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Journal of Trauma Practice Volume 5, 2006 - Issue 1
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Original Articles

Betrayal Trauma

Relational Models of Harm and Healing

Pamela J. Birrell PhD Department of Psychology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA
&
Jennifer J. Freyd PhD Department of Psychology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA
Pages 49-63 | Received 01 Jun 2004, Accepted 01 Jul 2005, Published online: 15 Oct 2008

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Jennifer M. Gómez. (2021) Gendered Sexual Violence: Betrayal Trauma, Dissociation, and PTSD in Diverse College Students. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma 30:5, pages 625-640.
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Moshe Bensimon. (2020) Relational needs in music therapy with trauma victims: The perspective of music therapists. Nordic Journal of Music Therapy 29:3, pages 240-254.
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Jennifer M. Gómez. (2019) High Betrayal Adolescent Sexual Abuse and Nonsuicidal Self-Injury: The Role of Depersonalization in Emerging Adults. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse 28:3, pages 318-332.
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Rachel E. Williamson, David E. Reed$suffix/text()$suffix/text(), Robert E. Wickham & Nigel P. Field. (2018) The mediational role of posttraumatic stress in the relationship between domestic violence exposure and peer victimisation: a Cambodian sample. Emotional and Behavioural Difficulties 23:1, pages 28-38.
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Jennifer M. Gómez & Jennifer J. Freyd. (2017) High Betrayal Child Sexual Abuse and Hallucinations: A Test of an Indirect Effect of Dissociation. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse 26:5, pages 507-518.
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Jessica Lloyd-Hazlett, Allison Marsh Pow & Thelma Duffey. (2016) The Impact Project: A Relational Cultural Approach to Combating Bullying and Interpersonal Violence. Journal of Creativity in Mental Health 11:3-4, pages 236-253.
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Jennifer M. Gómez, Jenn K. Lewis, Laura K. Noll, Alec M. Smidt & Pamela J. Birrell. (2016) Shifting the focus: Nonpathologizing approaches to healing from betrayal trauma through an emphasis on relational care. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation 17:2, pages 165-185.
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Meghan R. Pugach & Lisa A. Goodman. (2015) Low-income women’s experiences in outpatient psychotherapy: A qualitative descriptive analysis. Counselling Psychology Quarterly 28:4, pages 403-426.
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Julian D. Ford & Jennifer M. Gómez. (2015) Self-Injury and Suicidality: The Impact of Trauma and Dissociation. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation 16:3, pages 225-231.
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Jennifer M. Gómez, Kathryn Becker-Blease & Jennifer J. Freyd. (2015) A Brief Report on Predicting Self-Harm: Is It Gender or Abuse that Matters?. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma 24:2, pages 203-214.
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Alessandra C. Kostolitz, Scott M. Hyman & Steven N. Gold. (2014) How Ineffective Family Environments Can Compound Maldevelopment of Critical Thinking Skills in Childhood Abuse Survivors. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse 23:6, pages 690-707.
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Molly R. Wolf & Thomas H. Nochajski. (2013) Child Sexual Abuse Survivors with Dissociative Amnesia: What's the Difference?. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse 22:4, pages 462-480.
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Eileen L. Zurbriggen, Robyn L. Gobin & Laura A. Kaehler. (2012) Trauma, Attachment, and Intimate Relationships. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation 13:2, pages 127-133.
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Brent Belford, Laura A. Kaehler & Pamela Birrell. (2012) Relational Health as a Mediator Between Betrayal Trauma and Borderline Personality Disorder. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation 13:2, pages 244-257.
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Cheryl Sawyer & Rebecca G. Judd. (2012) Counselors and Bikers Collaborate to Empower Abused Children. Journal of Creativity in Mental Health 7:1, pages 35-48.
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Rebecca J. Hannagan & Holly Arrow. (2011) Reengineering Gender Relations in Modern Militaries: An Evolutionary Perspective. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation 12:3, pages 305-323.
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JulianD. Ford. (2008) Ethnoracial Minority Background, Psychological Trauma, PTSD, and DESNOS Among Urban Low-Income Women with Severe Mental Illness. Journal of Psychological Trauma 7:3, pages 170-184.
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Maria Quinn, Margot Schofield & Warwick Middleton. (2008) Conceptualization and Treatment of Psychogenic Non-Epileptic Seizures. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation 9:1, pages 63-84.
