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Invited review

Training to achieve over ground walking after spinal cord injury: A review of who, what, when, and how

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Pages 293-304 | Published online: 19 Jul 2013

Keep up to date with the latest research on this topic with citation updates for this article.

Read on this site (6)

Tomoki Naka, Tetsuo Hayashi, Atsushi Sugyo, Ryouichi Watanabe, Fumihiro Towatari & Takeshi Maeda. (2022) The effects of lower extremity deep sensory impairments on walking capability in patients with incomplete cervical spinal cord injury. The Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine 45:2, pages 287-292.
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Kristin E. Musselman, Molly C. Verrier, Heather Flett, Sylvie Nadeau, Jaynie F. Yang, Farnoosh Farahani, S. Mohammad Alavinia, Maryam Omidvar, Matheus J. Wiest & B. Catharine Craven. (2019) Development of Walking indicators to advance the quality of spinal cord injury rehabilitation: SCI-High Project. The Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine 42:sup1, pages 119-129.
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Jennifer Glenna Donenberg, Linda Fetters & Robert Johnson. (2019) The effects of locomotor training in children with spinal cord injury: a systematic review. Developmental Neurorehabilitation 22:4, pages 272-287.
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Hardeep Singh, Meeral Shah, Heather M. Flett, B. Catherine Craven, Mary C. Verrier & Kristin E. Musselman. (2018) Perspectives of individuals with sub-acute spinal cord injury after personalized adapted locomotor training. Disability and Rehabilitation 40:7, pages 820-828.
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B. Catharine Craven, Lora M. Giangregorio, S. Mohammad Alavinia, Lindsie A. Blencowe, Naaz Desai, Sander L. Hitzig, Kei Masani & Milos R. Popovic. (2017) Evaluating the efficacy of functional electrical stimulation therapy assisted walking after chronic motor incomplete spinal cord injury: effects on bone biomarkers and bone strength. The Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine 40:6, pages 748-758.
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Qiang Wu, Guang-Zhi Ning, Yu-Lin Li, Hong-Yong Feng & Shi-Qing Feng. (2013) Factors affecting the length of stay of patients with traumatic spinal cord injury in Tianjin, China. The Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine 36:3, pages 237-242.
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Articles from other publishers (44)

