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Original Articles

Cardiovascular Health and Fitness After Stroke

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Pages 1-16 | Published online: 02 Feb 2015

Keep up to date with the latest research on this topic with citation updates for this article.

Read on this site (20)

Ahmet Mert Sayın, Neslihan Duruturk, Birol Balaban & Süleyman Korkusuz. (2023) The effect of robot-assisted walking in different modalities on cardiorespiratory responses and energy consumption in patients with subacute stroke. Neurological Research 45:7, pages 688-694.
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Aliyeh Daryabor, Sumiko Yamamoto, Michael Orendurff & Toshiki Kobayashi. (2022) Effect of types of ankle-foot orthoses on energy expenditure metrics during walking in individuals with stroke: a systematic review. Disability and Rehabilitation 44:2, pages 166-176.
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Ella Hanna, Heidi Janssen, Gary Crowfoot, Gillian Mason, Glade Vyslysel, Anne Sweetapple, Robin Callister & Coralie English. (2019) Participation, Fear of Falling, and Upper Limb Impairment are Associated with High Sitting Time in People with Stroke. Occupational Therapy In Health Care 33:2, pages 181-196.
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Matthew Barrett, John Charles Snow, Megan C. Kirkland, Liam P. Kelly, Maria Gehue, Matthew B. Downer, Jason McCarthy & Michelle Ploughman. (2018) Excessive sedentary time during in-patient stroke rehabilitation. Topics in Stroke Rehabilitation 25:5, pages 366-374.
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Erik C. Prout, Avril Mansfield, William E. McIlroy & Dina Brooks. (2017) Patients’ perspectives on aerobic exercise early after stroke. Disability and Rehabilitation 39:7, pages 684-690.
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Pierce Boyne, Darcy Reisman, Michael Brian, Brian Barney, Ava Franke, Daniel Carl, Jane Khoury & Kari Dunning. (2017) Ventilatory threshold may be a more specific measure of aerobic capacity than peak oxygen consumption rate in persons with stroke. Topics in Stroke Rehabilitation 24:2, pages 149-157.
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Erik C. Prout, Avril Mansfield, William E. McIlroy & Dina Brooks. (2016) Physiotherapists’ perspectives on aerobic exercise early after stroke: A preliminary study. Physiotherapy Theory and Practice 32:6, pages 452-460.
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Lorna Paul, Sally Wyke, Stephen Brewster, Naveed Sattar, Jason M.R. Gill, Gillian Alexander, Danny Rafferty, Angus K. McFadyen, Andrew Ramsay & Aleksandra Dybus. (2016) Increasing physical activity in stroke survivors using STARFISH, an interactive mobile phone application: a pilot study. Topics in Stroke Rehabilitation 23:3, pages 170-177.
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Lorna Paul, Stephen Brewster, Sally Wyke, Jason M. R. Gill, Gillian Alexander, Aleksandra Dybus & Danny Rafferty. (2016) Physical activity profiles and sedentary behaviour in people following stroke: a cross-sectional study. Disability and Rehabilitation 38:4, pages 362-367.
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Dorit Kunkel, Carolyn Fitton, Malcolm Burnett & Ann Ashburn. (2015) Physical inactivity post-stroke: a 3-year longitudinal study. Disability and Rehabilitation 37:4, pages 304-310.
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Christiane Brown, Julia E. Fraser, Elizabeth L. Inness, Jennifer S. Wong, Laura E. Middleton, Vivien Poon, William E. McIlroy & Avril Mansfield. (2014) Does Participation in Standardized Aerobic Fitness Training During Inpatient Stroke Rehabilitation Promote Engagement in Aerobic Exercise After Discharge? A Cohort Study. Topics in Stroke Rehabilitation 21:sup1, pages S42-S51.
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Jane E. Sullivan, Lauren E. Espe, Amanda M. Kelly, Laura E. Veilbig & Mary J. Kwasny. (2014) Feasibility and Outcomes of a Community-Based, Pedometer-Monitored Walking Program in Chronic Stroke: A Pilot Study. Topics in Stroke Rehabilitation 21:2, pages 101-110.
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Bo Ryun Kim, Eun Young Han, Seung Jae Joo, Song Yi Kim & Ho Min Yoon. (2014) Cardiovascular fitness as a predictor of functional recovery in subacute stroke patients. Disability and Rehabilitation 36:3, pages 227-231.
