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Original Articles

Language Phenotype for Reading and Writing Disability: A Family Approach

Pages 59-106 | Published online: 19 Nov 2009

Keep up to date with the latest research on this topic with citation updates for this article.

Read on this site (15)

Carla L. Wood, Christopher Schatschneider & Sara Hart. (2020) Average One Year Change in Lexical Measures of Written Narratives for School Age Students. Reading & Writing Quarterly 36:3, pages 260-277.
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Beate Peter, Hope Lancaster, Caitlin Vose, Kyle Middleton & Carol Stoel-Gammon. (2018) Sequential processing deficit as a shared persisting biomarker in dyslexia and childhood apraxia of speech. Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics 32:4, pages 316-346.
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Sonia Kandel, Delphine Lassus-Sangosse, Géraldine Grosjacques & Cyril Perret. (2017) The impact of developmental dyslexia and dysgraphia on movement production during word writing. Cognitive Neuropsychology 34:3-4, pages 219-251.
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Allison D. Brooks, Virginia W. Berninger & Robert D. Abbott. (2011) Letter Naming and Letter Writing Reversals in Children With Dyslexia: Momentary Inefficiency in the Phonological and Orthographic Loops of Working Memory. Developmental Neuropsychology 36:7, pages 847-868.
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Louise Deault, Robert Savage & Philip Abrami. (2009) Inattention and Response to the ABRACADABRA Web-Based Literacy Intervention. Journal of Research on Educational Effectiveness 2:3, pages 250-286.
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Riikka Heikkilä, Vesa Närhi, Mikko Aro & Timo Ahonen. (2009) Rapid Automatized Naming and Learning Disabilities: Does RAN Have a Specific Connection to Reading or Not?. Child Neuropsychology 15:4, pages 343-358.
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VirginiaW. Berninger, Wendy Raskind, Todd Richards, Robert Abbott & Pat Stock. (2008) A Multidisciplinary Approach to Understanding Developmental Dyslexia Within Working-Memory Architecture: Genotypes, Phenotypes, Brain, and Instruction. Developmental Neuropsychology 33:6, pages 707-744.
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Bennett A. Shaywitz, G. Reid Lyon & Sally E. Shaywitz. (2006) The Role of Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Understanding Reading and Dyslexia. Developmental Neuropsychology 30:1, pages 613-632.
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Todd L. Richards, Elizabeth H. Aylward, Katherine M. Field, Amie C. Grimme, Wendy Raskind, Anne L. Richards, William Nagy, Mark Eckert, Christiana Leonard, Robert D. Abbott & Virginia W. Berninger. (2006) Converging Evidence for Triple Word Form Theory in Children With Dyslexia. Developmental Neuropsychology 30:1, pages 547-589.
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Virginia W. Berninger, Robert D. Abbott, Jennifer Thomson, Richard Wagner, H. Lee Swanson, Ellen M. Wijsman & Wendy Raskind. (2006) Modeling Phonological Core Deficits Within a Working Memory Architecture in Children and Adults With Developmental Dyslexia. Scientific Studies of Reading 10:2, pages 165-198.
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Virginia W. Berninger, Robert D. Abbott, Janine Jones, Beverly J. Wolf, Laura Gould, Marci Anderson-Youngstrom, Shirley Shimada & Kenn Apel. (2006) Early Development of Language by Hand: Composing, Reading, Listening, and Speaking Connections; Three Letter-Writing Modes; and Fast Mapping in Spelling. Developmental Neuropsychology 29:1, pages 61-92.
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Kenn Apel, Julie A. Wolter & Julie J. Masterson. (2006) Effects of Phonotactic and Orthotactic Probabilities During Fast Mapping on 5-Year-Olds' Learning to Spell. Developmental Neuropsychology 29:1, pages 21-42.
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Belle Chenault, Jennifer Thomson, Robert D. Abbott & Virginia W. Berninger. (2006) Effects of Prior Attention Training on Child Dyslexics' Response to Composition Instruction. Developmental Neuropsychology 29:1, pages 243-260.
