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Original Articles

Biosynthesis of Violacein: Intact Incorporation of the Tryptophan Molecule on the Oxindole Side, with Intramolecular Rearrangement of the Indole Ring on the 5-Hydroxyindole Side

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Pages 539-549 | Received 27 Sep 1999, Accepted 10 Nov 1999, Published online: 22 May 2014

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Hiroyasu ONAKA. (2009) Biosynthesis of Indolocarbazole and Goadsporin, Two Different Heterocyclic Antibiotics Produced by Actinomycetes. Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry 73:10, pages 2149-2155.
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Ees Ahmad, Sushil K Sharma & Pawan K Sharma. (2020) Deciphering operation of tryptophan-independent pathway in high indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) producing Micrococcus aloeverae DCB-20 . FEMS Microbiology Letters 367:24.
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Tingting Ran, Mengxiao Gao, Qiaoe Wei, Jianhua He, Lin Tang, Weiwu Wang & Dongqing Xu. (2015) Expression, crystallization and preliminary crystallographic data analysis of VioD, a hydroxylase in the violacein-biosynthesis pathway. Acta Crystallographica Section F Structural Biology Communications 71:2, pages 149-152.
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Claira Arul Aruldass, Rubiyatno Rubiyatno, Chidambaram Kulandaisamy Venil & Wan Azlina Ahmad. (2015) Violet pigment production from liquid pineapple waste by Chromobacterium violaceum UTM5 and evaluation of its bioactivity. RSC Advances 5:64, pages 51524-51536.
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Clecio Dantas, Romà Tauler & Márcia Miguel Castro Ferreira. (2012) Exploring in vivo violacein biosynthesis by application of multivariate curve resolution on fused UV–VIS absorption, fluorescence, and liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry data. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 405:4, pages 1293-1302.
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Pei-xia Jiang, Hai-sheng Wang, Su Xiao, Ming-yue Fang, Rui-ping Zhang, Shu-ying He, Kai Lou & Xin-Hui Xing. (2012) Pathway redesign for deoxyviolacein biosynthesis in Citrobacter freundii and characterization of this pigment. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 94:6, pages 1521-1532.
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Tsutomu Hoshino. (2011) Violacein and related tryptophan metabolites produced by Chromobacterium violaceum: biosynthetic mechanism and pathway for construction of violacein core. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 91:6, pages 1463-1475.
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Sergio Aranda, Miguel Montes-Borrego & Blanca B. Landa. (2011) Purple-Pigmented Violacein-Producing Duganella spp. Inhabit the Rhizosphere of Wild and Cultivated Olives in Southern Spain. Microbial Ecology 62:2, pages 446-459.
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Xi Zhang & Keiichi Enomoto. (2011) Characterization of a gene cluster and its putative promoter region for violacein biosynthesis in Pseudoalteromonas sp. 520P1. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 90:6, pages 1963-1971.
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Nazia Mojib, Rachel Philpott, Jonathan P. Huang, Michael Niederweis & Asim K. Bej. (2010) Antimycobacterial activity in vitro of pigments isolated from Antarctic bacteria. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 98:4, pages 531-540.
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Hiroyasu ONAKA & Shingo NAGANO. (2010) . KAGAKU TO SEIBUTSU 48:10, pages 660-662.
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Takaaki Mizuoka, Kazufumi Toume, Masami Ishibashi & Tsutomu Hoshino. (2010) Novel tryptophan metabolites, chromoazepinone A, B and C, produced by a blocked mutant of Chromobacterium violaceum, the biosynthetic implications and the biological activity of chromoazepinone A and B. Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry 8:14, pages 3157.
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Sigrid Hakvåg, Espen Fjærvik, Geir Klinkenberg, Sven Even Borgos, Kjell Josefsen, Trond Ellingsen & Sergey Zotchev. (2009) Violacein-Producing Collimonas sp. from the Sea Surface Microlayer of Costal Waters in Trøndelag, Norway. Marine Drugs 7:4, pages 576-588.
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Zhanfeng Liu, Qipeng Yuan & Wenchuan Wang. (2008) Biosynthesis of [1-15N] l-tryptophan from 15N labeled anthranilic acid by fermentation of Candida utilis mutant. Amino Acids 36:1, pages 71-73.
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Katherine S. Ryan, Carl J. Balibar, Kaitlyn E. Turo, Christopher T. Walsh & Catherine L. Drennan. (2008) The Violacein Biosynthetic Enzyme VioE Shares a Fold with Lipoprotein Transporter Proteins. Journal of Biological Chemistry 283:10, pages 6467-6475.
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Bernd Schneider. (2007) Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy in biosynthetic studies. Progress in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy 51:3, pages 155-198.
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L.H. Yang, H. Xiong, O.O. Lee, S.-H. Qi & P.-Y. Qian. (2007) Effect of agitation on violacein production in Pseudoalteromonas luteoviolacea isolated from a marine sponge. Letters in Applied Microbiology 44:6, pages 625-630.
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Shumpei Asamizu, Yasuo Kato, Yasuhiro Igarashi & Hiroyasu Onaka. (2007) VioE, a prodeoxyviolacein synthase involved in violacein biosynthesis, is responsible for intramolecular indole rearrangement. Tetrahedron Letters 48:16, pages 2923-2926.
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Hideki Kobayashi, Yuichi Nogi & Koki Horikoshi. (2006) New violet 3,3′-bipyridyl pigment purified from deep-sea microorganism Shewanella violacea DSS12. Extremophiles 11:2, pages 245-250.
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Kouhei Shinoda, Takuji Hasegawa, Hiroaki Sato, Masaaki Shinozaki, Hirotomo Kuramoto, Yosuke Takamiya, Tsutomu Sato, Naoki Nikaidou, Takeshi Watanabe & Tsutomu Hoshino. (2007) Biosynthesis of violacein: a genuine intermediate, protoviolaceinic acid, produced by VioABDE, and insight into VioC function. Chemical Communications:40, pages 4140.
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F. Pantanella, F. Berlutti, C. Passariello, S. Sarli, C. Morea & S. Schippa. (2006) Violacein and biofilm production in Janthinobacterium lividum. Journal of Applied Microbiology 0:0, pages 061120055200056-???.
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César Sánchez, Alfredo F. Braña, Carmen Méndez & José A. Salas. (2006) Reevaluation of the Violacein Biosynthetic Pathway and its Relationship to Indolocarbazole Biosynthesis. ChemBioChem 7:8, pages 1231-1240.
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Zhanfeng Liu & Qipeng Yuan. (2006) Synthesis of 15N-labeled phthalimide. Applied Radiation and Isotopes 64:7, pages 760-762.
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César Sánchez, Carmen Méndez & José A. Salas. (2006) Indolocarbazole natural products: occurrence, biosynthesis, and biological activity. Nat. Prod. Rep. 23:6, pages 1007-1045.
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Tomoyasu Nishizawa, Sabine Grüschow, Don-Hema E. Jayamaha, Chizuko Nishizawa-Harada & David H. Sherman. (2005) Enzymatic Assembly of the Bis-Indole Core of Rebeccamycin. Journal of the American Chemical Society 128:3, pages 724-725.
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