. Heinik & A. Korczyn. (2006) Handwriting Process Variables Discriminating Mild Alzheimer's Disease and Mild Cognitive Impairment. The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences 61:4, pages P228-P236.
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Sara Rosenblum. (2016) Using the Alphabet Task to Differentiate between Proficient and Nonproficient Handwriters. Perceptual and Motor Skills 100:3, pages 629-639.
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Katya P Feder, Annette Majnemer, Daniel Bourbonnais, Robert Platt, Marc Blayney & Anne Synnes. (2007) Handwriting performance in preterm children compared with term peers at age 6 to 7 years. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology 47:3, pages 163-170.
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Sara Rosenblum, Shula Parush & Patrice L. Weiss. (2016) The in Air Phenomenon: Temporal and Spatial Correlates of the Handwriting Process. Perceptual and Motor Skills 96:3, pages 933-954.
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SARA ROSENBLUM. (2003) THE IN AIR PHENOMENON: TEMPORAL AND SPATIAL CORRELATES OF THE HANDWRITING PROCESS. Perceptual and Motor Skills 96:3, pages 933.
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Heidi Schwellnus & Julia Lockhart. (2002) The Development of the Tool for Optimizing Written Productivity (TOW-P). Physical & Occupational Therapy In Pediatrics 22:3, pages 5-22.
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Cynthia Tam, Denise Reid, Stephen Naumann & Bernard O'Keefe. (2006) Perceived benefits of word prediction intervention on written productivity in children with spina bifida and hydrocephalus. Occupational Therapy International 9:3, pages 237-255.
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Linda T. Miller, Cheryl A. MissiunaJennifer J. MacnabTheresa Malloy-MillerHelene J. Polatajko. (2016) Clinical Description of Children with Developmental Coordination Disorder. Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy 68:1, pages 5-15.
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Katya Feder, Annette Majnemer & Anne Synnes. (2016) Handwriting: Current Trends in Occupational Therapy Practice. Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy 67:3, pages 197-204.
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Michaela E. Daniel & Elspeth H. Froude. (2010) Reliability of occupational therapist and teacher evaluations of the handwriting quality of grade 5 and 6 primary school children*. Australian Occupational Therapy Journal 45:2, pages 48-58.
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Cheryl Missiuna & Nancy Pollock. (1995) Beyond the Norms:. Physical & Occupational Therapy In Pediatrics 15:4, pages 57-74.
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