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Heidi Selenius, Anna Maria Dåderman & Åke Hellström. (2006) Memory performance in dyslexic male juvenile delinquents convicted of severe offences does not differ from that in dyslexic male junior college students. The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry 7:1, pages 41-50.
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Donald L. Compton, Richard K. Olson, John C. DeFries & Bruce F. Pennington. (2002) Comparing the Relationships Among Two Different Versions of Alphanumeric Rapid Automatized Naming and Word Level Reading Skills. Scientific Studies of Reading 6:4, pages 343-368.
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Articles from other publishers (78)

Beate Peter, Jennifer Davis, Lizbeth Finestack, Carol Stoel-Gammon, Mark VanDam, Laurel Bruce, Yookyung Kim, Linda Eng, Sarah Cotter, Emily Landis, Sam Beames, Nancy Scherer, Ina Knerr, Delaney Williams, Claire Schrock & Nancy Potter. (2022) Translating principles of precision medicine into speech-language pathology: Clinical trial of a proactive speech and language intervention for infants with classic galactosemia. Human Genetics and Genomics Advances 3:3, pages 100119.
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Pui‐sze Yeung. (2022) Writing motivation in Chinese children with developmental dyslexia. Journal of Research in Reading 45:2, pages 223-252.
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Aya Adel & Marwa Mahmoud Saleh. 2022. Learning Disabilities - Neurobiology, Assessment, Clinical Features and Treatments. Learning Disabilities - Neurobiology, Assessment, Clinical Features and Treatments.
El-Deen Hafez Nirvana Gamal & Khaled Dina. (2022) Validation of the Dysgraphia Disability Scale (DDS); An assessment tool for writing difficulty. Open Journal of Pediatrics and Child Health 7:1, pages 001-008.
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C. Patrick Proctor, Samantha G. Daley, Yang Xu, Steve Graham, Zhushan Li & Tracey E. Hall. (2020) Shared Knowledge between Reading and Writing among Middle School Adolescent Readers. The Elementary School Journal 120:3, pages 507-527.
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Yusra Ahmed & Richard K. Wagner. 2020. Reading-Writing Connections. Reading-Writing Connections 55 75 .
Juan E. Jiménez, Eduardo García, Francisco Naranjo, Sara C. de León & Juan A. Hernández-Cabrera. 2020. Reading-Writing Connections. Reading-Writing Connections 35 53 .
Beate Peter, Hunter McCollum, Ayoub Daliri & Heracles Panagiotides. (2019) Auditory gating in adults with dyslexia: An ERP account of diminished rapid neural adaptation. Clinical Neurophysiology 130:11, pages 2182-2192.
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James A. Holdnack, Aurelio Prifitera, Lawrence G. Weiss & Donald H. Saklofske. 2019. WISC-V. WISC-V 447 488 .
Luxi Feng, Amanda Lindner, Xuejun Ryan Ji & R. Malatesha Joshi. (2017) The roles of handwriting and keyboarding in writing: a meta-analytic review. Reading and Writing 32:1, pages 33-63.
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Encong Wang, Meirong Sun, Ye Tao, Xiaoyi Gao, Jialiang Guo, Chenguang Zhao, Hui Li, Qiujin Qian, Zhanliang Wu, Yufeng Wang, Li Sun & Yan Song. (2017) Attentional selection predicts rapid automatized naming ability in Chinese-speaking children with ADHD. Scientific Reports 7:1.
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Xiaochen Liu, Lavinia Marchis, Emily DeBiase, Kristina C. Breaux, Troy Courville, Xingyu Pan, Ryan C. Hatcher, Taylor Koriakin, Dowon Choi & Alan S. Kaufman. (2016) Do Cognitive Patterns of Strengths and Weaknesses Differentially Predict Errors on Reading, Writing, and Spelling?. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment 35:1-2, pages 186-205.
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Shawn C. Kent & Jeanne Wanzek. (2016) The Relationship Between Component Skills and Writing Quality and Production Across Developmental Levels. Review of Educational Research 86:2, pages 570-601.
