Advanced search
Publication Cover
Science and Technology of Welding and Joining Volume 17, 2012 - Issue 2
Journal homepage
830
Views
84
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Article

PA position full penetration high power laser beam welding of up to 30 mm thick AlMg3 plates using electromagnetic weld pool support

V V AvilovDivision Safety of Joined Components, Federal Institute for Material Research and Testing (BAM), Unter den Eichen 87, Berlin12205, GermanyCorrespondence[email protected]
,
A GumenyukDivision Safety of Joined Components, Federal Institute for Material Research and Testing (BAM), Unter den Eichen 87, Berlin12205, Germany
,
M LammersDivision Safety of Joined Components, Federal Institute for Material Research and Testing (BAM), Unter den Eichen 87, Berlin12205, Germany
&
M RethmeierDivision Safety of Joined Components, Federal Institute for Material Research and Testing (BAM), Unter den Eichen 87, Berlin12205, Germany
Pages 128-133 | Received 19 Aug 2011, Accepted 21 Oct 2011, Published online: 12 Nov 2013

Citations (84)

Keep up to date with the latest research on this topic with citation updates for this article.

Subscribe to citation updates

Read on this site (6)

Fuyun Liu, Caiwang Tan, Guolong Ma, Xiaohui Han, Bo Chen, Xiaoguo Song, Hongyun Zhao & Guodong Wang. (2022) Improvement of inhomogeneity of microstructure and mechanical properties for 316 stainless steel laser-MIG hybrid welded joint assisted by alternating magnetic field. Science and Technology of Welding and Joining 27:6, pages 437-445.
Read now
Michael Rethmeier, Andrey Gumenyuk & Marcel Bachmann. (2022) High-power laser beam welding for thick section steels – new perspectives using electromagnetic systems. Science and Technology of Welding and Joining 27:1, pages 43-51.
Read now
X. Zhang, S. Wu, R. Xiao & L. Li. (2016) Homogenisation of chemical composition and microstructure in laser filler wire welding of AA 6009 aluminium alloy by in situ electric current stirring. Science and Technology of Welding and Joining 21:3, pages 157-163.
Read now
L. Wang, C. S. Wu & J. Q. Gao. (2016) Suppression of humping bead in high speed GMAW with external magnetic field. Science and Technology of Welding and Joining 21:2, pages 131-139.
Read now
D. Y. You, X. D. Gao & S. Katayama. (2014) Review of laser welding monitoring. Science and Technology of Welding and Joining 19:3, pages 181-201.
Read now
L. Zhao, S. Tsukamoto, G. Arakane & T. Sugino. (2014) Prevention of porosity by oxygen addition in fibre laser and fibre laser–GMA hybrid welding. Science and Technology of Welding and Joining 19:2, pages 91-97.
Read now

Articles from other publishers (78)

