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Journal of Musculoskeletal Pain Volume 4, 1996 - Issue 4
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Original Article

The Neck Disability Index:

Patient Assessment and Outcome Monitoring in Whiplash

Howard Vernon Associate Dean of Research, Canadan Memorial Chiropractic College, Toronto, ON, M4G 3E6, Canada
Pages 95-104 | Published online: 16 Jan 2010

Citations (75)

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Yuh Yamashita, Tomohiko Nishigami, Akira Mibu, Katsuyoshi Tanaka, Benedict M Wand, Mark J Catley & Toshio Higashi. (2021) Development and Psychometric Testing of the Japanese Version of the Fremantle Neck Awareness Questionnaire: A Cross-Sectional Study. Journal of Pain Research 14, pages 311-324.
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Adedayo Tunde Ajidahun, Witness Mudzi, Hellen Myezwa & Wendy-Ann Wood. (2016) Upper extremity disability among string instrumentalists–use of the quick DASH and the NDI. Cogent Medicine 3:1.
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V. Johnston, G. Jull, T. Souvlis & N.L. Jimmieson. (2010) Interactive effects from self-reported physical and psychosocial factors in the workplace on neck pain and disability in female office workers. Ergonomics 53:4, pages 502-513.
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Eric L. Hurwitz, Michael S. Goldstein, Hal Morgenstern & Lu-May Chiang. (2006) The impact of psychosocial factors on neck pain and disability outcomes among primary care patients: Results from the UCLA Neck Pain Study. Disability and Rehabilitation 28:21, pages 1319-1329.
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Articles from other publishers (71)

Zhiqi Liang, Lucy Thomas, Gwendolen Jull & Julia Treleaven. (2023) Subgrouping individuals with migraine associated neck pain for targeted management. Musculoskeletal Science and Practice 66, pages 102801.
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Zicai Liu, Hao Hu, Xin Wen, Xuejin Liu, Xiaqing Xu, Zhenjiang Wang, Li Li & Huiyu Liu. (2023) Baduanjin improves neck pain and functional movement in middle-aged and elderly people: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Frontiers in Medicine 9.
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Ernesto Anarte-Lazo, Carlos Bernal-Utrera, Mario Lopez-Amor, Eugenia Porras-Valencia, Francisco Javier Ruy-Diaz-Rojas, Deborah Falla & Cleofas Rodriguez-Blanco. (2022) Exercise-induced hypoalgesia after aerobic versus neck-specific exercise in people with acute/subacute whiplash-associated disorders: protocol for a randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open 12:9, pages e061679.
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Jason L. Baer, Anita Vasavada & Rajal G. Cohen. (2022) Posture biofeedback increases cognitive load. Psychological Research 86:6, pages 1892-1903.
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Fotios Iliopoulos, Zacharias Dimitriadis & George A. Koumantakis. (2022) Electromyographic Activity of Sternocleidomastoid Muscle in Individuals With Neck Pain and Healthy Volunteers: A Reliability and Between-Group Differences Examination. Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics 45:6, pages 459-468.
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Hangyu Shi, Xinlu Wang, Yan Yan, Lili Zhu, Yu Chen, Shuai Gao & Zhishun Liu. (2022) Efficacy and Safety of Electro-Thumbtack Needle Therapy for Patients With Chronic Neck Pain: Protocol for a Randomized, Sham-Controlled Trial. Frontiers in Medicine 9.
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Fatima Amin, Adnan Ikram, Haris Farooq, Atta Muhammad, M Asim Arif & Hafiz Raja M Usman. (2021) Range of motion in upper and lower Cervical spine in Dentists with chronic Neck pain of Lahore city. Pakistan BioMedical Journal 4:2.
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Ashley Smith, Carrie Ritchie, Jacelle Warren & Michele Sterling. (2020) Exercise-induced Hypoalgesia Is Impaired in Chronic Whiplash-associated Disorders (WAD) With Both Aerobic and Isometric Exercise. The Clinical Journal of Pain 36:8, pages 601-611.