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Shi Min Chua, Susan J. Rickard Liow & Stephanie H. M. Yeong. (2014) Using Spelling to Screen Bilingual Kindergarteners At Risk for Reading Difficulties. Journal of Learning Disabilities 49:3, pages 227-239.
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Janina Kahn-Horwitz. (2016) Providing English foreign language teachers with content knowledge to facilitate decoding and spelling acquisition: a longitudinal perspective. Annals of Dyslexia 66:1, pages 147-170.
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James A. Holdnack, Aurelio Prifitera, Lawrence G. Weiss & Donald H. Saklofske. 2016. WISC-V Assessment and Interpretation. WISC-V Assessment and Interpretation 373 413 .
Robin L. PetersonBruce F. Pennington. (2015) Developmental Dyslexia. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology 11:1, pages 283-307.
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Sara Mascheretti, Andrea Facoetti, Roberto Giorda, Silvana Beri, Valentina Riva, Vittoria Trezzi, Maria R. Cellino & Cecilia Marino. (2015) GRIN2B mediates susceptibility to intelligence quotient and cognitive impairments in developmental dyslexia. Psychiatric Genetics 25:1, pages 9-20.
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Kevin K. H. Chung, Jason C. M. Lo, Connie S.-H. Ho, Xiaoyun Xiao & David W. Chan. (2014) Syntactic and discourse skills in Chinese adolescent readers with dyslexia: a profiling study. Annals of Dyslexia 64:3, pages 222-247.
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Tzipi Horowitz-Kraus, Nicole Cicchino, Merav Amiel, Scott K. Holland & Zvia Breznitz. (2014) Reading improvement in English- and Hebrew-speaking children with reading difficulties after reading acceleration training. Annals of Dyslexia 64:3, pages 183-201.
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Kevin B. Rubenstein, Wendy H. Raskind, Virginia W. Berninger, Mark M. Matsushita & Ellen M. Wijsman. (2014) Genome scan for cognitive trait loci of dyslexia: Rapid naming and rapid switching of letters, numbers, and colors. American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics 165:4, pages 345-356.
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Anne-Marie Adams, Fiona R. Simmons, Catherine S. Willis & Sarah Porter. (2013) The impact of the development of verbal recoding on children's early writing skills. British Journal of Educational Psychology 83:1, pages 76-97.
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Catherine McBride-Chang, Phil D. Liu, Terry Wong, Anita Wong & Hua Shu. (2011) Specific Reading Difficulties in Chinese, English, or Both. Journal of Learning Disabilities 45:6, pages 503-514.
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Allyson G. Harrison & Alana Holmes. (2012) Easier Said Than Done. Canadian Journal of School Psychology 27:1, pages 12-34.
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Olga Chuntonov & Zvia Breznitz. 2012. Reading, Writing, Mathematics and the Developing Brain: Listening to Many Voices. Reading, Writing, Mathematics and the Developing Brain: Listening to Many Voices 83 112 .
Beate Peter, Mark Matsushita & Wendy H. Raskind. (2011) Global Processing Speed in Children With Low Reading Ability and in Children and Adults With Typical Reading Ability: Exploratory Factor Analytic Models. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 54:3, pages 885-899.
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Virginia W. BerningerMaggie O'Malley May. (2011) Evidence-Based Diagnosis and Treatment for Specific Learning Disabilities Involving Impairments in Written and/or Oral Language. Journal of Learning Disabilities 44:2, pages 167-183.
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Beate Peter, Wendy H. Raskind, Mark Matsushita, Mark Lisowski, Tiffany Vu, Virginia W. Berninger, Ellen M. Wijsman & Zoran Brkanac. (2010) Replication of CNTNAP2 association with nonword repetition and support for FOXP2 association with timed reading and motor activities in a dyslexia family sample. Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders 3:1, pages 39-49.
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Brett Miller & Peggy McCardle. (2010) Reflections on the need for continued research on writing. Reading and Writing 24:2, pages 121-132.
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Kevin Rubenstein, Mark Matsushita, Virginia W. Berninger, Wendy H. Raskind & Ellen M. Wijsman. (2010) Genome Scan for Spelling Deficits: Effects of Verbal IQ on Models of Transmission and Trait Gene Localization. Behavior Genetics 41:1, pages 31-42.
