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Original Article

Chronic and Recurrent Muscle Pain:

Pathophysiology and Treatment, and Review of Pharmacologic Studies

Pages 123-144 | Published online: 16 Jan 2010

Keep up to date with the latest research on this topic with citation updates for this article.

Read on this site (15)

Kasia Kozlowska, Margaret English, Blanche Savage & Catherine Chudleigh. (2012) Multimodal Rehabilitation: A Mind-Body, Family-Based Intervention for Children and Adolescents Impaired by Medically Unexplained Symptoms. Part 1: The Program. The American Journal of Family Therapy 40:5, pages 399-419.
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Jan Dommerholt & This paper has meant to be published in the previous issue. (2010) Myofascial Pain Syndrome—Trigger Points. Journal of Musculoskeletal Pain 18:3, pages 297-303.
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Cynan Lewis, Michele Sterling & Tina Souvlis. (2008) Digitally tender points: their significance in physiotherapy. Physical Therapy Reviews 13:3, pages 188-196.
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Jan Dommerholt, Carel Bron & Jo Franssen. (2006) Myofascial Trigger Points: An Evidence-Informed Review. Journal of Manual & Manipulative Therapy 14:4, pages 203-221.
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Tuula A. Ojala, Jari P. A. Arokoski & Juhani V. Partanen. (2006) Needle-Electromyography Findings of Trigger Points in Neck-Shoulder Area Before and After Injection Treatment. Journal of Musculoskeletal Pain 14:1, pages 5-14.
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David G. Simons & Jan Dommerholt. (2005) Myofascial Pain Syndromes–Trigger Points. Journal of Musculoskeletal Pain 13:2, pages 63-74.
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Chang-Zern Hong. (2004) Myofascial Pain Therapy. Journal of Musculoskeletal Pain 12:3-4, pages 37-43.
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Christian Couppé, Asbjørn Midttun, Jørgen Hilden, Uffe Jørgensen, Peter Oxholm & Anders Fuglsang-Frederiksen. (2001) Spontaneous Needle Electromyographic Activity in Myofascial Trigger Points in the Infraspinatus Muscle: A Blinded Assessment. Journal of Musculoskeletal Pain 9:3, pages 7-16.
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Ta-Shen Kuan, Thy-Sheng Lin, Jo-Tong Chen, Shu-Min Chen & Chang-Zern Hong. (2000) No Increased Neuromuscular Jitter at Rabbit Skeletal Muscle Trigger Spot Spontaneous Electrical Activity Sites. Journal of Musculoskeletal Pain 8:3, pages 69-82.
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Ta-Shen Kuan, Yu-Chang Chang & Chang-Zern Hong. (1999) Distribution of Active Loci in Rat Skeletal Muscle. Journal of Musculoskeletal Pain 7:4, pages 45-54.
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Chang-Zern Hong. (1999) Current Research on Myofascial Trigger Points–Pathophysiological Studies. Journal of Musculoskeletal Pain 7:1-2, pages 121-129.
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Chang-Zern Hong & Jen Yu. (1998) Spontaneous Electrical Activity of Rabbit Trigger Spot After Transection of Spinal Cord and Peripheral Nerve. Journal of Musculoskeletal Pain 6:4, pages 45-58.
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Sonja L. Banks, David W. Jacobs, Richard Gevirtz & David R. Hubbard. (1998) Effects of Autogenic Relaxation Training on Electromyographic Activity in Active Myofascial Trigger Points. Journal of Musculoskeletal Pain 6:4, pages 23-32.
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David G. Simons. (1997) Myofascial Pain Syndromes-Trigger Points. Journal of Musculoskeletal Pain 5:3, pages 81-90.
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Sergio Montero Navarro, Sonia del Rio Medina, José Martín Botella Rico, María Isabel Rocha Ortiz & María Teresa Pérez Gracia. (2021) Analysis and comparison of pain pressure threshold and active cervical range of motion after superficial and deep dry needling techniques of the upper trapezius muscle. Acupuncture in Medicine 40:1, pages 13-23.
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Roger H. Coletti. (2022) The ischemic model of chronic muscle spasm and pain. European Journal of Translational Myology 32:1.
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Eman M. Fahmy, Abeer R. Ibrahim & Aliaa M. Elabd. (2021) Ischemic Pressure vs Postisometric Relaxation for Treatment of Rhomboid Latent Myofascial Trigger Points: A Randomized, Blinded Clinical Trial. Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics 44:2, pages 103-112.
