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Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A
Toxic/Hazardous Substances and Environmental Engineering
Volume 36, 2001 - Issue 4
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Original Articles

CHEMICAL AND MICROBIAL CHARACTERIZATION OF HOUSEHOLD GRAYWATER

L. M. Casanova Department of Soil, Water, and Environmental Science, The University of Arizona, Building #90, Room 409, Tucson, Arizona, 85721, U.S.A.
,
Charles P. Gerba Department of Soil, Water, and Environmental Science, The University of Arizona, Building #90, Room 409, Tucson, Arizona, 85721, U.S.A.Correspondence[email protected]
&
Martin Karpiscak University of Arizona, Office of Arid Lands Studies, Room 210C, 1955 E. 6th St., Tucson, Arizona, 85721, U.S.A.
Pages 395-401 | Received 28 Jun 2000, Published online: 06 Feb 2007

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Kristen M. Ekeren, Brock A. Hodgson, Sybil E. Sharvelle & Susan K. De Long. (2016) Investigation of pathogen disinfection and regrowth in a simple graywater recycling system for toilet flushing. Desalination and Water Treatment 57:54, pages 26174-26186.
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U. Pinto & B.L. Maheshwari. (2015) Sustainable graywater reuse for residential landscape irrigation – a critical review. Chinese Journal of Population Resources and Environment 13:3, pages 250-264.
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Yasin Al-Zu’bi, Tarek G. Ammari, Abeer Al-Balawneh, Muhamad Al-Dabbas, Rakad Ta’any & Raihan Abu-Harb. (2015) Ablution greywater treatment with the modified re-circulated vertical flow bioreactor for landscape irrigation. Desalination and Water Treatment 54:1, pages 59-68.
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Selda Murat Hocaoglu & Derin Orhon. (2010) Fate of proteins and carbohydrates in membrane bioreactor operated at high sludge age. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A 45:9, pages 1101-1108.
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GideonP. Winward, LisaM. Avery, Tom Stephenson, Paul Jeffrey, KristellS. Le Corre, Lorna Fewtrell & Bruce Jefferson. (2009) Pathogens in urban wastewaters suitable for reuse. Urban Water Journal 6:4, pages 291-301.
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G. P. Winward, L. M. Avery, T. Stephenson & B. Jefferson. (2008) ULTRAVIOLET (UV) DISINFECTION OF GREY WATER: PARTICLE SIZE EFFECTS. Environmental Technology 29:2, pages 235-244.
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A. Jamrah, A. Al‐Futaisi, M. Ahmed, S. Prathapar, A. Al‐Harrasi & A. Al‐Abri. (2008) Biological treatment of greywater using sequencing batch reactor technology. International Journal of Environmental Studies 65:1, pages 71-85.
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J. Abu‐Ashour & A. Jamrah. (2008) Survival of bacteria in soil subsequent to greywater application. International Journal of Environmental Studies 65:1, pages 51-56.
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Oumar Sall & Yukio Takahashi. (2006) Physical, chemical and biological characteristics of stored greywater from unsewered suburban Dakar in Senegal. Urban Water Journal 3:3, pages 153-164.
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Articles from other publishers (51)

Rihab Hachicha, Mariem Fersi, Naceur Jedidi, Taher Mechichi, Abdenaceur Hassen & Ridha Hachicha. (2022) Graywater Treatment with Two Planted Vertical Constructed Wetlands in Series: A Pilot Study. CLEAN – Soil, Air, Water 50:9.
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Mohammad Aslam, Dawood Bin Fazal, Faizan Ahmad, Abdullah Bin Fazal, Ahmad Zuhairi Abdullah, Mukhtar Ahmed, Mohammad Qamar & Mohd Rafatullah. (2022) Photocatalytic Degradation of Recalcitrant Pollutants of Greywater. Catalysts 12:5, pages 557.
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Shreya, Akshaya Kumar Verma, Aditya Kishore Dash, Puspendu Bhunia & Rajesh Roshan Dash. (2021) Removal of surfactants in greywater using low-cost natural adsorbents: A review. Surfaces and Interfaces 27, pages 101532.
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Kaitlin J. MattosLaura EichelbergerJohn WarrenAaron DotsonMillie HawleyKarl G. Linden. (2021) Household Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene Practices Impact Pathogen Exposure in Remote, Rural, Unpiped Communities. Environmental Engineering Science 38:5, pages 355-366.
