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Original Articles

The Defense Mechanism Inventory: A Review of Research and Discussion of the Scales

Pages 142-164 | Published online: 10 Jun 2010

Keep up to date with the latest research on this topic with citation updates for this article.

Read on this site (10)

Iliane Houle, Frederick L. Philippe, Serge Lecours & Josiane Roulez. (2018) Networks of self-defining memories as a contributing factor to emotional openness. Cognition and Emotion 32:2, pages 363-370.
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Phebe Cramer. (2017) Using the TAT to Assess the Relation Between Gender Identity and the Use of Defense Mechanisms. Journal of Personality Assessment 99:3, pages 265-274.
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Phebe Cramer. (2015) Defense Mechanisms: 40 Years of Empirical Research. Journal of Personality Assessment 97:2, pages 114-122.
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Thomas Hyphantis, Panagiota Goulia, GeorgeD. Floros, Gregoris Iconomou, Argiro-Irene Pappas, Katerina Karaivazoglou & Konstantinos Assimakopoulos. (2011) Assessing Ego Defense Mechanisms by Questionnaire: Psychometric Properties and Psychopathological Correlates of the Greek Version of the Plutchik's Life Style Index. Journal of Personality Assessment 93:6, pages 605-617.
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JenniferA. H. Becker, Barbara Ellevold & GlenH. Stamp. (2008) The Creation of Defensiveness in Social Interaction II: A Model of Defensive Communication among Romantic Couples. Communication Monographs 75:1, pages 86-110.
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Christopher J. Recklitis, Liang Yap & Gil G. Noam. (1995) Development of a Short Form of the Adolescent Version of the Defense Mechanisms Inventory. Journal of Personality Assessment 64:2, pages 360-370.
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Stacey M. Whyne Berman & Joseph T. McCann. (1995) Defense Mechanisms and Personality Disorders: An Empirical Test of Millon's Theory. Journal of Personality Assessment 64:1, pages 132-144.
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Samuel Juni & DonaldW. Grimm. (1994) Sex Roles as Factors in Defense Mechanisms and Object Relations. The Journal of Genetic Psychology 155:1, pages 99-106.
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Cato A. Guldberg, Per Høglend & J. Christopher Perry. (1993) Scientific methods for assessing psychological defences. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry 47:6, pages 435-446.
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Articles from other publishers (31)