Qingyong Liu, Di Wu, Qingzhao Wang, Peilei Zhang, Hua Yan, Tianzhu Sun & Ruifeng Li. (2023) Progress and perspectives of joints defects of laser-arc hybrid welding: a review. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology.
Crossref
Lidong Xu, Xinhua Tang, Siyuan Han, Shuang Huang, Chendong Shao & Haichao Cui. (2023) Study on full-penetration laser welding of aluminum alloy under electromagnetic field support and subatmospheric pressure. Journal of Materials Processing Technology 320, pages 118105.
Crossref
Lixin Li, Cheng Huang, Guangchao Han & Rong Chen. (2022) Recent progress on external magnetic field assisted laser welding: mechanism, effect and technology. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 125:1-2, pages 1-23.
Crossref
Pankaj Sharma, Somnath Chattopadhyaya, Nirmal Kumar Singh, Ashok Kumar, Shubham Sharma, Changhe Li, Vineet Kumar, Szymon Wojciechowski, Grzegorz Krolczyk & Sayed M. Eldin. (2022) Recent developments in the design, development, and analysis of the influence of external magnetic-field on gas-metal arc welding of non-ferrous alloys: review on optimization of arc-structure to enhance the morphology, and mechanical properties of welded joints for automotive applications. Heliyon 8:12, pages e11812.
Crossref
Yi Zheng, Liang Cao, Jie Wang, Jingren Xie, Jieshi Chen, Daqing Wang, Shuai Wang, Jijin Xu & Hao Lu. (2022) Surface morphology refinement and Laves phase control of plasma arc additively manufactured Inconel 718 via an alternating magnetic field. Materials & Design 223, pages 111161.
Crossref
Disheng Fang, Fujia Xu, Ruisheng Huang, Linlin Li, Kai Xu & Jipeng Zou. (2022) Vertical up welding characteristics of 5A06 aluminum alloy by 10 KW-level oscillation laser beam. Welding in the World 66:10, pages 2091-2105.
Crossref
Lidong Xu, Xinhua Tang, Siyuan Han, Ruolin Zhang, Chendong Shao & Haichao Cui. (2022) Study on root hump formation mechanism in full penetration laser welding with backing gas for aluminum alloy. Journal of Materials Processing Technology 307, pages 117674.
Crossref
Sergej Gook, Ahmet Midik, Max Biegler, Andrey Gumenyuk & Michael Rethmeier. (2022) Joining 30 mm Thick Shipbuilding Steel Plates EH36 Using a Process Combination of Hybrid Laser Arc Welding and Submerged Arc Welding. Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing 6:4, pages 84.
Crossref
Tao Tao, Dianwu Zhou, Jinshui Liu & Xinyu Wang. (2022) Improvement of laser welded joint properties of AZ31B magnesium alloy to DP590 dual-phase steel produced by external magnetic field. Journal of Manufacturing Processes 79, pages 270-283.
Crossref
Aydin Jadidi, Yongcui Mi, Fredrik Sikström, Morgan Nilsen & Antonio Ancona. (2022) Beam Offset Detection in Laser Stake Welding of Tee Joints Using Machine Learning and Spectrometer Measurements. Sensors 22:10, pages 3881.
Crossref
Tzeng Yu-Chih, Cheng-Yu Lu & Ren-Yu Chen. (2021) Impact of electromagnetic stirring on the gas metal arc welding of an MAR-M247 superalloy. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 119:1-2, pages 343-355.
Crossref
Hengquan Zhang, Meng Jiang, Xi Chen, Lianfeng Wei, Shizhong Wang, Yumo Jiang, Nan Jiang, Zhiyuan Wang, Zhenglong Lei & Yanbin Chen. (2022) Investigation of Weld Root Defects in High-Power Full-Penetration Laser Welding of High-Strength Steel. Materials 15:3, pages 1095.
Crossref
Ömer Üstündag, Nasim Bakir, Andrey Gumenyuk & Michael Rethmeier. (2022) Improvement of Charpy impact toughness by using an AC magnet backing system for laser hybrid welding of thick S690QL steels. Procedia CIRP 111, pages 462-465.
Crossref
Ömer Üstündağ, Nasim Bakir, Andrey Gumenyuk & Michael Rethmeier. (2021) Influence of an external applied AC magnetic field on the melt pool dynamics at high-power laser beam welding. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1135:1, pages 012017.
Crossref