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Agung Kusumawardhana, Ljiljana Zlatanovic, Arne Bosch & Jan Peter van der Hoek. (2021) Microbiological Health Risk Assessment of Water Conservation Strategies: A Case Study in Amsterdam. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18:5, pages 2595.
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Asma Safia Disha, Md Abdullah Yousuf Al Harun, Shubarna Akter, Sharif Mutasim Billah & Md Abdullah-Al- Noman. (2020) Reusing greywater for cultivation of Capsicum frutescens and Calendula officinalis. Journal of Environmental Management 272, pages 111088.
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Jakub Raček. 2020. Management of Water Quality and Quantity. Management of Water Quality and Quantity 195 217 .
David C. Shoults & Nicholas J. Ashbolt. (2019) Decreased efficacy of UV inactivation of Staphylococcus aureus after multiple exposure and growth cycles. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health 222:1, pages 111-116.
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Efaq Ali Noman, Adel Ali Saeed Al-Gheethi, Radin Maya Saphira Radin Mohamed, Balkis A. Talip, H. Nagao, Amir Hashim Mohd Kassim & Siti Asmah Bakar. 2019. Management of Greywater in Developing Countries. Management of Greywater in Developing Countries 33 50 .
Adel Ali Saeed Al-Gheethi, Efaq Ali Noman, Radin Maya Saphira Radin Mohamed, J. D. Bala & Amir Hashim Mohd Kassim. 2019. Management of Greywater in Developing Countries. Management of Greywater in Developing Countries 1 31 .
Martina Rysulova, Joana America Castellar, Jordi Morato, Zuzana Vranayova & Daniela Kaposztasova. (2018) Effects of changing retention time on efficiency of submerged MBR treating different types of grey water. Selected Scientific Papers - Journal of Civil Engineering 13:1, pages 29-38.
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David C. Shoults & Nicholas J. Ashbolt. (2017) Total staphylococci as performance surrogate for greywater treatment. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 25:33, pages 32894-32900.
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Michael Oteng-Peprah, Mike Agbesi Acheampong & Nanne K. deVries. (2018) Greywater Characteristics, Treatment Systems, Reuse Strategies and User Perception—a Review. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution 229:8.
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Marwan Haddad & Abeer Jumma. (2018) Alleviating Water Scarcity in Rural Arid Areas through Grey Water Treatment and Reuse: Palestine as a Case Study. Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering Technology 6, pages 21-30.
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Kai Siang Oh, Janet Yip Cheng Leong, Phaik Eong Poh, Meng Nan Chong & Ee Von Lau. (2018) A review of greywater recycling related issues: Challenges and future prospects in Malaysia. Journal of Cleaner Production 171, pages 17-29.
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David Shoults & Nicholas Ashbolt. (2017) UV Disinfection of Hand-Rinse Greywater and Performance Testing Using Indigenous Staphylococcus spp.. Water 9:12, pages 963.
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Morkel Zaayman, Alma Siggins, Dave Horne, Hamish Lowe & Jacqui Horswell. (2017) Investigation of triclosan contamination on microbial biomass and other soil health indicators. FEMS Microbiology Letters 364:16.
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S. Boyte, S. Quaife, J. Horswell & A. Siggins. (2017) Survival of Escherichia coli in common garden mulches spiked with synthetic greywater . Letters in Applied Microbiology 64:5, pages 386-391.
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Abdulrahim M. Al-Ismaili, Mushtaque Ahmed, Ahmed Al-Busaidi, Seif Al-Adawi, Roman Tandlich & Mohammed Al-Amri. (2017) Extended use of grey water for irrigating home gardens in an arid environment. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 24:15, pages 13650-13658.
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Janet Yip Cheng Leong, Kai Siang Oh, Phaik Eong Poh & Meng Nan Chong. (2017) Prospects of hybrid rainwater-greywater decentralised system for water recycling and reuse: A review. Journal of Cleaner Production 142, pages 3014-3027.
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Maya Benami, Osnat Gillor & Amit Gross. (2016) Potential microbial hazards from graywater reuse and associated matrices: A review. Water Research 106, pages 183-195.
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Margaret Leonard, Brent Gilpin, Beth Robson & Katrina Wall. (2016) Field study of the composition of greywater and comparison of microbiological indicators of water quality in on-site systems. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 188:8.
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A. A. Al-Gheethi, R. M. S. Radin Mohamed, A. N. Efaq & M. K. Amir Hashim. (2016) Reduction of microbial risk associated with greywater by disinfection processes for irrigation. Journal of Water and Health 14:3, pages 379-398.