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Kelly P. RobbinsJohn L. Hosp, Michelle K. Hosp & Lindsay J. Flynn. (2010) Assessing Specific Grapho-Phonemic Skills in Elementary Students. Assessment for Effective Intervention 36:1, pages 21-34.
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Kevin S. McGrew & Barbara J. Wendling. (2010) Cattell-Horn-Carroll cognitive-achievement relations: What we have learned from the past 20 years of research. Psychology in the Schools 47:7, pages 651-675.
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Virginia Berninger & Todd Richards. (2010) Inter-relationships among behavioral markers, genes, brain and treatment in dyslexia and dysgraphia. Future Neurology 5:4, pages 597-617.
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Virginia W. Berninger, Robert D. Abbott, H. Lee Swanson, Dan Lovitt, Pam Trivedi, Shin-Ju (Cindy) Lin, Laura Gould, Marci Youngstrom, Shirley Shimada & Dagmar Amtmann. (2010) Relationship of Word- and Sentence-Level Working Memory to Reading and Writing in Second, Fourth, and Sixth Grade. Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools 41:2, pages 179-193.
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Emilio Ferrer, Bennett A. Shaywitz, John M. Holahan, Karen Marchione & Sally E. Shaywitz. (2009) Uncoupling of Reading and IQ Over Time. Psychological Science 21:1, pages 93-101.
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Virginia W. Berninger. 2009. Best Practices in School Neuropsychology. Best Practices in School Neuropsychology 507 520 .
Zoran Brkanac, Nicola H. Chapman, Robert P. IgoJr.Jr., Mark M. Matsushita, Kathleen Nielsen, Virginia W. Berninger, Ellen M. Wijsman & Wendy H. Raskind. (2008) Genome Scan of a Nonword Repetition Phenotype in Families with Dyslexia: Evidence for Multiple Loci. Behavior Genetics 38:5, pages 462-475.
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Todd L. Richards & Virginia W. Berninger. (2008) Abnormal fMRI connectivity in children with dyslexia during a phoneme task: Before but not after treatment. Journal of Neurolinguistics 21:4, pages 294-304.
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T. Richards, J. Stevenson, J. Crouch, L.C. Johnson, K. Maravilla, P. Stock, R. Abbott & V. Berninger. (2008) Tract-Based Spatial Statistics of Diffusion Tensor Imaging in Adults with Dyslexia. American Journal of Neuroradiology 29:6, pages 1134-1139.
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Dagmar AmtmannRobert D. Abbott & Virginia W. Berninger. (2008) Identifying and Predicting Classes of Response to Explicit Phonological Spelling Instruction During Independent Composing. Journal of Learning Disabilities 41:3, pages 218-234.
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Virginia W. Berninger, Kathleen H. Nielsen, Robert D. Abbott, Ellen Wijsman & Wendy Raskind. (2008) Gender differences in severity of writing and reading disabilities. Journal of School Psychology 46:2, pages 151-172.
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Virginia W. Berninger, Kathleen H. Nielsen, Robert D. Abbott, Ellen Wijsman & Wendy Raskind. (2008) Writing problems in developmental dyslexia: Under-recognized and under-treated. Journal of School Psychology 46:1, pages 1-21.
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Virginia W. Berninger, William D. Winn, Patricia Stock, Robert D. Abbott, Kate Eschen, Shin-Ju (Cindy) Lin, Noelia Garcia, Marci Anderson-Youngstrom, Heather Murphy, Dan Lovitt, Pamala Trivedi, Janine Jones, Dagmar Amtmann & William Nagy. (2007) Tier 3 specialized writing instruction for students with dyslexia. Reading and Writing 21:1-2, pages 95-129.
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Robert P. IgoJr.Jr. & Ellen M. Wijsman. (2007) Empirical significance values for linkage analysis: trait simulation using posterior model distributions from MCMC oligogenic segregation analysis. Genetic Epidemiology 32:2, pages 119-131.