Inês Rachão & Rui C. Campos. (2015) Personality styles and defense mechanisms in a community sample of adolescents: An exploratory study. Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic 79:1, pages 14-40.
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Steven K. Huprich & John H. Porcerelli. (2014) A Response to Kyle Arnold's “Intellectualization and Its Lookalikes”: Contributions From the Empirical Literature. The Psychoanalytic Review 101:5, pages 633-645.
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Pulkit Sharma & Uday Kumar Sinha. (2010) Defense Mechanisms in Mania, Bipolar Depression and Unipolar Depression. Psychological Studies 55:3, pages 239-247.
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Michael Berzonsky & Andrew Kinney. (2008) Identity Processing Style and Defense Mechanisms. Polish Psychological Bulletin 39:3, pages 111-117.
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Rocco Zoccali, Maria R.A. Muscatello, Antonio Bruno, Clemente Cedro, Domenica Campolo, Gianluca Pandolfo & Mario Meduri. (2007) The role of defense mechanisms in the modulation of anger experience and expression: Gender differences and influence on self-report measures. Personality and Individual Differences 43:6, pages 1426-1436.
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Samuel Juni, Julie Gross & Joanna Sokolowska. (2016) Academic Cheating as a Function of Defense Mechanisms and Object Relations. Psychological Reports 98:3, pages 627-639.
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BO EKEHAMMAR, IRENA ZUBER & MARJA-LIISA KONSTENIUS. (2005) An empirical look at the Defense Mechanism Test (DMT): Reliability and construct validity. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology 46:3, pages 285-296.
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Shulamith Kreitler & Hans Kreitler. 2004. Defense Mechanisms - Theoretical, Research and Clinical Perspectives. Defense Mechanisms - Theoretical, Research and Clinical Perspectives 195 238 .
Uwe Hentschel, Juris G. Draguns, Wolfram Ehlers & Gudmund Smith. 2004. Defense Mechanisms - Theoretical, Research and Clinical Perspectives. Defense Mechanisms - Theoretical, Research and Clinical Perspectives 3 41 .
Michael K. Coolsen & Lori J. Nelson. (2016) Desiring and Avoiding Close Romantic Attachment in Response to Mortality Salience. OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying 44:3, pages 257-276.
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Kelly A. Forrest. (2001) Toward an Etiology of Dissociative Identity Disorder: A Neurodevelopmental Approach. Consciousness and Cognition 10:3, pages 259-293.
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NATHANIEL LAOR, LEO WOLMER & DOMENIC V. CICCHETTI. (2001) The Comprehensive Assessment of Defense Style: Measuring Defense Mechanisms in Children and Adolescents. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 189:6, pages 360-368.
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Jos F. Brosschot, Corine De Ruiter & Merel Kindt. (1999) Recall and recognition of threatening, pleasant, and neutral words in repressors. European Journal of Personality 13:1, pages 1-14.
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Samuel Juni. (1998) The defense mechanisms inventory: Theoretical and psychometric implications. Current Psychology 17:4, pages 313-332.
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Jos F. Brosschot & Erick Janssen. (1998) Continuous monitoring of affective-autonomic response dissociation in repressers during negative emotional stimulation. Personality and Individual Differences 25:1, pages 69-84.
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Delroy L. Paulhus, Bram Fridhandler & Sean Hayes. 1997. Handbook of Personality Psychology. Handbook of Personality Psychology 543 579 .
John D. Mayer & Peter Salovey. (1995) Emotional intelligence and the construction and regulation of feelings. Applied and Preventive Psychology 4:3, pages 197-208.
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Isao Fukunishi, Yuichi Numata & Masaki Hattori. (2016) Alexithymia and Defense Mechanisms in Myocardial Infarction. Psychological Reports 75:1, pages 219-223.
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Elizabeth Mehlman & Steve Slane. (2016) Validity of Self-Report Measures of Defense Mechanisms. Assessment 1:2, pages 189-197.
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Andrew E. Skodol & J.Christopher Perry. (1993) Should an axis for defense mechanisms be included in DSM-IV?. Comprehensive Psychiatry 34:2, pages 108-119.
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Uwe Hentschel, Wolfram Ehlers & Rainer Peter. 1993. The Concept of Defense Mechanisms in Contemporary Psychology. The Concept of Defense Mechanisms in Contemporary Psychology 53 86 .
Phebe Cramer & Sidney J. Blatt. 1993. The Concept of Defense Mechanisms in Contemporary Psychology. The Concept of Defense Mechanisms in Contemporary Psychology 310 320 .
Shulamith Kreitler & Hans Kreitler. 1993. The Concept of Defense Mechanisms in Contemporary Psychology. The Concept of Defense Mechanisms in Contemporary Psychology 152 183 .
Christopher J. Recklitis, Gil G. Noam & Sophie R. Borst. (2010) Adolescent Suicide and Defensive Style. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior 22:3, pages 374-387.
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David W. Harder. (1992) A construct validation study of the Haan defense scales. Journal of Clinical Psychology 48:5, pages 606-616.
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Gil G. Noam, Christopher J. Recklitis & Katherine Frome Paget. (2008) Pathways of ego development: Contributions to maladaptation and adjustment. Development and Psychopathology 3:3, pages 311-328.
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Phebe Cramer. (2006) Anger and the Use of Defense Mechanisms in College Students. Journal of Personality 59:1, pages 39-55.
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Timothy Anderson & Larry M. Leitner. (1991) The Relationship between the Defense Mechanisms Inventory and Reported Symptomatology in College Females. Personality and Individual Differences 12:9, pages 967-969.
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H. Sjöbäck. 1991. Quantification of Human Defence Mechanisms. Quantification of Human Defence Mechanisms 4 21 .
Elisabeth Tauschke, Harold Merskey & Edward Helmes. (2018) A Systematic Inquiry into Recollections of Childhood Experience and their Relationship to Adult Defence Mechanisms. British Journal of Psychiatry 157:3, pages 392-398.
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Stephen Dollinger & Phebe Cramer. (1990) Children's Defensive Responses and Emotional Upset Following a Disaster: A Projective Assessment. Journal of Personality Assessment 54:1, pages 116-127.
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