Dehua Huang, Leshi Shu, Qi Zhou, Ping Jiang & Shaoning Geng. (2021) Root hump defect monitoring of high power fiber laser thick plate welding based on the character of keyhole and molten pool. Root hump defect monitoring of high power fiber laser thick plate welding based on the character of keyhole and molten pool.
Antoni Artinov, Xiangmeng Meng, Marcel Bachmann & Michael Rethmeier. (2021) Numerical Analysis of the Partial Penetration High Power Laser Beam Welding of Thick Sheets at High Process Speeds. Metals 11:8, pages 1319.
Crossref
Ivan Bunaziv, Odd M. Akselsen, Xiaobo Ren, Bård Nyhus & Magnus Eriksson. (2021) Laser Beam and Laser-Arc Hybrid Welding of Aluminium Alloys. Metals 11:8, pages 1150.
Crossref
Kevin Carpenter & Ali Tabei. (2021) Optimization of the Weld Setup in Magnetically Assisted Laser Welding by Thermo-Magnetic Modeling. Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering 143:3.
Crossref
Lidong Xu, Xinhua Tang, Ruolin Zhang, Fenggui Lu & Haichao Cui. (2021) Weld bead characteristics for full-penetration laser welding of aluminum alloy under electromagnetic field support. Journal of Materials Processing Technology 288, pages 116896.
Crossref
Ruolin Zhang, Xinhua Tang, Lidong Xu, Fenggui Lu & Haichao Cui. (2021) Mechanism study of thermal fluid flow and weld root hump suppression in full penetration laser welding of Al alloy with alternating magnetic field support. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 166, pages 120759.
Crossref
Jianhua Yao, Bo Li & Liang WangJianhua Yao, Bo Li & Liang Wang. 2021. Advanced Laser Process for Surface Enhancement. Advanced Laser Process for Surface Enhancement 13 29 .
Weimin Long, Dashuang Liu, Aiping Wu, Decheng Wang & Guoqin Huang. (2020) Influence of laser scanning speed on the formation property of laser brazing diamond coating. Diamond and Related Materials 110, pages 108085.
Crossref
Zhengwu Zhu, Xiuquan Ma, Chunming Wang & Gaoyang Mi. (2020) Altering morphological, crystalline and compositional features in 316 L laser-MIG weldments with an external magnetic field. Materials & Design 196, pages 109156.
Crossref
R. Chen, H.J. Kong, J.H. Luan, A.D. Wang, P. Jiang & C.T. Liu. (2020) Effect of external applied magnetic field on microstructures and mechanical properties of laser welding joint of medium-Mn nanostructured steel. Materials Science and Engineering: A 792, pages 139787.
Crossref
Zhu Zhengwu, Ma Xiuquan, Wang Chunming & Mi Gaoyang. (2020) Grain refinement and orientation alternation of 10 mm 316L welds prepared by magnetic field assisted narrow gap laser-MIG hybrid welding. Materials Characterization 164, pages 110311.
Crossref
Antoni Artinov, Victor Karkhin, Nasim Bakir, Xiangmeng Meng, Marcel Bachmann, Andrey Gumenyuk & Michael Rethmeier. (2020) Lamé curve approximation for the assessment of the 3D temperature distribution in keyhole mode welding processes. Journal of Laser Applications 32:2.
Crossref
Lifang Mei, Dongbing Yan, Shun Xie, Zhiqin Lei & Xiaohong Ge. (2020) Effects of Cr2O3 active agent on the weld process dynamic behavior and joint comprehensive properties of fiber laser welded stainless steel thick plate. Optics and Lasers in Engineering 128, pages 106027.
Crossref
Ruolin Zhang, Xinhua Tang, Lidong Xu, Fenggui Lu & Haichao Cui. (2020) Study of molten pool dynamics and porosity formation mechanism in full penetration fiber laser welding of Al-alloy. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 148, pages 119089.
Crossref
S. H. Guo, J. L. Zou & R. S. Xiao. (2020) Characterizations of welding mode transformation process during 1-μm and 10-μm laser welding. AIP Advances 10:1, pages 015120.
Crossref
Anne Straße, Ömer Üstündağ, Andrey Gumenyuk & Michael Rethmeier. (2020) LMD coatings as filler material for laser beam welded 30 mm thick plates. Procedia CIRP 94, pages 293-297.
Crossref
Ömer Üstündağ, Sergej Gook, Andrey Gumenyuk & Michael Rethmeier. (2020) Hybrid laser arc welding of thick high-strength pipeline steels of grade X120 with adapted heat input. Journal of Materials Processing Technology 275, pages 116358.
Crossref