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Hilla Sarig Bahat, Phoebe Watt, Merinda Rhodes, Dana Hadar & Julia Treleaven. (2020) High-vs. low-tech cervical movement sense measurement in individuals with neck pain. Musculoskeletal Science and Practice 45, pages 102097.
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Won-Jun Lee, Young-Suk Yoon, Jong-Ho Kim, Keun-Jae Lee, Mi-Hye Kim, Ho-Sun Ryu, Su-Bin Han, Byung-Hak Park, Jae-Min Son, Nam-Woo Lee, Jeong-Hun Han, Hye-Jin Seo & Ji-Hoon Kim. (2019) Clinical Study on 1 Case of Cervical Dystonia Treated by Korean Medicine and Transfer Energy Capacitive and Resistive (TECAR) Therapy. Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation 29:4, pages 109-115.
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Jessica STANHOPE, Dino PISANIELLO, Rebecca TOOHER & Philip WEINSTEIN. (2019) How do we assess musicians’ musculoskeletal symptoms?: a review of outcomes and tools used. Industrial Health 57:4, pages 454-494.
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Ashley Pedler, Steven J. Kamper, Annick Maujean & Michele Sterling. (2018) Investigating the Fear Avoidance Model in People With Whiplash. The Clinical Journal of Pain 34:2, pages 130-137.
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Phoebe Giffard, Laura Daly & Julia Treleaven. (2017) Influence of neck torsion on near point convergence in subjects with idiopathic neck pain. Musculoskeletal Science and Practice 32, pages 51-56.
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Venerina Johnston. (2016) Consequences and management of neck pain by female office workers: results of a survey and clinical assessment. Archives of Physiotherapy 6:1.
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Gwendolen Jull & Deborah Falla. (2016) Does increased superficial neck flexor activity in the craniocervical flexion test reflect reduced deep flexor activity in people with neck pain?. Manual Therapy 25, pages 43-47.
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Ashley Pedler, Steven J. Kamper & Michele Sterling. (2016) Addition of posttraumatic stress and sensory hypersensitivity more accurately estimates disability and pain than fear avoidance measures alone after whiplash injury. Pain 157:8, pages 1645-1654.
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Julia Treleaven, Gunnel Peterson, Maria Landén Ludvigsson, Ann-Sofi Kammerlind & Anneli Peolsson. (2016) Balance, dizziness and proprioception in patients with chronic whiplash associated disorders complaining of dizziness: A prospective randomized study comparing three exercise programs. Manual Therapy 22, pages 122-130.
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Su-Rim Kim, Mi-Hee Kang, Sun-Young Bahng, Jin-Kyoung An, Ji-Young Lee, Sang-Young Park & Seong-Gil Kim. (2016) Correlation among scapular asymmetry, neck pain, and neck disability index (NDI) in young women with slight neck pain. Journal of Physical Therapy Science 28:5, pages 1508-1510.
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Shaun O’Leary, Steffan W. Christensen, Alexis Verouhis, Morten Pape, Oivind Nilsen & Steven M. McPhail. (2015) Agreement between physiotherapists rating scapular posture in multiple planes in patients with neck pain: Reliability study. Physiotherapy 101:4, pages 381-388.
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Charles Philip Gabel, Antonio I. Cuesta-Vargas, Jason W. Osborne, Brendan Burkett & Markus Melloh. (2014) Confirmatory factory analysis of the Neck Disability Index in a general problematic neck population indicates a one-factor model. The Spine Journal 14:8, pages 1410-1416.
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Julia Treleaven & Hiroshi Takasaki. (2014) Characteristics of visual disturbances reported by subjects with neck pain. Manual Therapy 19:3, pages 203-207.
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Joshua Pink, Stavros Petrou, Esther Williamson, Mark Williams & Sarah E Lamb. (2014) Properties of patient-reported outcome measures in individuals following acute whiplash injury. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes 12:1, pages 38.