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Pierce Boyne, Kari Dunning, Daniel Carl, Myron Gerson, Jane Khoury & Brett Kissela. (2013) High-Intensity Interval Training in Stroke Rehabilitation. Topics in Stroke Rehabilitation 20:4, pages 317-330.
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Stephanie A. Combs, Marieke Van Puymbroeck, Peter A. Altenburger, Kristine K. Miller, Tracy A. Dierks & Arlene A. Schmid. (2013) Is walking faster or walking farther more important to persons with chronic stroke?. Disability and Rehabilitation 35:10, pages 860-867.
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Olive C Lennon, Romain S Denis, Nuala Grace & Catherine Blake. (2012) Feasibility, criterion validity and retest reliability of exercise testing using the Astrand-rhyming test protocol with an adaptive ergometer in stroke patients. Disability and Rehabilitation 34:14, pages 1149-1156.
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George D. Fulk & Edward Sazonov. (2011) Using Sensors to Measure Activity in People with Stroke. Topics in Stroke Rehabilitation 18:6, pages 746-757.
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Lynne Romeiser Logan. (2011) Rehabilitation Techniques to Maximize Spasticity Management. Topics in Stroke Rehabilitation 18:3, pages 203-211.
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Christoph Globas, Richard F Macko & Andreas R Luft. (2009) Role of walking-exercise therapy after stroke. Expert Review of Cardiovascular Therapy 7:8, pages 905-910.
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Articles from other publishers (124)

Remi Kodera, Kazuya Fujihara, Tetsuya Koyama, Haruka Shiozaki, Yurie Mutsuma, Noriko Yagyuda, Mariko Hatta, Kahori Tsuruoka, Yasunada Takeda, Atsushi Araki & Hirohito Sone. (2023) Impact of a history of cardiovascular disease and physical activity habits on the incidence of functional disability. Scientific Reports 13:1.
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Tatsuya Igarashi, Yuta Tani, Ren Takeda & Tomoyuki Asakura. (2023) Minimal detectable change in inertial measurement unit-based trunk acceleration indices during gait in inpatients with subacute stroke. Scientific Reports 13:1.
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Elizabeth Whyte, Scott Thomas & Susan Marzolini. (2023) Muscle oxygenation of the paretic and nonparetic legs during and after exercise in chronic stroke: Implications for mobility. PM&R 15:10, pages 1239-1248.
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Dongheon Kang, Jiyoung Park & Seon-Deok Eun. (2023) Protocol for Community-Based Exercise Training after Discharge from Hospital-Based Stroke Rehabilitation: A Multicenter, Randomized, Parallel-Group, Double-Blind Controlled Pilot and Feasibility Trial. Healthcare 11:16, pages 2275.
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Preeti Raghavan. (2023) Top-Down and Bottom-Up Mechanisms of Motor Recovery Poststroke. Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America.
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Ilse J. Blokland, Floor P. Groot, Nadine H.G. Logt, Coen A.M. van Bennekom, Jos J. de Koning, Jaap H. van Dieen & Han Houdijk. (2023) Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Individuals Post-stroke: Reference Values and Determinants. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation.
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Thalia Lapointe, Julie Houle, Ying-Tung Sia, Marika Payette & François Trudeau. (2023) Addition of high-intensity interval training to a moderate intensity continuous training cardiovascular rehabilitation program after ischemic cerebrovascular disease: A randomized controlled trial. Frontiers in Neurology 13.
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Tatsuya Igarashi, Yuta Tani, Ren Takeda & Tomoyuki Asakura. (2023) Relationship between gait regularity and harmony, and gait speed at discharge in inpatients with subacute stroke. Journal of Physical Therapy Science 35:1, pages 40-45.
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Shohei Araki, Yoshi-ichiro Kamijo, Chika Sato, Yuta Sakurai, Kota Murai, Izumi Yoshioka, Takahiro Ogawa, Yasunori Umemoto, Yukihide Nishimura & Fumihiro Tajima. (2023) Total Hemoglobin Mass Correlates with Peak Oxygen Consumption in Patients with Chronic Stroke. Cerebrovascular Diseases 52:1, pages 75-80.