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Jay S. Jeon & M. Candace Christensen. (2023) Community-Based Intervention for Sexual and Gender Minority Youth in Central Texas. Families in Society: The Journal of Contemporary Social Services.
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Mallory C. Kidwell & Patricia K. Kerig. (2021) To Trust is to Survive: Toward a Developmental Model of Moral Injury. Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma 16:2, pages 459-475.
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Jill S. Levenson, Melissa D. Grady, Heike Lasoski & Kyle T. Collins. (2023) Learning From Consumers of Mandated Sex-Offending Programs: “It’s Not Treatment, I Wish It Was.”. Sexual Abuse, pages 107906322311721.
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Joy S. Whitman, Michael P. Chaney & Jun Park. 2022. Handbook for Human Sexuality Counseling. Handbook for Human Sexuality Counseling 145 157 .
Jennifer M. Gómez. (2021) When solidarity hurts: (Intra)cultural trust, cultural betrayal sexual trauma, and PTSD in culturally diverse minoritized youth transitioning to adulthood. Transcultural Psychiatry 59:3, pages 292-301.
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Cort M. Dorn-Medeiros, Jeffrey K. Christensen & Ian Lertora. 2022. Research Anthology on Racial Equity, Identity, and Privilege. Research Anthology on Racial Equity, Identity, and Privilege 25 40 .
Alexis A. Adams-Clark, Jennifer M. Gómez, Robyn L. Gobin, Laura K. Noll & Brianna C. Delker. 2022. Handbook of Interpersonal Violence and Abuse Across the Lifespan. Handbook of Interpersonal Violence and Abuse Across the Lifespan 4275 4301 .
Sophie Isobel. (2021) Trauma‐informed qualitative research: Some methodological and practical considerations. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing 30:S1, pages 1456-1469.
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Darryl W. Stephens. (2021) Bearing Witness as Social Action: Religious Ethics and Trauma-Informed Response. Trauma Care 1:1, pages 49-63.
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Jennifer M. Gómez. (2020) It Hurts When You're Close: High Betrayal Sexual Trauma, Dissociation, and Suicidal Ideation in Young Adults. Violence and Victims 35:5, pages 712-723.
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Cort M. Dorn‐Medeiros, Jeffrey K. Christensen, Ian M. Lértora & Alexis L. Croffie. (2020) Relational Strategies for Teaching Multicultural Courses in Counselor Education. Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development 48:3, pages 149-160.
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Rachel E. Williamson, David E. ReedIIII & Robert E. Wickham. (2020) A traumatic dissonance theory of perpetrator‐related distress. Journal of Theoretical Social Psychology 4:2, pages 75-91.
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Cort M. Dorn-Medeiros, Jeffrey K. Christensen & Ian Lertora. 2020. Cases on Cross-Cultural Counseling Strategies. Cases on Cross-Cultural Counseling Strategies 284 304 .
Jennifer M. Gómez & Robyn L. Gobin. (2019) Black Women and Girls & #MeToo: Rape, Cultural Betrayal, & Healing. Sex Roles 82:1-2, pages 1-12.
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Alexis A. Adams-Clark, Jennifer M. Gómez, Robyn L. Gobin, Laura K. Noll & Brianna C. Delker. 2020. Handbook of Interpersonal Violence and Abuse Across the Lifespan. Handbook of Interpersonal Violence and Abuse Across the Lifespan 1 27 .
Nina Laltrello. 2019. Clinical Management of Sex Addiction. Clinical Management of Sex Addiction 88 100 .
Julia Seng & CAsCAid Group. (2018) From Fight or Flight, Freeze or Faint, to “Flow”: Identifying a Concept to Express a Positive Embodied Outcome of Trauma Recovery. Journal of the American Psychiatric Nurses Association 25:3, pages 200-207.
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Maria Haarmans. 2019. Psychopathology in Women. Psychopathology in Women 453 479 .
Heesoon JunHeesoon Jun. 2018. Social Justice, Multicultural Counseling, and Practice. Social Justice, Multicultural Counseling, and Practice 273 309 .
Pamela J. Birrell & Cindy M. Bruns. (2016) Ethics and Relationship: From Risk Management to Relational Engagement. Journal of Counseling & Development 94:4, pages 391-397.
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Gerald K. Crete & Anneliese A. Singh. (2015) Resilience Strategies of Male Survivors of Childhood Sexual Abuse and their Female Partners: A Phenomenological Inquiry. Journal of Mental Health Counseling 37:4, pages 341-354.
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Maria Haarmans. 2015. Psychopathology in Women. Psychopathology in Women 361 387 .
이은진 & Lee Jee Yon. (2013) Understanding of Relational-Cultural Theory (RCT) and its Applicability to Counseling in Korea. Korea Journal of Counseling 14:4, pages 2585-2620.
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Cynthia M. Bruns & Ellyn Kaschak. 2010. Handbook of Gender Research in Psychology. Handbook of Gender Research in Psychology 187 219 .
Dana L. Comstock, Tonya R. Hammer, Julie Strentzsch, Kristi Cannon, Jacqueline Parsons & Gustavo Salazar II. (2011) Relational‐Cultural Theory: A Framework for Bridging Relational, Multicultural, and Social Justice Competencies. Journal of Counseling & Development 86:3, pages 279-287.
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