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Anke Steinmetz & Gwendolen A. Jull. (2013) Sensory and Sensorimotor Features in Violinists and Violists With Neck Pain. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 94:12, pages 2523-2528.
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Michele Sterling, James M. Elliott & Peter J. Cabot. (2013) The Course of Serum Inflammatory Biomarkers Following Whiplash Injury and Their Relationship to Sensory and Muscle Measures: a Longitudinal Cohort Study. PLoS ONE 8:10, pages e77903.
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Ashley Pedler & Michele Sterling. (2013) Patients with chronic whiplash can be subgrouped on the basis of symptoms of sensory hypersensitivity and posttraumatic stress. Pain 154:9, pages 1640-1648.
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Shaun O'Leary, Gwendolen Jull, Mehwa Kim, Sureeporn Uthaikhup & Bill Vicenzino. (2012) Training Mode–Dependent Changes in Motor Performance in Neck Pain. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 93:7, pages 1225-1233.
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Shaun O’Leary, Deborah Falla & Gwendolen Jull. (2011) The relationship between superficial muscle activity during the cranio-cervical flexion test and clinical features in patients with chronic neck pain. Manual Therapy 16:5, pages 452-455.
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Raina Stokell, Annie Yu, Katrina Williams & Julia Treleaven. (2011) Dynamic and functional balance tasks in subjects with persistent whiplash: A pilot trial. Manual Therapy 16:4, pages 394-398.
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Michele Sterling. (2010) Differential development of sensory hypersensitivity and a measure of spinal cord hyperexcitability following whiplash injury. Pain 150:3, pages 501-506.
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Venerina Johnston, Nerina L. Jimmieson, Gwendolen Jull & Tina Souvlis. (2012) Contribution of individual, workplace, psychosocial and physiological factors to neck pain in female office workers. European Journal of Pain 13:9, pages 985-991.
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E Kapreli, E Vourazanis, E Billis, JA Oldham & N Strimpakos. (2009) Respiratory Dysfunction in Chronic Neck Pain Patients. A Pilot Study. Cephalalgia 29:7, pages 701-710.
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Rubén Nieto, Jordi Miró & Anna Huguet. (2008) Disability in Subacute Whiplash Patients. Spine 33:18, pages E630-E635.
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Eliza Poole, Julia Treleaven & Gwendolen Jull. (2008) The influence of neck pain on balance and gait parameters in community-dwelling elders. Manual Therapy 13:4, pages 317-324.
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Venerina Johnston, Nerina L. Jimmieson, Gwendolen Jull & Tina Souvlis. (2008) Quantitative sensory measures distinguish office workers with varying levels of neck pain and disability. Pain 137:2, pages 257-265.
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Julia Treleaven. (2008) Sensorimotor disturbances in neck disorders affecting postural stability, head and eye movement control—Part 2: Case studies. Manual Therapy 13:3, pages 266-275.
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Sandra Field, Julia Treleaven & Gwendolen Jull. (2008) Standing balance: A comparison between idiopathic and whiplash-induced neck pain. Manual Therapy 13:3, pages 183-191.
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Charles Philip Gabel, Brendan Burkett, Anne Neller & Michael Yelland. (2008) Can long-term impairment in general practitioner whiplash patients be predicted using screening and patient-reported outcomes?. International Journal of Rehabilitation Research 31:1, pages 79-80.
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Venerina Johnston, Tina Souvlis, Nerina L. Jimmieson & Gwendolen Jull. (2008) Associations between individual and workplace risk factors for self-reported neck pain and disability among female office workers. Applied Ergonomics 39:2, pages 171-182.
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Gwendolen Jull, Michele Sterling, Deborah Falla, Julia Treleaven & Shaun O'Leary. 2008. Whiplash, Headache, and Neck Pain. Whiplash, Headache, and Neck Pain 145 153 .
Jan J. M. Pool, Raymond W. J. G. Ostelo, Jan L. Hoving, Lex M. Bouter & Henrica C. W. de Vet. (2007) Minimal Clinically Important Change of the Neck Disability Index and the Numerical Rating Scale for Patients With Neck Pain. Spine 32:26, pages 3047-3051.