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Jean Michelle Legasto-Mulvale, Elizabeth L. Inness, Alexandra N. Thompson, Nivetha Chandran, Sunita Mathur & Nancy M. Salbach. (2023) Adverse Events During Submaximal Aerobic Exercise Testing in People With Subacute Stroke: A Scoping Review. Journal of Neurologic Physical Therapy Publish Ahead of Print.
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Sarah A. Moore, Pierce Boyne, George Fulk, Geert Verheyden & Natalie A. Fini. (2022) Walk the Talk: Current Evidence for Walking Recovery After Stroke, Future Pathways and a Mission for Research and Clinical Practice. Stroke 53:11, pages 3494-3505.
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Maxence Compagnat, Stéphane Mandigout, Anaick Perrochon, Jean Yves Salle & Jean Christophe Daviet. (2022) The impact of the energy cost of walking on the quality of life of post-stroke individuals: A one-year longitudinal study. Disability and Health Journal 15:4, pages 101345.
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Fang Liu, Alice Y. M. Jones, Raymond C. C. Tsang, Fubing Zha, Mingchao Zhou, Kaiwen Xue, Zeyu Zhang & Yulong Wang. (2022) Stroke volume and cardiac output during 6 minute-walk tests are strong predictors of maximal oxygen uptake in people after stroke. PLOS ONE 17:8, pages e0273794.
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Mukesh Soni, Tissa Wijeratne & David Ackland. (2022) Cadence Feedback and Video-Based Engagement Improves Motivation and Performance during Pedalling in Stroke Patients. Applied Sciences 12:14, pages 7281.
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Toby Elery, Emma Reznick, Staci Shearin, Karen McCain & Robert D. Gregg. (2022) Design and Initial Validation of a Multiple Degree-of-Freedom Joint for an Ankle-Foot Orthosis. Journal of Medical Devices 16:2.
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Siyao Hu, Krista Fjeld, Erin V. Vasudevan & Katherine J. Kuchenbecker. (2021) A Brake-Based Overground Gait Rehabilitation Device for Altering Propulsion Impulse Symmetry. Sensors 21:19, pages 6617.
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Alyssa D. Stookey, Richard F. Macko, Frederick M. Ivey & Leslie I. Katzel. (2021) Evaluating Test-Retest Reliability of Fatigability in Chronic Stroke. Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases 30:9, pages 105895.
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Ilse Blokland, Arianne Gravesteijn, Matthijs Busse, Floor Groot, Coen van Bennekom, Jaap van Dieen, Jos de Koning & Han Houdijk. (2021) The relationship between relative aerobic load, energy cost, and speed of walking in individuals post-stroke. Gait & Posture 89, pages 193-199.
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Maxence Compagnat, Stéphane Mandigout, Anaick Perrochon, Justine Lacroix, Nicolas Vuillerme, Jean Yves Salle & Jean Christophe Daviet. (2021) The Functional Independence of Patients With Stroke Sequelae: How Important Is the Speed, Oxygen Consumption, and Energy Cost of Walking?. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 102:8, pages 1499-1506.
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Matthew W. McDonald, Matthew S. Jeffers, Lama Issa, Anthony Carter, Allyson Ripley, Lydia M. Kuhl, Cameron Morse, Cesar H. Comin, Bernard J. Jasmin, Baptiste Lacoste & Dale Corbett. (2021) An Exercise Mimetic Approach to Reduce Poststroke Deconditioning and Enhance Stroke Recovery. Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair 35:6, pages 471-485.
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Seung-Hwan Jung, Eunhee Park, Ju-Hyun Kim, Bi-Ang Park, Ja-Won Yu, Ae-Ryoung Kim & Tae-Du Jung. (2021) Effects of Self RehAbilitation Video Exercises (SAVE) on Functional Restorations in Patients with Subacute Stroke. Healthcare 9:5, pages 565.
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Olive Lennon, Patricia Hall & Catherine Blake. (2021) Predictors of Adherence to Lifestyle Recommendations in Stroke Secondary Prevention. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18:9, pages 4666.
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Ryan R. Bailey & Jennifer L. Stevenson. (2021) How Adults With Stroke Conceptualize Physical Activity: An Exploratory Qualitative Study. The American Journal of Occupational Therapy 75:2.