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Elena L. Grigorenko. (2007) Rethinking Disorders of Spoken and Written Language: Generating Workable Hypotheses. Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics 28:6, pages 478-486.
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Dagmar Amtmann, Robert D. Abbott & V. W. Berninger. (2006) Mixture growth models of RAN and RAS row by row: insight into the reading system at work over time. Reading and Writing 20:8, pages 785-813.
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Zoran Brkanac, Nicola H. Chapman, Mark M. Matsushita, Lani Chun, Kathleen Nielsen, Elizabeth Cochrane, Virginia W. Berninger, Ellen M. Wijsman & Wendy H. Raskind. (2007) Evaluation of candidate genes forDYX1 andDYX2 in families with dyslexia. American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics 144B:4, pages 556-560.
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Virginia W. Berninger. 2007. Handbook of Child Psychology. Handbook of Child Psychology.
Jeanne Wanzek, Sharon Vaughn, Jade Wexler, Elizabeth A. Swanson, Meghan Edmonds & Ae-Hwa Kim. (2016) A Synthesis of Spelling and Reading Interventions and Their Effects on the Spelling Outcomes of Students With LD. Journal of Learning Disabilities 39:6, pages 528-543.
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Virginia W. Berninger. (2006) Research‐supported ideas for implementing reauthorized IDEA with intelligent professional psychological services. Psychology in the Schools 43:7, pages 781-796.
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Gene P. Ouellette. (2006) What's meaning got to do with it: The role of vocabulary in word reading and reading comprehension.. Journal of Educational Psychology 98:3, pages 554-566.
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Larissa I. Stanberry, Todd L. Richards, Virginia W. Berninger, Rajesh R. Nandy, Elizabeth H. Aylward, Kenneth R. Maravilla, Patricia S. Stock & Dietmar Cordes. (2006) Low-frequency signal changes reflect differences in functional connectivity between good readers and dyslexics during continuous phoneme mapping. Magnetic Resonance Imaging 24:3, pages 217-229.
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Robert P. IgoJrJr, Nicola H. Chapman, Virginia W. Berninger, Mark Matsushita, Zoran Brkanac, Joseph H. Rothstein, Ted Holzman, Kathleen Nielsen, Wendy H. Raskind & Ellen M. Wijsman. (2006) Genomewide scan for real-word reading subphenotypes of dyslexia: Novel chromosome 13 locus and genetic complexity. American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics 141B:1, pages 15-27.
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Todd L. Richards, Elizabeth H. Aylward, Virginia W. Berninger, Katherine M. Field, Amie C. Grimme, Anne L. Richards & William Nagy. (2006) Individual fMRI activation in orthographic mapping and morpheme mapping after orthographic or morphological spelling treatment in child dyslexics. Journal of Neurolinguistics 19:1, pages 56-86.
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W H Raskind, R P IgoJrJr, N H Chapman, V W Berninger, J B Thomson, M Matsushita, Z Brkanac, T Holzman, M Brown & E M Wijsman. (2005) A genome scan in multigenerational families with dyslexia: Identification of a novel locus on chromosome 2q that contributes to phonological decoding efficiency. Molecular Psychiatry 10:7, pages 699-711.
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Sally E. Shaywitz & Bennett A. Shaywitz. (2005) Dyslexia (Specific Reading Disability). Biological Psychiatry 57:11, pages 1301-1309.
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Jennifer B. Thomson, Belle Chenault, Robert D. Abbott, Wendy H. Raskind, Todd Richards, Elizabeth Aylward & Virginia W. Berninger. (2005) Converging evidence for attentional influences on the orthographic word form in child dyslexics. Journal of Neurolinguistics 18:2, pages 93-126.
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Mark A. Eckert, Christiana M. Leonard, Marko Wilke, Mathew Eckert, Todd Richards, Anne Richards & Virginia Berninger. (2005) Anatomical Signatures of Dyslexia in Children: Unique Information from Manual and Voxel Based Morphometry Brain Measures. Cortex 41:3, pages 304-315.