Yi Qi, Genyu Chen, Shilei Deng & Dianwu Zhou. (2019) Periodic root humps in thick-plate laser welding using steady electromagnetic force. Journal of Materials Processing Technology 273, pages 116247.
Crossref
Zhaoyang Yan, Shujun Chen, Fan Jiang, Wang Zhang & Ning Huang. (2019) Study and optimization against the gravity effect on mechanical property of VPPA horizontal welding of aluminum alloys. Journal of Manufacturing Processes 46, pages 109-117.
Crossref
Jiajun Xu, Youmin Rong & Yu Huang. (2019) Magnetic-Field-Induced Partial-to-Full Penetration Evolution and Its Mechanism During Laser Welding. JOM 71:7, pages 2296-2302.
Crossref
Ömer Üstündağ, Vjaceslav Avilov, Andrey Gumenyuk & Michael Rethmeier. (2019) Improvement of Filler Wire Dilution Using External Oscillating Magnetic Field at Full Penetration Hybrid Laser-Arc Welding of Thick Materials. Metals 9:5, pages 594.
Crossref
Xin Chen, Manlelan Luo, Renzhi Hu, Ruidi Li, Lvjie Liang & Shengyong Pang. (2019) Thermo-electromagnetic effect on weld microstructure in magnetically assisted laser welding of austenite steel. Journal of Manufacturing Processes 41, pages 111-118.
Crossref
Hiren R. Kotadia, Pasquale Franciosa & Dariusz Ceglarek. (2019) Challenges and Opportunities in Remote Laser Welding of Steel to Aluminium. MATEC Web of Conferences 269, pages 02012.
Crossref
Ömer Üstündağ, Sergej Gook, Andrey Gumenyuk & Michael Rethmeier. (2019) Mechanical Properties of Single-pass Hybrid Laser Arc Welded 25 mm Thick-walled Structures Made of Fine-grained Structural Steel. Procedia Manufacturing 36, pages 112-120.
Crossref
Jicheng Chen, Yanhong Wei, Xiaohong Zhan, Cheng Gu & Xinyi Zhao. (2018) Thermoelectric currents and thermoelectric-magnetic effects in full-penetration laser beam welding of aluminum alloy with magnetic field support. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 127, pages 332-344.
Crossref
Ömer Üstündag, Vjaceslav Avilov, Andrey Gumenyuk & Michael Rethmeier. (2018) Full penetration hybrid laser arc welding of up to 28 mm thick S355 plates using electromagnetic weld pool support. Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1109, pages 012015.
Crossref
Yi Qi & Genyu Chen. (2018) Root defects in full penetration laser welding of thick plates using steady electromagnetic force. Journal of Materials Processing Technology 260, pages 97-103.
Crossref
Jicheng Chen, Yanhong Wei, Xiaohong Zhan, Qiyu Gao, Dan Zhang & Xuesong Gao. (2018) Influence of magnetic field orientation on molten pool dynamics during magnet-assisted laser butt welding of thick aluminum alloy plates. Optics & Laser Technology 104, pages 148-158.
Crossref
H. H. Liu, L. B. Wang, W. J. Liu, L. Y. Li & J. F. Yue. (2018) Influence of AC magnetic field on the cladding layer during the micro beam plasma welding of austenitic stainless steel. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 97:9-12, pages 3459-3468.
Crossref
Min Li, Jiajun Xu, Yu Huang & Youmin Rong. (2018) Improving Keyhole Stability by External Magnetic Field in Full Penetration Laser Welding. JOM 70:7, pages 1261-1266.
Crossref
Ömer Üstündağ, André Fritzsche, Vjaceslav Avilov, Andrey Gumenyuk & Michael Rethmeier. (2018) Hybrid laser-arc welding of thick-walled ferromagnetic steels with electromagnetic weld pool support. Welding in the World 62:4, pages 767-774.
Crossref
Jicheng Chen, Yanhong Wei, Xiaohong Zhan, Yi Li, Wenmin Ou & Tao Zhang. (2018) Melt flow and thermal transfer during magnetically supported laser beam welding of thick aluminum alloy plates. Journal of Materials Processing Technology 254, pages 325-337.
Crossref
Yang Yang, Longchao Cao, Qi Zhou, Chaochao Wang, Qing Wu & Ping Jiang. (2018) Multi-objective process parameters optimization of Laser-magnetic hybrid welding combining Kriging and NSGA-II. Robotics and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing 49, pages 253-262.
Crossref