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Hong Leng, Shuyuan Li, Huimin Zhao, Yan Song & Qing Yuan. (2020) Planning for Supportive Green Spaces in the Winter City of China: Linking Exercise of Elderly Residents and Exercise Prescription for Cardiovascular Health. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17:16, pages 5762.
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Kevin Moncion, Louis Biasin, David Jagroop, Mark Bayley, Cynthia Danells, Avril Mansfield, Nancy M. Salbach, Elizabeth Inness & Ada Tang. (2020) Barriers and Facilitators to Aerobic Exercise Implementation in Stroke Rehabilitation: A Scoping Review. Journal of Neurologic Physical Therapy 44:3, pages 179-187.
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Jelena Toma, Brittany Hammond, Vito Chan, Alex Peacocke, Baharak Salehi, Prateek Jhingan, Dina Brooks, Andrée-Anne Hébert & Susan Marzolini. (2020) Inclusion of People Poststroke in Cardiac Rehabilitation Programs in Canada: A Missed Opportunity for Referral. CJC Open 2:4, pages 195-206.
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Shamala Thilarajah, Kelly J Bower, Yong-Hao Pua, Dawn Tan, Gavin Williams, Ashfaq Larik, Chek-Wai Bok, Gerald Koh & Ross A Clark. (2020) Modifiable Factors Associated With Poststroke Physical Activity at Discharge From Rehabilitation: Prospective Cohort Study. Physical Therapy 100:5, pages 818-828.
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Qi-feng Peng, Jie Zhou & Heng Jiang. (2019) Effect of Community Exercise for Patients with Stroke: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Physikalische Medizin, Rehabilitationsmedizin, Kurortmedizin 30:02, pages 80-85.
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Josiela Cristina da Silva Rodrigues, Gustavo José Luvizutto, Rafael Dalle Molle da Costa, Robson Aparecido Prudente, Taís Regina da Silva, Juli Thomaz de Souza, Caroline Ferreira da Silva Mazeto P da Silveira, Daniele Andreza Antonelli Rossi, Fernanda Cristina Winckler, Gabriel Pinheiro Modolo, Tainá Fabri Carneiro Valadão, Letícia Cláudia de Oliveira Antunes, Luis Cuadrado Martin, Rodrigo Bazan & Silméia Garcia Zanati Bazan. (2019) Influence of an exercise program on cardiac remodeling and functional capacity in patients with stroke (CRONuS trial): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 20:1.
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Kazuaki Oyake, Yasuto Baba, Nao Ito, Yuki Suda, Jun Murayama, Ayumi Mochida, Kunitsugu Kondo, Yohei Otaka & Kimito Momose. (2019) Cardiorespiratory factors related to the increase in oxygen consumption during exercise in individuals with stroke. PLOS ONE 14:10, pages e0217453.
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Jessica L. Kelleher, Paul Weiss, Amy D. Rodriguez, Joe R. Nocera & Monica C. Serra. (2019) Self-Reported Body Weight Changes, Perceptions, and Weight Loss Techniques among Stroke Survivors. Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases 28:5, pages 1317-1322.
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Hélio Mamoru Yoshida, Júlia Barreira & Paula Teixeira Fernandes. (2019) Habilidade motora, sintomas depressivos e função cognitiva em pacientes pós-AVC. Fisioterapia e Pesquisa 26:1, pages 9-14.
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Jannette Maree Blennerhassett, Cristina Emma Levy, Alexandra Mackintosh, Alyssa Yong & Jennifer L McGinley. (2018) One-Quarter of People Leave Inpatient Stroke Rehabilitation with Physical Capacity for Community Ambulation. Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases 27:12, pages 3404-3410.
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Anna Holubová & Markéta Janatová. (2018) USE OF DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES FOR THERAPY OF PATIENTS AFTER STROKE. Listy klinické logopedie 2:2, pages 32-36.
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Lorna Paul, Evan Campbell, Cindy Gray, Stephen Brewster, Andrew Ramsay, Jason M.R. Gill, Angus McFadyen & Aleksandra Dybus. (2018) Increasing physical activity in stroke survivors using STARFISH, an interactive smartphone application: Protocol for a randomised controlled trial. Technology and Disability 30:1-2, pages 77-82.
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Eun Young Han & Sang Hee Im. (2018) Effects of a 6-Week Aquatic Treadmill Exercise Program on Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Walking Endurance in Subacute Stroke Patients. Journal of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation and Prevention 38:5, pages 314-319.
