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Journal of Musculoskeletal Pain Volume 4, 1996 - Issue 3
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Original Article

Pressure Threshold for Referred Pain by Compression on the Trigger Point and Adjacent Areas

Chang-Zern Hong Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of California, Irvine Medical Center, Orange, CA 92668
,
Yuh-Ning Chen Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of California Irvine
,
Debra Twehous Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of California Irvine
&
Dennis H. Hong Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Univerisity of California Irvine
Pages 61-79 | Published online: 16 Jan 2010

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Peng Xia, Xiaoju Wang, Qiang Lin, Kai Cheng & Xueping Li. (2017) Effectiveness of ultrasound therapy for myofascial pain syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Pain Research 10, pages 545-555.
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Ta-Shen Kuan, Chang-Zern Hong, Shu-Min Chen, Chien-Tsung Tsai, Wei-Chang Yen, Jo-Tong Chen & Chi-Yen Feng. (2012) Myofascial Pain Syndrome: Correlation between the Irritability of Trigger Points and the Prevalence of Local Twitch Responses during Trigger Point Injection. Journal of Musculoskeletal Pain 20:4, pages 250-256.
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Pei Feng Lim, John Schmidt, Reny de Leeuw, Charley Carlson, Romulo Albuquerque & Jeffrey P. Okeson. (2008) Inability of Surface Electromyography to Register the Local Twitch Response Elicited by Trigger Point Injection and Snapping Palpation in Myofascial Pain Patients. Journal of Musculoskeletal Pain 16:3, pages 165-173.
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Jan Dommerholt, Orlando Mayoral del Moral & Christian Gröbli. (2006) Trigger Point Dry Needling. Journal of Manual & Manipulative Therapy 14:4, pages 70E-87E.
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T. Graven‐Nielsen. (2006) Fundamentals of muscle pain, referred pain, and deep tissue hyperalgesia. Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology 35:sup122, pages 1-43.
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Sandro Palla. (2004) Trigger Points as a Cause of Orofacial Pain. Journal of Musculoskeletal Pain 12:3-4, pages 29-36.
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Shu-Min Chen, Jo-Tong Chen, Ta-Shen Kuan, Judith Hong & Chang-Zern Hong. (2000) Decrease in Pressure Pain Thresholds of Latent Myofascial Trigger Points in the Middle Finger Extensors Immediately After Continuous Piano Practice. Journal of Musculoskeletal Pain 8:3, pages 83-92.
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Ta-Shen Kuan, Thy-Sheng Lin, Jo-Tong Chen, Shu-Min Chen & Chang-Zern Hong. (2000) No Increased Neuromuscular Jitter at Rabbit Skeletal Muscle Trigger Spot Spontaneous Electrical Activity Sites. Journal of Musculoskeletal Pain 8:3, pages 69-82.
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Chang-Zern Hong. (1999) Current Research on Myofascial Trigger Points–Pathophysiological Studies. Journal of Musculoskeletal Pain 7:1-2, pages 121-129.
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Chang-Zern Hong. (1998) Algometry In Evaluation of Trigger Points and Referred Pain. Journal of Musculoskeletal Pain 6:1, pages 47-59.
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David G. Simons. (1997) Myofascial Pain Syndromes–Trigger Points. Journal of Musculoskeletal Pain 5:4, pages 87-100.
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David G. Simons. (1997) Myofascial Pain Syndromes-Trigger Points. Journal of Musculoskeletal Pain 5:3, pages 81-90.
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David G. Simons. (1997) Myofascial Pain Syndromes-Trigger Points. Journal of Musculoskeletal Pain 5:2, pages 97-106.
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David G Simons. (1996) Taut Band Tenderness. Journal of Musculoskeletal Pain 4:3, pages 137-140.
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Articles from other publishers (51)

Amita Aggarwal, Nehal Agarwal, Manisha Rathi & Tushar J. Palekar. (2023) Effectiveness of instrument assisted soft tissue mobilization versus foam rolling on trigger point release in calf muscles. Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies.