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Marina Blanky, Sara Rodríguez-Martínez, Malka Halpern & Eran Friedler. (2015) Legionella pneumophila: From potable water to treated greywater; quantification and removal during treatment. Science of The Total Environment 533, pages 557-565.
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Eric C. Leas, Anne Dare & Wael K. Al-Delaimy. (2013) Is Gray Water the Key to Unlocking Water for Resource-Poor Areas of the Middle East, North Africa, and Other Arid Regions of the World?. AMBIO 43:6, pages 707-717.
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Brian D. Zimmerman, Nicholas J. Ashbolt, Jay L. Garland, Scott Keely & David Wendell. (2014) Human Mitochondrial DNA and Endogenous Bacterial Surrogates for Risk Assessment of Graywater Reuse. Environmental Science & Technology 48:14, pages 7993-8002.
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N. Boros, A. Petrányi, D. Kocsis & I. Bodnár. (2014) Characterization of greywater sources on the base of organic content and microbial quality. International Review of Applied Sciences and Engineering 5:1, pages 35-40.
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J. K. Braga & M. B. A. Varesche. (2014) Commercial Laundry Water Characterisation. American Journal of Analytical Chemistry 05:01, pages 8-16.
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Sara E. BeckRoberto A. RodríguezAndrew SalvesonNitin GoelSarah RhodesPaula KehoeKarl G. Linden. (2013) Disinfection Methods for Treating Low TOC, Light Graywater to California Title 22 Water Reuse Standards. Journal of Environmental Engineering 139:9, pages 1137-1145.
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Joanne O’Toole, Martha Sinclair, Manori Malawaraarachchi, Andrew Hamilton, S. Fiona Barker & Karin Leder. (2012) Microbial quality assessment of household greywater. Water Research 46:13, pages 4301-4313.
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Ahmed Tawfik, Rifaat Abdel Wahab, Azza Al-Asmer & Fatma Matary. (2011) Effect of hydraulic retention time on the performance of down-flow hanging sponge system treating grey wastewater. Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering 34:6, pages 767-776.
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Leon C. Holgate, Jacqueline A. Aitkenhead-Peterson & Terry J. Gentry. (2011) Irrigation Water Chemistry: Impact on Microbial Community Composition and Biogeochemical Leaching under Perennial Ryegrass ( Lolium perenne [L]) . ISRN Ecology 2011, pages 1-9.
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Danielle I. Harrow, Jill M. Felker & Katherine H. Baker. (2011) Impacts of Triclosan in Greywater on Soil Microorganisms. Applied and Environmental Soil Science 2011, pages 1-8.
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E. Donner, E. Eriksson, DM. Revitt, L. Scholes, H-C Holten Lützhøft & A. Ledin. (2010) Presence and fate of priority substances in domestic greywater treatment and reuse systems. Science of The Total Environment 408:12, pages 2444-2451.
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K. H. Baker, D. I. Harrow & B. A. Ritchey. (2010) Tricosan in Greywater: Implications for Reuse. Tricosan in Greywater: Implications for Reuse.
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Gideon P. Winward, Lisa M. Avery, Ronnie Frazer-Williams, Marc Pidou, Paul Jeffrey, Tom Stephenson & Bruce Jefferson. (2008) A study of the microbial quality of grey water and an evaluation of treatment technologies for reuse. Ecological Engineering 32:2, pages 187-197.
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M. Gual, A. Moià & J.G. March. (2008) Monitoring of an indoor pilot plant for osmosis rejection and greywater reuse to flush toilets in a hotel. Desalination 219:1-3, pages 81-88.
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Amit Gross, Drora Kaplan & Katherine Baker. (2007) Removal of chemical and microbiological contaminants from domestic greywater using a recycled vertical flow bioreactor (RVFB). Ecological Engineering 31:2, pages 107-114.
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J.L Garland, L.H Levine, N.C Yorio & M.E Hummerick. (2004) Response of graywater recycling systems based on hydroponic plant growth to three classes of surfactants. Water Research 38:8, pages 1952-1962.
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K. Mattick, K. Durham, M. Hendrix, J. Slader, C. Griffith, M. Sen & T. Humphrey. (2003) The microbiological quality of washing-up water and the environment in domestic and commercial kitchens. Journal of Applied Microbiology 94:5, pages 842-848.
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Jakob Ottoson & Thor Axel Stenström. (2003) Faecal contamination of greywater and associated microbial risks. Water Research 37:3, pages 645-655.
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