Pipat Klamruen, Jatuporn Suttiwong, Benchaporn Aneksan, Monticha Muangngoen, Chanapass Denduang & Wanalee Klomjai. (2023) Effects of Anodal Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation With Overground Gait Training on Lower Limb Performance in Individuals With Incomplete Spinal Cord Injury. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation.
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Yingbo Shen, Xinyue Cao, Minhui Lu, Hongcheng Gu, Minli Li & David A. Posner. (2022) Current treatments after spinal cord injury: Cell engineering, tissue engineering, and combined therapies. Smart Medicine 1:1.
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Tomoki Naka, Tetsuo Hayashi, Atsushi Sugyo, Fumihiro Towatari & Takeshi Maeda. (2022) Effect of Age at Injury on Walking Ability Following Incomplete Cervical Spinal Cord Injury: A Retrospective Cohort Study. Spine Surgery and Related Research 6:6, pages 604-609.
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Anna-Sophie Hofer, Myriam I Scheuber, Andrea M Sartori, Nicolas Good, Stephanie A Stalder, Nicole Hammer, Kai Fricke, Sina M Schalbetter, Anne K Engmann, Rebecca Z Weber, Ruslan Rust, Marc P Schneider, Natalie Russi, Giacomin Favre & Martin E Schwab. (2022) Stimulation of the cuneiform nucleus enables training and boosts recovery after spinal cord injury. Brain 145:10, pages 3681-3697.
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Elizabeth A. Bye, Martin E. Héroux, Claire L. Boswell-Ruys, Monica A. Perez, Mariel Purcell, Julian Taylor, Bonsan B. Lee, Euan J. McCaughey, Jane E. Butler & Simon C. Gandevia. (2022) Transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation combined with locomotor training to improve walking ability in people with chronic spinal cord injury: study protocol for an international multi-centred double-blinded randomised sham-controlled trial (eWALK). Spinal Cord 60:6, pages 491-497.
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Lei Jiang, Ben Woodington, Alejandro Carnicer-Lombarte, George Malliaras & Damiano G Barone. (2022) Spinal cord bioelectronic interfaces: opportunities in neural recording and clinical challenges. Journal of Neural Engineering 19:2, pages 021003.
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Hiroki Okawara, Syoichi Tashiro, Tomonori Sawada, Keiko Sugai, Kohei Matsubayashi, Michiyuki Kawakami, Satoshi Nori, Osahiko Tsuji, Narihito Nagoshi, Morio Matsumoto & Masaya Nakamura. (2022) Neurorehabilitation using a voluntary driven exoskeletal robot improves trunk function in patients with chronic spinal cord injury: a single-arm study. Neural Regeneration Research 17:2, pages 427.
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África Flores, Diego López-Santos & Guillermo García-Alías. (2021) When Spinal Neuromodulation Meets Sensorimotor Rehabilitation: Lessons Learned From Animal Models to Regain Manual Dexterity After a Spinal Cord Injury. Frontiers in Rehabilitation Sciences 2.
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Eleuda Nunez, Bruno Leme, Chun Kwang Tan, Hideki Kadone, Kenji Suzuki & Masakazu Hirokawa. (2021) Locomotion Synchronization and Gait Performance While Walking With an Overground Body Weight Support System. Locomotion Synchronization and Gait Performance While Walking With an Overground Body Weight Support System.
Malene Kolstad Sterling, Matthijs Ferdinand Wouda & Andreas Falck Lahelle. (2021) A qualitative interview study on how people with incomplete spinal cord injury experience high-intensity walking exercise. Spinal Cord Series and Cases 7:1.
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Leslie Barreto, Ahnsei Shon, Derrick Knox, Hojun Song, Hangue Park & Jeonghee Kim. (2021) Motorized Treadmill and Optical Recording System for Gait Analysis of Grasshoppers. Sensors 21:17, pages 5953.
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Keith K. Fenrich, Ben W. Hallworth, Romana Vavrek, Pamela J.F. Raposo, John E. Misiaszek, David J. Bennett, Karim Fouad & Abel Torres-Espin. (2021) Self-directed rehabilitation training intensity thresholds for efficient recovery of skilled forelimb function in rats with cervical spinal cord injury. Experimental Neurology 339, pages 113543.
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Janelle Unger, Katherine Chan, Jae W. Lee, B. Catharine Craven, Avril Mansfield, Mohammad Alavinia, Kei Masani & Kristin E. Musselman. (2021) The Effect of Perturbation-Based Balance Training and Conventional Intensive Balance Training on Reactive Stepping Ability in Individuals With Incomplete Spinal Cord Injury or Disease: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Frontiers in Neurology 12.