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Alexander J. Kim, Tennison Malcolm & Ehren R. Nelson. 2021. Principles of Orthopedic Practice for Primary Care Providers. Principles of Orthopedic Practice for Primary Care Providers 39 63 .
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Chang Yub Lee, Eeun Jung Kim, Dae Geun Hwang, Moon Yong Jung & Hyun Geun Cho. (2019) The Effect of Trigger Point Injections on Pain in Patients with Advanced Cancer. Korean Journal of Family Medicine 40:5, pages 344-347.
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Rene Przkora, Pavel Balduyeu & Andrea Trescot. 2019. Academic Pain Medicine. Academic Pain Medicine 277 282 .
Maryam Abbaszadeh-Amirdehi, Noureddin Nakhostin Ansari, Soofia Naghdi, Gholamreza Olyaei & Mohammad Reza Nourbakhsh. (2017) Neurophysiological and clinical effects of dry needling in patients with upper trapezius myofascial trigger points. Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies 21:1, pages 48-52.
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Richard Gevirtz. (2013) The Promise of Heart Rate Variability Biofeedback: Evidence-Based Applications. Biofeedback 41:3, pages 110-120.
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Farshad Okhovatian, Royah Mehdikhani & Sedigheh sadat Naimi. (2012) RETRACTED: Comparison between the immediate effect of manual pressure release and strain/counterstrain techniques on latent trigger point of upper trapezius muscle. Clinical Chiropractic 15:2, pages 55-61.
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Li-Wei Chou, Yueh-Ling Hsieh, Hsin-Shui Chen, Chang-Zern Hong, Mu-Jung Kao & Ting-I Han. (2011) Remote Therapeutic Effectiveness of Acupuncture in Treating Myofascial Trigger Point of the Upper Trapezius Muscle. American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation 90:12, pages 1036-1049.
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A. Oyarzabal Zulaica & M.P. Laparte Escorza. (2011) Toxina botulínica y dolor miofascial cervical crónico. Estudio piloto. Rehabilitación 45:3, pages 217-221.
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Frank Andrasik & Carla Rime. 2011. Pain Management. Pain Management 954 962 .
Cynan Lewis, Asad Khan, Tina Souvlis & Michele Sterling. (2010) A randomised controlled study examining the short-term effects of Strain–Counterstrain treatment on quantitative sensory measures at digitally tender points in the low back. Manual Therapy 15:6, pages 536-541.
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Jan Dommerholt & Tamer S. Issa. 2010. Fibromyalgia Syndrome. Fibromyalgia Syndrome 179 213 .
Elizabeth Demers Lavelle, William F. Lavelle & Howard S. Smith. (2009) Myofascial Pain Trigger Points. Perioperative Nursing Clinics 4:4, pages 353-361.
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N. Ann Scott, Bing Guo, Pamela M. Barton & Robert D. Gerwin. (2009) Trigger Point Injections for Chronic Non-Malignant Musculoskeletal Pain: A Systematic Review. Pain Medicine 10:1, pages 54-69.
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Elizabeth Demers Lavelle & William F. Lavelle. 2009. Current Therapy in Pain. Current Therapy in Pain 577 581 .
Rodney U. Anderson. (2008) The role of pelvic floor therapies in chronic pelvic pain syndromes. Current Prostate Reports 6:3, pages 139-144.
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Marek Jantos. (2008) Vulvodynia: A Psychophysiological Profile Based on Electromyographic Assessment. Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback 33:1, pages 29-38.
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Elizabeth Demers Lavelle, William Lavelle & Howard S. Smith. (2007) Myofascial Trigger Points. Anesthesiology Clinics 25:4, pages 841-851.
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Mike Cummings & Peter Baldry. (2007) Regional myofascial pain: diagnosis and management. Best Practice & Research Clinical Rheumatology 21:2, pages 367-387.
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Magda Passatore & Silvestro Roatta. (2007) Modulation operated by the sympathetic nervous system on jaw reflexes and masticatory movement. Archives of Oral Biology 52:4, pages 343-346.
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Elizabeth Demers Lavelle, William Lavelle & Howard S. Smith. (2007) Myofascial Trigger Points. Medical Clinics of North America 91:2, pages 229-239.