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Shaun O’Leary, Deborah Falla, Paul W. Hodges, Gwendolen Jull & Bill Vicenzino. (2007) Specific Therapeutic Exercise of the Neck Induces Immediate Local Hypoalgesia. The Journal of Pain 8:11, pages 832-839.
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Sidney M. Rubinstein, Charlotte Leboeuf-Yde, Dirk L. Knol, Tammy E. de Koekkoek, Charles E. Pfeifle & Maurits W. van Tulder. (2007) The Benefits Outweigh the Risks for Patients Undergoing Chiropractic Care for Neck Pain: A Prospective, Multicenter, Cohort Study. Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics 30:6, pages 408-418.
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Venerina Johnston, Nerina L. Jimmieson, Tina Souvlis & Gwendolen Jull. (2007) Interaction of psychosocial risk factors explain increased neck problems among female office workers. Pain 129:3, pages 311-320.
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Tamara Prushansky, Shirley Handelzalts & Evgeny Pevzner. (2007) Reproducibility of Pressure Pain Threshold and Visual Analog Scale Findings in Chronic Whiplash Patients. The Clinical Journal of Pain 23:4, pages 339-345.
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Gwendolen Jull, Deborah Falla, Julia Treleaven, Paul Hodges & Bill Vicenzino. (2007) Retraining cervical joint position sense: The effect of two exercise regimes. Journal of Orthopaedic Research 25:3, pages 404-412.
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Shaun O’Leary, Gwendolen Jull, Mehwa Kim & Bill Vicenzino. (2007) Cranio-cervical flexor muscle impairment at maximal, moderate, and low loads is a feature of neck pain. Manual Therapy 12:1, pages 34-39.
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Shaun O'Leary, Gwendolen Jull, Mehwa Kim & Bill Vicenzino. (2007) Specificity in Retraining Craniocervical Flexor Muscle Performance. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy 37:1, pages 3-9.
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Cynthia Chiarello. 2007. Physical Rehabilitation. Physical Rehabilitation 140 193 .
Chad Cook, Jan K. Richardson, Larissa Braga, Andreia Menezes, Xavier Soler, Paulo Kume, Marcelo Zaninelli, Fernanda Socolows & Ricardo Pietrobon. (2006) Cross-Cultural Adaptation and Validation of the Brazilian Portuguese Version of the Neck Disability Index and Neck Pain and Disability Scale. Spine 31:14, pages 1621-1627.
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Tamara Prushansky, Evgeny Pevzner, Carlos Gordon & Zeevi Dvir. (2006) Cervical radiofrequency neurotomy in patients with chronic whiplash: a study of multiple outcome measures. Journal of Neurosurgery: Spine 4:5, pages 365-373.
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Michele Sterling, Gwendolen Jull & Justin Kenardy. (2006) Physical and psychological factors maintain long-term predictive capacity post-whiplash injury. Pain 122:1, pages 102-108.
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M. MoonsR. A. H. M. Swinkels. 2006. Fysiotherapeutische casuïstiek. Fysiotherapeutische casuïstiek 1072 1078 .
Shaun O’Leary, Gwendolen Jull & Bill Vicenzino. (2005) Do Dorsal Head Contact Forces Have the Potential to Identify Impairment During Graded Craniocervical Flexor Muscle Contractions?. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 86:9, pages 1763-1766.
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Eric L. Hurwitz, Hal Morgenstern, Maria Vassilaki & Lu-May Chiang. (2005) Frequency and Clinical Predictors of Adverse Reactions to Chiropractic Care in the UCLA Neck Pain Study. Spine 30:13, pages 1477-1484.
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Shaun P O'Leary, Bill T Vicenzino & Gwendolen A Jull. (2005) A New Method of Isometric Dynamometry for the Craniocervical Flexor Muscles. Physical Therapy 85:6, pages 556-564.