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Bolun Zhao, Xiaohua Zhou, Changhong Liu, Suqian Wu & Libin An. (2020) The effects of walking training onset on motor evoked potentials after acute spinal cord injury. Neuroscience Letters 739, pages 135338.
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Chung-Ying Tsai, Andrew D. Delgado, William J. Weinrauch, Nicholas Manente, Isaiah Levy, Miguel X. Escalon, Thomas N. Bryce & Ann M. Spungen. (2020) Exoskeletal-Assisted Walking During Acute Inpatient Rehabilitation Leads to Motor and Functional Improvement in Persons With Spinal Cord Injury: A Pilot Study. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 101:4, pages 607-612.
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Mohammad-Masoud Zavvarian, Amirali Toossi, Mohamad Khazaei, James Hong & Michael Fehlings. (2020) Novel innovations in cell and gene therapies for spinal cord injury. F1000Research 9, pages 279.
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Jui‐Te Lin, Chao‐Jung Hsu, Weena Dee, David Chen, W. Zev Rymer & Ming Wu. (2019) Motor Adaptation to Weight Shifting Assistance Transfers to Overground Walking in People with Spinal Cord Injury. PM&R 11:11, pages 1200-1209.
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Erin Albaum, Emily Quinn, Saba Sedaghatkish, Parminder Singh, Amber Watkins, Kristin Musselman & Josh Williams. (2019) Accuracy of the Actigraph wGT3x-BT for step counting during inpatient spinal cord rehabilitation. Spinal Cord 57:7, pages 571-578.
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Janelle Unger, Katherine Chan, Carol Y Scovil, B Catharine Craven, Avril Mansfield, Kei Masani & Kristin E Musselman. (2019) Intensive Balance Training for Adults With Incomplete Spinal Cord Injuries: Protocol for an Assessor-Blinded Randomized Clinical Trial. Physical Therapy 99:4, pages 420-427.
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Panpan Yu, Wei Zhang, Yansheng Liu, Caihong Sheng, Kwok-Fai So, Libing Zhou & Hui Zhu. 2019. Exercise on Brain Health. Exercise on Brain Health 199 217 .
Dhairiamani Rini, Thangavelu Senthilvelkumar, Koshy Noble & Henryprakash Magimairaj. (2018) Test–retest reliability of the 10-meter walk test in ambulatory adults with motor-complete spinal cord injury. International Journal of Therapy and Rehabilitation 25:7, pages 335-339.
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Barnak Mukherjee, S.K. Dey & B.B. Pradhan. (2018) The recent trends and inspections about powered exoskeletons. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 377, pages 012222.
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Hatice Kumru. (2018) Stepping in motor complete spinal cord injured patient with extensor spasticity following intensive gait rehabilitation- case report. International Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation Journal 3:1.
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JaredM Gollie. (2018) Fatigability during volitional walking in incomplete spinal cord injury: cardiorespiratory and motor performance considerations. Neural Regeneration Research 13:5, pages 786.
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Marco Molinari, Marcella Masciullo, Federica Tamburella, Nevio Luigi Tagliamonte, Iolanda Pisotta & José L. Pons. 2018. Advanced Technologies for the Rehabilitation of Gait and Balance Disorders. Advanced Technologies for the Rehabilitation of Gait and Balance Disorders 253 265 .
Emily J. Fox, Nicole J. Tester, Katie A. Butera, Dena R. Howland, Martina R. Spiess, Paula L. Castro-Chapman & Andrea L. Behrman. (2017) Retraining walking adaptability following incomplete spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord Series and Cases 3:1.
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Nick Birch, Jon Graham, Tom Priestley, Chris Heywood, Mohamed Sakel, Angela Gall, Andrew Nunn & Nada Signal. (2017) Results of the first interim analysis of the RAPPER II trial in patients with spinal cord injury: ambulation and functional exercise programs in the REX powered walking aid. Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation 14:1.
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Elisabeth Bravo-Esteban, Julian Taylor, Manuel Aleixandre, Cristina Simón-Martínez, Diego Torricelli, Jose Luis Pons, Gerardo Avila-Martín, Iriana Galán-Arriero & Julio Gómez-Soriano. (2017) Longitudinal estimation of intramuscular Tibialis Anterior coherence during subacute spinal cord injury: relationship with neurophysiological, functional and clinical outcome measures. Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation 14:1.