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Felipe C. K. Duarte, Daniel W. D. West, Lukas D. Linde, Samah Hassan & Dinesh A. Kumbhare. (2021) Re-Examining Myofascial Pain Syndrome: Toward Biomarker Development and Mechanism-Based Diagnostic Criteria. Current Rheumatology Reports 23:8.
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Mansoureh Togha, Farid Bahrpeyma, Mehdi Jafari & Azadeh Nasiri. (2020) A sonographic comparison of the effect of dry needling and ischemic compression on the active trigger point of the sternocleidomastoid muscle associated with cervicogenic headache: A randomized trial. Journal of Back and Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation 33:5, pages 749-759.
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Raffaele Costantini, Giannapia Affaitati, Michele Fiordaliso & Maria Adele Giamberardino. (2020) Viscero‐visceral hyperalgesia in dysmenorrhoea plus previous urinary calculosis: Role of myofascial trigger points and their injection treatment in the referred area. European Journal of Pain 24:5, pages 933-944.
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Giannapia Affaitati, Raffaele Costantini, Claudio Tana, Francesco Cipollone & Maria Adele Giamberardino. (2019) Co-occurrence of pain syndromes. Journal of Neural Transmission 127:4, pages 625-646.
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Orlando Mayoral del Moral, María Torres Lacomba, I Jon Russell, Óscar Sánchez Méndez & Beatriz Sánchez Sánchez. (2018) Validity and Reliability of Clinical Examination in the Diagnosis of Myofascial Pain Syndrome and Myofascial Trigger Points in Upper Quarter Muscles. Pain Medicine 19:10, pages 2039-2050.
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David Rodríguez Sanz, César Calvo Lobo, Daniel López López, Carlos Romero Morales, Carlos Sosa Marín & Irene Sanz Corbalán. (2016) Interrater Reliability in the Clinical Evaluation of Myofascial Trigger Points in Three Ankle Muscles. Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics 39:9, pages 623-634.
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César Fernández-de-las-Peñas & Jan Dommerholt. 2013. Punción seca de los puntos gatillo. Punción seca de los puntos gatillo 1 20 .
César Fernández-de-las-Peñas & Jan Dommerholt. 2013. Trigger Point Dry Needling. Trigger Point Dry Needling 3 19 .
Rostyslav V Bubnov. (2012) Evidence-based pain management: is the concept of integrative medicine applicable?. EPMA Journal 3:1.
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Cristina Alonso-Blanco, César Fernández-de-las-Peñas, Ana Isabel de-la-Llave-Rincón, Pedro Zarco-Moreno, Fernando Galán-del-Río & Peter Svensson. (2012) Characteristics of referred muscle pain to the head from active trigger points in women with myofascial temporomandibular pain and fibromyalgia syndrome. The Journal of Headache and Pain 13:8, pages 625-637.
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Renato Oliveira Ferreira da Silva, Paulo César Rodrigues Conti, Carlos dos Reis Pereira Araújo & Rafael dos Santos Silva. (2012) Evaluation of dry needling and 0.5% lidocaine injection therapies in myofascial pain trigger points in masticatory muscles. Dental Press Journal of Orthodontics 17:2, pages 113-118.
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M. Gleitz & K. Hornig. (2012) Triggerpunkte – Diagnose und Behandlungskonzepte unter besonderer Berücksichtigung extrakorporaler StoßwellenTrigger points – Diagnosis and treatment concepts with special reference to extracorporeal shockwaves. Der Orthopäde 41:2, pages 113-125.
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Li-Wei Chou, Mu-Jung Kao & Jaung-Geng Lin. (2012) Probable Mechanisms of Needling Therapies for Myofascial Pain Control. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2012, pages 1-11.
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Maria Adele Giamberardino, Giannapia Affaitati, Alessandra Fabrizio & Raffaele Costantini. (2011) Myofascial pain syndromes and their evaluation. Best Practice & Research Clinical Rheumatology 25:2, pages 185-198.