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Christian Couppé, Paola Torelli, Anders Fuglsang-Frederiksen, Kjeld Visti Andersen & Rigmor Jensen. (2007) Myofascial Trigger Points Are Very Prevalent in Patients With Chronic Tension-type Headache. The Clinical Journal of Pain 23:1, pages 23-27.
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Frank Andrasik & Carla Rime. 2007. Pain Management. Pain Management 1010 1020 .
Magda Passatore & Silvestro Roatta. (2006) Influence of sympathetic nervous system on sensorimotor function: whiplash associated disorders (WAD) as a model. European Journal of Applied Physiology 98:5, pages 423-449.
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Hong-You Ge, César Fernández-de-las-Peñas & Lars Arendt-Nielsen. (2006) Sympathetic facilitation of hyperalgesia evoked from myofascial tender and trigger points in patients with unilateral shoulder pain. Clinical Neurophysiology 117:7, pages 1545-1550.
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Joanne Macgregor & Dietrich Graf von Schweinitz. (2018) Needle Electromyographic Activity of Myofascial Trigger Points and Control Sites in Equine Cleido-Brachialis Muscle – An Observational Study. Acupuncture in Medicine 24:2, pages 61-70.
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D.G. Simons. (2005) Revisión de los enigmáticos puntos gatillo miofasciales como causa habitual de dolor y disfunción musculoesqueléticos enigmáticos. Fisioterapia 27:2, pages 103-120.
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Jin Woo Chung, Richard Ohrbach & W D. McCall. (2004) Effect of Increased Sympathetic Activity on Electrical Activity from Myofascial Painful Areas. American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation 83:11, pages 842-850.
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David G Simons. (2004) Review of enigmatic MTrPs as a common cause of enigmatic musculoskeletal pain and dysfunction. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology 14:1, pages 95-107.
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Anthony H Wheeler. (2004) Myofascial Pain Disorders. Drugs 64:1, pages 45-62.
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Jan Dommerholt & Tamer S. Issa. 2003. Fibromyalgia Syndrome. Fibromyalgia Syndrome 149 177 .
Joanne Borg-Stein. (2002) Cervical myofascial pain and headache. Current Pain and Headache Reports 6:4, pages 324-330.
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David G. Simons, Chang-Zern Hong & Lois Statham Simons. (2002) Endplate Potentials Are Common to Midfiber Myofacial Trigger Points. American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation 81:3, pages 212-222.
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Joanne Borg-Stein & David G. Simons. (2002) Myofascial pain. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 83, pages S40-S47.
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Edward S. Rachlin. 2002. Myofascial Pain and Fibromyalgia. Myofascial Pain and Fibromyalgia 217 230 .
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Jo-Tong Chen, Kao-Chi Chung, Chuen-Ru Hou, Ta-Shen Kuan, Shu-Min Chen & Chang-Zern Hong. (2001) Inhibitory Effect of Dry Needling on the Spontaneous Electrical Activity Recorded from Myofascial Trigger Spots of Rabbit Skeletal Muscle. American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation 80:10, pages 729-735.
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Michael H. Rivner. (2001) The neurophysiology of myofascial pain syndrome. Current Pain and Headache Reports 5:5, pages 432-440.
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Chang-Zern Hong. (2018) Myofascial Trigger Points: Pathophysiology and Correlation with Acupuncture Points. Acupuncture in Medicine 18:1, pages 41-47.
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Chang-Zern Hong & David G. Simons. (1998) Pathophysiologic and electrophysiologic mechanisms of myofascial trigger points. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 79:7, pages 863-872.
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Jo-Tong Chen, Shu-Min Chen, Ta-Shen Kuan, Kau-Chi Chung & Chang-Zern Hong. (1998) Phentolamine effect on the spontaneous electrical activity of active loci in a myofascial trigger spot of rabbit skeletal muscle. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 79:7, pages 790-794.
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