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A. Lista-Paz. (2018) La rehabilitación cardiorrespiratoria tras un ictus: hacia un nuevo paradigma. Fisioterapia 40:5, pages 223-225.
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Megan Lloyd, Dawn A. Skelton, Gillian E. Mead, Brian Williams & Frederike van Wijck. (2018) Physical fitness interventions for nonambulatory stroke survivors: A mixed-methods systematic review and meta-analysis. Brain and Behavior 8:7, pages e01000.
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Sandra A. Billinger, Jason-Flor V. Sisante, Alicen A. Whitaker & Michael G. Abraham. (2018) Time Course of Flow-Mediated Dilation and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor following Acute Stroke. Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases 27:4, pages 957-962.
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STACEY E. AARON, CATHERINE J. VANDERWERKER, AARON E. EMBRY, JENNIFER H. NEWTON, SAMUEL C. K. LEE & CHRIS M. GREGORY. (2018) FES-assisted Cycling Improves Aerobic Capacity and Locomotor Function Postcerebrovascular Accident. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 50:3, pages 400-406.
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Ryan R. Bailey. (2016) Lifestyle Modification for Secondary Stroke Prevention. American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine 12:2, pages 140-147.
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Susan Marzolini, Dina Brooks, Paul Oh, David Jagroop, Bradley J. MacIntosh, Nicole D. Anderson, David Alter & Dale Corbett. (2018) Aerobic With Resistance Training or Aerobic Training Alone Poststroke: A Secondary Analysis From a Randomized Clinical Trial. Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair 32:3, pages 209-222.
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Sunil Munakomi. 2018. Muscle Atrophy. Muscle Atrophy 593 601 .
Jin Shin & Yijung Chung. (2017) Influence of visual feedback and rhythmic auditory cue on walking of chronic stroke patient induced by treadmill walking in real-time basis. NeuroRehabilitation 41:2, pages 445-452.
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Nicola Clague-Baker, Christine Carpenter, Thompson Robinson, Annegret Hagenberg, Sophie Drewry & Sally Singh. (2017) A qualitative study exploring patients', with mild to moderate stroke, and their carers' perceptions of healthy lifestyles. International Journal of Therapy and Rehabilitation 24:9, pages 375-384.
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Yu‐Shan Wang, Bo Liu, Yan Jiang, Zhong‐Hua Liu & Hua Yao. (2017) Stroke screening and health‐related physical fitness testing in medical staff members in Urumqi, China. Chronic Diseases and Translational Medicine 3:2, pages 129-134.
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Hae Young Min, Shin-Jeong Kim & Haeryun Cho. (2017) Effects of an Adolescent Obesity Management Educational Program on Middle and High School Teachers in South Korea. Asian Nursing Research 11:2, pages 84-91.
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Dianne L Marsden, Ashlee Dunn, Robin Callister, Patrick McElduff, Christopher R Levi & Neil J Spratt. (2017) Interval circuit training for cardiorespiratory fitness is feasible for people after stroke. International Journal of Therapy and Rehabilitation 24:5, pages 190-202.
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Yong Ki Lee, Bo Ryun Kim & Eun Young Han. (2017) Peak Cardiorespiratory Responses of Patients with Subacute Stroke During Land and Aquatic Treadmill Exercise. American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation 96:5, pages 289-293.
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Frederick M. Ivey, Steven J. Prior, Charlene E. Hafer-Macko, Leslie I. Katzel, Richard F. Macko & Alice S. Ryan. (2017) Strength Training for Skeletal Muscle Endurance after Stroke. Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases 26:4, pages 787-794.
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So Young Lee, Eun Young Han, Bo Ryun Kim, Min Ho Chun & Yong Ki Lee. (2017) Can Lowering the Guidance Force of Robot-Assisted Gait Training Induce a Sufficient Metabolic Demand in Subacute Dependent Ambulatory Patients With Stroke?. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 98:4, pages 695-700.
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Kazuaki Oyake, Tomofumi Yamaguchi, Chihiro Oda, Daisuke Kudo, Kunitsugu Kondo, Yohei Otaka & Kimito Momose. (2017) Unilateral Arm Crank Exercise Test for Assessing Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Individuals with Hemiparetic Stroke. BioMed Research International 2017, pages 1-10.