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Halil Unalan, Javid Majlesi, Filiz Yildiz Aydin & Deniz Palamar. (2011) Comparison of High-Power Pain Threshold Ultrasound Therapy With Local Injection in the Treatment of Active Myofascial Trigger Points of the Upper Trapezius Muscle. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 92:4, pages 657-662.
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Leon Chaitow & Judith DeLany. 2011. Clinical Application of Neuromuscular Techniques, Volume 2. Clinical Application of Neuromuscular Techniques, Volume 2 1 15 .
Javid Majlesi & Halil Unalan. (2010) Effect of Treatment on Trigger Points. Current Pain and Headache Reports 14:5, pages 353-360.
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Chien-Tsung Tsai, Lin-Fen Hsieh, Ta-Shen Kuan, Mu-Jung Kao, Li-Wei Chou & Chang-Zern Hong. (2010) Remote Effects of Dry Needling on the Irritability of the Myofascial Trigger Point in the Upper Trapezius Muscle. American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation 89:2, pages 133-140.
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Thomas Graven-Nielsen & Siegfried Mense. 2010. Muscle Pain: Understanding the Mechanisms. Muscle Pain: Understanding the Mechanisms 177 205 .
Elizabeth Demers Lavelle, William F. Lavelle & Howard S. Smith. (2009) Myofascial Pain Trigger Points. Perioperative Nursing Clinics 4:4, pages 353-361.
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Ta-Shen Kuan. (2009) Current studies on myofascial pain syndrome. Current Pain and Headache Reports 13:5, pages 365-369.
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. (2009) Injection in the Cervical Facet Joint for Shoulder Pain With Myofascial Trigger Points in the Upper Trapezius Muscle. Orthopedics 32:8.
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C Fernández-de-las-Peñas, P Madeleine, ML Cuadrado, H-Y Ge, L Arendt-Nielsen & JA Pareja. (2009) Pressure Pain Sensitivity Mapping of the Temporalis Muscle Revealed Bilateral Pressure Hyperalgesia in Patients with Strictly Unilateral Migraine. Cephalalgia 29:6, pages 670-676.
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Lian-Tao Li, Hong-You Ge, Shou-Wei Yue & Lars Arendt-Nielsen. (2009) Nociceptive and Non-nociceptive Hypersensitivity at Latent Myofascial Trigger Points. The Clinical Journal of Pain 25:2, pages 132-137.
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Elizabeth Demers Lavelle & William F. Lavelle. 2009. Current Therapy in Pain. Current Therapy in Pain 577 581 .
Csar Fernndez-de-las-Peas, Hong-You Ge, Maria Luz Cuadrado, Pascal Madeleine, Juan A. Pareja & Lars Arendt-Nielsen. (2008) Bilateral Pressure Pain Sensitivity Mapping of the Temporalis Muscle in Chronic Tension-Type Headache. Headache: The Journal of Head and Face Pain 48:7, pages 1067-1075.
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Leon Chaitow, David Russ & David J. Shipley. 2008. Naturopathic Physical Medicine. Naturopathic Physical Medicine 125 195 .
Leon Chaitow & Matthew Wallden. 2008. Naturopathic Physical Medicine. Naturopathic Physical Medicine 101 123 .
Elizabeth Demers Lavelle, William Lavelle & Howard S. Smith. (2007) Myofascial Trigger Points. Anesthesiology Clinics 25:4, pages 841-851.
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Ta‐Shen Kuan, Chang‐Zern Hong, Jo‐Tong Chen, Shu‐Min Chen & Chi‐Hsien Chien. (2012) The spinal cord connections of the myofascial trigger spots⋆,⋆⋆. European Journal of Pain 11:6, pages 624-634.
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Yueh-Ling Hsieh, Mu-Jung Kao, Ta-Shen Kuan, Shu-Min Chen, Jo-Tong Chen & Chang-Zern Hong. (2007) Dry Needling to a Key Myofascial Trigger Point May Reduce the Irritability of Satellite MTrPs. American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation 86:5, pages 397-403.