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Ki Yeun Nam, Hyun Jung Kim, Bum Sun Kwon, Jin-Woo Park, Ho Jun Lee & Aeri Yoo. (2017) Robot-assisted gait training (Lokomat) improves walking function and activity in people with spinal cord injury: a systematic review. Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation 14:1.
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Geoffrey Brown, Mengnan Mary Wu, Felix C. Huang & Keith E. Gordon. (2017) Movement augmentation to evaluate human control of locomotor stability. Movement augmentation to evaluate human control of locomotor stability.
Jared M. Gollie & Andrew A. Guccione. (2017) Overground Locomotor Training in Spinal Cord Injury: A Performance-Based Framework. Topics in Spinal Cord Injury Rehabilitation 23:3, pages 226-233.
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Mengnan Mary Wu, Geoffrey Brown & Keith E. Gordon. (2017) Control of locomotor stability in stabilizing and destabilizing environments. Gait & Posture 55, pages 191-198.
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Payal GandhiKatherine ChanMary C. VerrierMaureen PakoshKristin E. Musselman. (2017) Training to Improve Walking after Pediatric Spinal Cord Injury: A Systematic Review of Parameters and Walking Outcomes. Journal of Neurotrauma 34:9, pages 1713-1725.
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H Mahmoud, H Qannam, D Zbogar & B Mortenson. (2017) Spinal cord injury rehabilitation in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia: time to rehabilitation admission, length of stay and functional independence. Spinal Cord 55:5, pages 509-514.
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Noam Y. Harel & Keith E. Tansey. 2017. Neurological Aspects of Spinal Cord Injury. Neurological Aspects of Spinal Cord Injury 303 324 .
Luca Lonini, Nicholas Shawen, Kathleen Scanlan, William Z. Rymer, Konrad P. Kording & Arun Jayaraman. (2016) Accelerometry-enabled measurement of walking performance with a robotic exoskeleton: a pilot study. Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation 13:1.
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Lynsey D Duffell, Geoffrey L Brown & Mehdi M Mirbagheri. (2015) Facilitatory effects of anti-spastic medication on robotic locomotor training in people with chronic incomplete spinal cord injury. Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation 12:1.
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Mehdi M. Mirbagheri & Lynsey D. Duffell. (2015) Can anti-spastic medication facilitate robotic-locomotor training?. Can anti-spastic medication facilitate robotic-locomotor training?.
Lynsey D. Duffell, Geoffrey L. Brown & Mehdi M. Mirbagheri. (2014) Interventions to Reduce Spasticity and Improve Function in People With Chronic Incomplete Spinal Cord Injury. Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair 29:6, pages 566-576.
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Vincent G. DePaul, Laurie R. Wishart, Julie Richardson, Lehana Thabane, Jinhui Ma & Timothy D. Lee. (2014) Varied Overground Walking Training Versus Body-Weight-Supported Treadmill Training in Adults Within 1 Year of Stroke. Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair 29:4, pages 329-340.
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Rüdiger Rupp, Daniel Schließmann, Harry Plewa, Christian Schuld, Hans Jürgen Gerner, Norbert Weidner, Eberhard P. Hofer & Markus Knestel. (2015) Safety and Efficacy of At-Home Robotic Locomotion Therapy in Individuals with Chronic Incomplete Spinal Cord Injury: A Prospective, Pre-Post Intervention, Proof-of-Concept Study. PLOS ONE 10:3, pages e0119167.
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Jaynie F. Yang, Kristin E. Musselman, Donna Livingstone, Kelly Brunton, Gregory Hendricks, Denise Hill & Monica Gorassini. (2013) Repetitive Mass Practice or Focused Precise Practice for Retraining Walking After Incomplete Spinal Cord Injury? A Pilot Randomized Clinical Trial. Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair 28:4, pages 314-324.
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Elisabeth Bravo-Esteban, Julian Taylor, Manuel Aleixandre, Cristina Simón-Martínez, Diego Torricelli, José Luis Pons & Julio Gómez-Soriano. 2014. Replace, Repair, Restore, Relieve – Bridging Clinical and Engineering Solutions in Neurorehabilitation. Replace, Repair, Restore, Relieve – Bridging Clinical and Engineering Solutions in Neurorehabilitation 295 302 .

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