Ömer Üstündağ, André Fritzsche, Vjaceslav Avilov, Andrey Gumenyuk & Michael Rethmeier. (2018) Study of gap and misalignment tolerances at hybrid laser arc welding of thick-walled steel with electromagnetic weld pool support system. Procedia CIRP 74, pages 757-760.
Crossref
Mingjun Zhang, Zheng Zhang, Kun Tang, Cong Mao, Yongle Hu & Genyu Chen. (2018) Analysis of mechanisms of underfill in full penetration laser welding of thick stainless steel with a 10 kW fiber laser. Optics & Laser Technology 98, pages 97-105.
Crossref
Chenxiao Zhu, Xinhua Tang, Yuan He, Fenggui Lu & Haichao Cui. (2018) Effect of preheating on the defects and microstructure in NG-GMA welding of 5083 Al-alloy. Journal of Materials Processing Technology 251, pages 214-224.
Crossref
Lvjie Liang, Shengyong Pang, Xinyu Shao, Chunming Wang, Ping Jiang & Xin Chen. (2017) In situ Weak Magnetic-Assisted Thermal Stress Field Reduction Effect in Laser Welding. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A 49:1, pages 198-209.
Crossref
Sohail Muhammad, Karhu Miikka, Na Suck-Joo, Han Sang-Woo & Kujanpaa Veli. (2017) Effect of leading and trailing torch configuration on mixing and fluid behavior of laser-gas metal arc hybrid welding. Journal of Laser Applications 29:4.
Crossref
Meng Jiang, Wang Tao & Yanbin Chen. (2017) Laser Welding under Vacuum: A Review. Applied Sciences 7:9, pages 909.
Crossref
Jicheng Chen, Yanhong Wei, Xiaohong Zhan & Pan Pan. (2017) Weld profile, microstructure, and mechanical property of laser-welded butt joints of 5A06 Al alloy with static magnetic field support. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 92:5-8, pages 1677-1686.
Crossref
Hong Wu, Yunlong Chang, Lin Lu & Jin Bai. (2017) Review on magnetically controlled arc welding process. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 91:9-12, pages 4263-4273.
Crossref
Kyung-Min Hong & Yung C. Shin. (2017) Prospects of laser welding technology in the automotive industry: A review. Journal of Materials Processing Technology 245, pages 46-69.
Crossref
Junhao Sun, Kai Feng, Ke Zhang, Baochao Guo, En Jiang, Pulin Nie, Jian Huang & Zhuguo Li. (2017) Fiber laser welding of thick AISI 304 plate in a horizontal (2G) butt joint configuration. Materials & Design 118, pages 53-65.
Crossref
Longchao Cao, Yang Yang, Ping Jiang, Qi Zhou, Gaoyang Mi, Zhongmei Gao, Youmin Rong & Chunming Wang. (2017) Optimization of processing parameters of AISI 316L laser welding influenced by external magnetic field combining RBFNN and GA. Results in Physics 7, pages 1329-1338.
Crossref
Xiaohong Zhan, Junjie Zhou, Weihua Sun, Jicheng Chen & Yanhong Wei. (2017) Effect of external applied steady magnetic field on the morphology of laser welding joint of 4-mm 2024 aluminum alloy. Applied Physics A 123:1.
Crossref
Rong Chen, Chunming Wang, Ping Jiang, Xinyu Shao, Zeyang Zhao, Zhongmei Gao & Chen Yue. (2016) Effect of axial magnetic field in the laser beam welding of stainless steel to aluminum alloy. Materials & Design 109, pages 146-152.
Crossref
Lin-Jie Zhang, Gui-Feng Zhang, Xiao-Yang Bai, Jie Ning & Xing-Jun Zhang. (2016) Effect of the process parameters on the three-dimensional shape of molten pool during full-penetration laser welding process. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 86:5-8, pages 1273-1286.
Crossref
Vjaceslav Avilov, André Fritzsche, Marcel Bachmann, Andrey Gumenyuk & Michael Rethmeier. (2016) Full penetration laser beam welding of thick duplex steel plates with electromagnetic weld pool support. Journal of Laser Applications 28:2, pages 022420.
Crossref
Marcel Bachmann, Richard Kunze, Vjaceslav Avilov & Michael Rethmeier. (2016) Finite element modeling of an alternating current electromagnetic weld pool support in full penetration laser beam welding of thick duplex stainless steel plates. Journal of Laser Applications 28:2, pages 022404.
Crossref
Ojo Olatunji Oladimeji & Emel Taban. (2016) Trend and innovations in laser beam welding of wrought aluminum alloys. Welding in the World 60:3, pages 415-457.
Crossref