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David Scott, Gwendolen Jull & Michele Sterling. (2005) Widespread Sensory Hypersensitivity Is a Feature of Chronic Whiplash-Associated Disorder but not Chronic Idiopathic Neck Pain. The Clinical Journal of Pain 21:2, pages 175-181.
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Michele Sterling, Gwendolen Jull, Bill Vicenzino, Justin Kenardy & Ross Darnell. (2005) Physical and psychological factors predict outcome following whiplash injury. Pain 114:1, pages 141-148.
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Michele Sterling. (2005) Voorstel voor nieuw classificatiesysteem voor aan whiplash geassocieerde aandoeningen. Stimulus 24:1, pages 20-33.
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D. Falla, A. Rainoldi, G. Jull, G. Stavrou & H. Tsao. (2004) Lack of correlation between sternocleidomastoid and scalene muscle fatigability and duration of symptoms in chronic neck pain patients. Neurophysiologie Clinique/Clinical Neurophysiology 34:3-4, pages 159-165.
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Peter White, George Lewith & Phil Prescott. (2004) The Core Outcomes for Neck Pain: Validation of a New Outcome Measure. Spine 29:17, pages 1923-1930.
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W. F. G. J. Heijmans. (2004) Neck Disability Index Dutch Version (NDI-DV). Stimulus 23:3, pages 135-141.
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Michele Sterling. (2004) A proposed new classification system for whiplash associated disorders—implications for assessment and management. Manual Therapy 9:2, pages 60-70.
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Eric L Hurwitz, Hal Morgenstern, Maria Vassilaki & Lu-May Chiang. (2004) Adverse reactions to chiropractic treatment and their effects on satisfaction and clinical outcomes among patients enrolled in the UCLA Neck Pain Study. Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics 27:1, pages 16-25.
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Michele Sterling, Justin Kenardy, Gwendolen Jull & Bill Vicenzino. (2003) The development of psychological changes following whiplash injury. Pain 106:3, pages 481-489.
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Gwendolijne G.M Scholten-Peeters, Arianne P Verhagen, Catharina W.M Neeleman-van der Steen, John C.A.M Hurkmans, Ria W.A Wams & Rob A.B Oostendorp. (2003) Randomized clinical trial of conservative treatment for patients with whiplash-associated disorders: considerations for the design and dynamic treatment protocol. Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics 26:7, pages 412-420.
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Michele Sterling, Gwendolen Jull, Bill Vicenzino & Justin Kenardy. (2003) Sensory hypersensitivity occurs soon after whiplash injury and is associated with poor recovery. Pain 104:3, pages 509-517.
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Gwendolijne G.M Scholten-Peeters, Arianne P Verhagen, Geertruida E Bekkering, Daniëlle A.W.M van der Windt, Les Barnsley, Rob A.B Oostendorp & Erik J.M Hendriks. (2003) Prognostic factors of whiplash-associated disorders: a systematic review of prospective cohort studies. Pain 104:1, pages 303-322.
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Michele Sterling, Gwendolen Jull, Bill Vicenzino, Justin Kenardy & Ross Darnell. (2003) Development of motor system dysfunction following whiplash injury. Pain 103:1, pages 65-73.
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Eric L. HurwitzHal MorgensternPhilip HarberGerald F. KominskiFei YuAlan H. Adams. (2002) A Randomized Trial of Chiropractic Manipulation and Mobilization for Patients With Neck Pain: Clinical Outcomes From the UCLA Neck-Pain Study. American Journal of Public Health 92:10, pages 1634-1641.
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Martina Moog, John Quintner, Toby Hall & Max Zusman. (2012) The late whiplash syndrome: a psychophysical study. European Journal of Pain 6:4, pages 283-294.
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Ricardo Pietrobon, Remy R. Coeytaux, Timothy S. Carey, William J. Richardson & Robert F. DeVellis. (2002) Standard Scales for Measurement of Functional Outcome for Cervical Pain or Dysfunction. Spine 27:5, pages 515-522.
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