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Jacqueline Outermans, Jan Pool, Ingrid van de Port, Japie Bakers & Harriet Wittink. (2016) What’s keeping people after stroke from walking outdoors to become physically active? A qualitative study, using an integrated biomedical and behavioral theory of functioning and disability. BMC Neurology 16:1.
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Eun Young Han, Sang Hee Im, Bo Ryun Kim, Min Ji Seo & Myeong Ok Kim. (2016) Robot-assisted gait training improves brachial–ankle pulse wave velocity and peak aerobic capacity in subacute stroke patients with totally dependent ambulation. Medicine 95:41, pages e5078.
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Dianne Lesley Marsden, Ashlee Dunn, Robin Callister, Patrick McElduff, Christopher Royce Levi & Neil James Spratt. (2016) A Home- and Community-Based Physical Activity Program Can Improve the Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Walking Capacity of Stroke Survivors. Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases 25:10, pages 2386-2398.
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Annabelle Constans, Caroline Pin-barre, Jean-Jacques Temprado, Patrick Decherchi & Jérôme Laurin. (2016) Influence of Aerobic Training and Combinations of Interventions on Cognition and Neuroplasticity after Stroke. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience 8.
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Kaare Severinsen, Ulrik Dalgas, Kristian Overgaard, Asger R. Pedersen, Niels øRtenblad, Caroline Lund, Johannes K. Jakobsen & Henning Andersen. (2016) Skeletal muscle fiber characteristics and oxidative capacity in hemiparetic stroke survivors. Muscle & Nerve 53:5, pages 748-754.
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Ryan R. Bailey. (2016) Potential Moderating Role of Upper Extremity Activity on Metabolic Effects of Sedentary Behavior in People With Stroke. Physical Therapy 96:1, pages 122-123.
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Avril Mansfield, Svetlana Knorr, Vivien Poon, Elizabeth L. Inness, Laura Middleton, Louis Biasin, Karen Brunton, Jo-Anne Howe & Dina Brooks. (2016) Promoting Optimal Physical Exercise for Life: An Exercise and Self-Management Program to Encourage Participation in Physical Activity after Discharge from Stroke Rehabilitation—A Feasibility Study. Stroke Research and Treatment 2016, pages 1-10.
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Frederick M. Ivey, Alyssa D. Stookey, Charlene E. Hafer-Macko, Alice S. Ryan & Richard F. Macko. (2015) Higher Treadmill Training Intensity to Address Functional Aerobic Impairment after Stroke. Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases 24:11, pages 2539-2546.
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Jason-Flor V. Sisante, Anna E. Mattlage, Ross Arena, Michael A. Rippee & Sandra A. Billinger. (2015) Decreased Tidal Volume May Limit Cardiopulmonary Performance During Exercise in Subacute Stroke. Journal of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation and Prevention 35:5, pages 334-341.
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Sarah A. Moore, Kate Hallsworth, Djordje G. Jakovljevic, Andrew M. Blamire, Jiabao He, Gary A. Ford, Lynn Rochester & Michael I. Trenell. (2014) Effects of Community Exercise Therapy on Metabolic, Brain, Physical, and Cognitive Function Following Stroke. Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair 29:7, pages 623-635.
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Oliver Stoller, Eling D de Bruin, Ruud H Knols & Kenneth J Hunt. (2012) Effects of cardiovascular exercise early after stroke: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Neurology 12:1.
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Sandra A. Billinger, Anna E. Mattlage, Abigail L. Ashenden, Angela A. Lentz, Gabe Harter & Michael A. Rippee. (2012) Aerobic Exercise in Subacute Stroke Improves Cardiovascular Health and Physical Performance. Journal of Neurologic Physical Therapy 36:4, pages 159-165.
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Fahria B.A. Rahman, Alice Y.M. Jones & Marco Y.C. Pang. (2012) Oxygen consumption and peak heart rate in stroke patients during the completion of the Modified Rivermead Mobility Index (MRMI). Hong Kong Physiotherapy Journal 30:2, pages 76-82.
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Hisashi Takahashi, Naoyuki Himi, Katsushi Kuniyasu & Tomoshige Koga. (2012) Changes in the Lactate Threshold During Treadmill Exercise After Microsphere-Induced Infarction in Rats. Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases 21:8, pages 647-651.
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