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Ta-Shen Kuan, Yueh-Ling Hsieh, Shu-Min Chen, Jo-Tong Chen, Wei-Chang Yen & Chang-Zern Hong. (2007) The Myofascial Trigger Point Region. American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation 86:3, pages 183-189.
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Elizabeth Demers Lavelle, William Lavelle & Howard S. Smith. (2007) Myofascial Trigger Points. Medical Clinics of North America 91:2, pages 229-239.
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Mu-Jung Kao, Ting-I. Han, Ta-Shen Kuan, Yueh-Ling Hsieh, Bai-Horng Su & Chang-Zern Hong. (2007) Myofascial Trigger Points in Early Life. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 88:2, pages 251-254.
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Mu-Jung Kao, Yueh-Ling Hsieh, Fang-Juan Kuo & Chang-Zern Hong. (2006) Electrophysiological Assessment of Acupuncture Points. American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation 85:5, pages 443-448.
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Miriam Hwang, Yoon K. Kang & Dong H. Kim. (2005) Referred pain pattern of the pronator quadratus muscle. Pain 116:3, pages 238-242.
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J.M. Martínez Cuenca & D. Pecos Martín. (2005) Criterios diagnósticos y características clínicas de los puntos gatillo miofasciales. Fisioterapia 27:2, pages 65-68.
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P.E. Baldry & John W. Thompson. 2005. Acupuncture, Trigger Points and Musculoskeletal Pain. Acupuncture, Trigger Points and Musculoskeletal Pain 73 100 .
Peter Baldry. (2018) Management of Myofascial Trigger Point Pain. Acupuncture in Medicine 20:1, pages 2-10.
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LEON CHAITOW & JUDITH DELANY. 2002. Principles and Practice of Manual Therapeutics. Principles and Practice of Manual Therapeutics 69 88 .
Edward S. Rachlin. 2002. Myofascial Pain and Fibromyalgia. Myofascial Pain and Fibromyalgia 203 216 .
Lars Arendt-Nielsen & Peter Svensson. (2001) Referred Muscle Pain: Basic and Clinical Findings. The Clinical Journal of Pain 17:1, pages 11-19.
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EDWARD F. WRIGHT. (2000) REFERRED CRANIOFACIAL PAIN PATTERNS IN PATIENTS WITH TEMPOROMANDIBULAR DISORDER. The Journal of the American Dental Association 131:9, pages 1307-1315.
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Chang-Zern Hong. (2018) Myofascial Trigger Points: Pathophysiology and Correlation with Acupuncture Points. Acupuncture in Medicine 18:1, pages 41-47.
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Chang-Yu J. Hsieh, Chang-Zern Hong, Alan H. Adams, Katherine J. Platt, Clark D. Danielson, Fred K. Hoehler & Jerome S. Tobis. (2000) Interexaminer reliability of the palpation of trigger points in the trunk and lower limb muscles. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 81:3, pages 258-264.
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Chang-Zern Hong & David G. Simons. (1998) Pathophysiologic and electrophysiologic mechanisms of myofascial trigger points. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 79:7, pages 863-872.
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Shu-Min Chen, Jo-Tong Chen, Ta-Shen Kuan & Chang-Zern Hong. (1998) Myofascial trigger points in intercostal muscles secondary to herpes zoster infection of the intercostal nerve. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 79:3, pages 336-338.
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Chang-Zern Hong, Ta-Shen Kuan, Jo-Tong Chen & Shu-Min Chen. (1997) Referred pain elicited by palpation and by needling of myofascial trigger points: A comparison. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 78:9, pages 957-960.
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R.J. Laursen, T. Graven‐Nielsen, T.S. Jensen & L. Arendt‐Nielsen. (2012) Quantification of local and referred pain in humans induced by intramuscular electrical stimulation. European Journal of Pain 1:2, pages 105-113.
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Chang-Zern Hong. (1997) An author replies. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 78:6, pages 676.
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