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Virginia W. Berninger & Louise O'Donnell. 2005. WISC-IV Clinical Use and Interpretation. WISC-IV Clinical Use and Interpretation 189 233 .
Virginia W. Berninger, Ted Alper & Alnita Dunn. 2005. WISC-IV Clinical Use and Interpretation. WISC-IV Clinical Use and Interpretation 151 185 .
Nicola H. Chapman, Robert P. Igo, Jennifer B. Thomson, Mark Matsushita, Zoran Brkanac, Ted Holzman, Virginia W. Berninger, Ellen M. Wijsman & Wendy H. Raskind. (2004) Linkage analyses of four regions previously implicated in dyslexia: Confirmation of a locus on chromosome 15q. American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics 131B:1, pages 67-75.
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Mark Eckert. (2016) Neuroanatomical Markers for Dyslexia: A Review of Dyslexia Structural Imaging Studies. The Neuroscientist 10:4, pages 362-371.
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Virginia W. Berninger. 2004. Dyslexia in Context. Dyslexia in Context 90 119 .
H. Lee Swanson, Guy Trainin, Denise M. Necoechea & Donald D. Hammill. (2016) Rapid Naming, Phonological Awareness, and Reading: A Meta-Analysis of the Correlation Evidence. Review of Educational Research 73:4, pages 407-440.
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David K. Dickinson, Allyssa McCabe, Louisa Anastasopoulos, Ellen S. Peisner-Feinberg & Michele D. Poe. (2003) The comprehensive language approach to early literacy: The interrelationships among vocabulary, phonological sensitivity, and print knowledge among preschool-aged children.. Journal of Educational Psychology 95:3, pages 465-481.
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Nicola H. Chapman, Wendy H. Raskind, Jennifer B. Thomson, Virginia W. Berninger & Ellen M. Wijsman. (2003) Segregation analysis of phenotypic components of learning disabilities. II. Phonological decoding. American Journal of Medical Genetics 121B:1, pages 60-70.
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Donald L. Compton. (2016) The Influence of Item Composition on RAN Letter Performance in First-Grade Children. The Journal of Special Education 37:2, pages 81-94.
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Sally E Shaywitz, Bennett A Shaywitz, Robert K Fulbright, Pawel Skudlarski, W.Einar Mencl, R.Todd Constable, Kenneth R Pugh, John M Holahan, Karen E Marchione, Jack M Fletcher, G.Reid Lyon & John C Gore. (2003) Neural systems for compensation and persistence: young adult outcome of childhood reading disability. Biological Psychiatry 54:1, pages 25-33.
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Donald L. Compton. (2003) Modeling the relationship between growth in rapid naming speed and growth in decoding skill in first-grade children.. Journal of Educational Psychology 95:2, pages 225-239.
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Scott A. Stage, Robert D. Abbott, Joseph R. Jenkins & Virginia W. Berninger. (2016) Predicting Response to Early Reading Intervention From Verbal IQ, Reading-Related Language Abilities, Attention Ratings, and Verbal IQ—Word Reading Discrepancy. Journal of Learning Disabilities 36:1, pages 24-33.
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Jaana Nopola‐Hemmi, Birgitta Myllyluoma, Arja Voutilainen, Seija Leinonen, Juha Kere & Timo Ahonen. (2007) Familial dyslexia: neurocognitive and genetic correlation in a large Finnish family. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology 44:9, pages 580-586.
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Li Hsu, Ellen M. Wijsman, Virginia W. Berninger, Jennifer B. Thomson & Wendy H. Raskind. (2002) Familial aggregation of dyslexia phenotypes. II: Paired correlated measures. American Journal of Medical Genetics 114:4, pages 471-478.
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Graham F. Neuhaus & Paul R. Swank. (2016) Understanding the Relations Between RAN Letter Subtest Components and Word Reading in First-Grade Students. Journal of Learning Disabilities 35:2, pages 158-174.
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Virginia W. BerningerRobert D. Abbott, Sylvia P. Abbott, Steve Graham & Todd Richards. (2016) Writing and Reading. Journal of Learning Disabilities 35:1, pages 39-56.
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