Y. Li, C.S. Wu, L. Wang & J.Q. Gao. (2016) Analysis of additional electromagnetic force for mitigating the humping bead in high-speed gas metal arc welding. Journal of Materials Processing Technology 229, pages 207-215.
Crossref
Marcel Bachmann, Vjaceslav Avilov, Andrey Gumenyuk & Michael Rethmeier. (2016) Numerical assessment and experimental verification of the influence of the Hartmann effect in laser beam welding processes by steady magnetic fields. International Journal of Thermal Sciences 101, pages 24-34.
Crossref
M. Bachmann, A. Gumenyuk & M. Rethmeier. (2016) Welding with High-power Lasers: Trends and Developments. Physics Procedia 83, pages 15-25.
Crossref
J.L. Zou, S.K. Wu, W.X. Yang, Y. He & R.S. Xiao. (2016) A novel method for observing the micro-morphology of keyhole wall during high-power fiber laser welding. Materials & Design 89, pages 785-790.
Crossref
Liang Wang, Jianhua Yao, Yong Hu & Shiying Song. (2015) Suppression effect of a steady magnetic field on molten pool during laser remelting. Applied Surface Science 351, pages 794-802.
Crossref
L.J. Zhang, J.X. Zhang, A. Gumenyuk, M. Rethmeier & S.J. Na. (2014) Numerical simulation of full penetration laser welding of thick steel plate with high power high brightness laser. Journal of Materials Processing Technology 214:8, pages 1710-1720.
Crossref
M. Bachmann, V. Avilov, A.V. Gumenyuk & M. Rethmeier. (2014) High-power laser welding of austenitic stainless steel with electromagnetic control of weld pool. The Paton Welding Journal 2014:3, pages 21-24.
Crossref
Marcel Bachmann, Vjaceslav Avilov, Andrey Gumenyuk & Michael Rethmeier. (2014) Experimental and numerical investigation of an electromagnetic weld pool support system for high power laser beam welding of austenitic stainless steel. Journal of Materials Processing Technology 214:3, pages 578-591.
Crossref
M. Bachmann, V. Avilov, A. Gumenyuk & M. Rethmeier. (2014) Experimental and Numerical Investigation of an Electromagnetic Weld Pool Control for Laser Beam Welding. Physics Procedia 56, pages 515-524.
Crossref
Mingjun Zhang, Genyu Chen, Yu Zhou & Shenghui Liao. (2014) Optimization of deep penetration laser welding of thick stainless steel with a 10kW fiber laser. Materials & Design 53, pages 568-576.
Crossref
Marcel Bachmann, Vjaceslav Avilov, Andrey Gumenyuk & Michael Rethmeier. (2013) About the influence of a steady magnetic field on weld pool dynamics in partial penetration high power laser beam welding of thick aluminium parts. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 60, pages 309-321.
Crossref
Marcel Bachmann, Vjaceslav Avilov, Andrey Gumenyuk & Michael Rethmeier. (2013) Numerical simulation of electromagnetic melt control systems in high power laser beam welding. Numerical simulation of electromagnetic melt control systems in high power laser beam welding.
Vjaceslav Avilov, André Schneider, Marco Lammers, Andrey Gumenyuk & Michael Rethmeier. (2012) Electromagnetic control of the weld pool dynamics in partial penetration laser beam welding of aluminium alloys. Electromagnetic control of the weld pool dynamics in partial penetration laser beam welding of aluminium alloys.
Yi Zheng, Liang Cao, Jie Wang, Jingren Xie, Jieshi Chen, Daqing Wang, Shuai Wang & Hao Lu. (2022) Surface Morphology Refinement and Laves Phase Control of Plasma Arc Additively Manufactured Inconel 718 Via an Alternating Magnetic Field. SSRN Electronic Journal.
Crossref

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Order Reprints Request Corporate Permissions

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

Request Academic Permissions

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.

Related research

People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read.

Recommended articles lists articles that we recommend and is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine.

Cited by lists all citing articles based on Crossref citations.
Articles with the Crossref icon will open in a new tab.