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Fusion Technology Volume 32, 1997 - Issue 1
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Technical Paper

Review of in Situ Boronization in Contemporary Tokamaks

Oleg I. BuzhinskijTroitsk Institute for Innovation and Fusion Research Troitsk, 142092, Moscow reg., Russia
&
Yuri M. SemenetsTroitsk Institute for Innovation and Fusion Research Troitsk, 142092, Moscow reg., Russia
Pages 1-13 | Published online: 09 May 2017

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L. B. Begrambekov & O. I. Buzhinskij. (2007) Features and advantages of boron carbide as a protective coating of the tokamak first wall. Plasma Devices and Operations 15:3, pages 193-199.
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P. K. Mioduszewski, L. W. Owen, D. A. Spong, M. E. Fenstermacher, A. E. Koniges, T. D. Rognlien, M. V. Umansky, A. Grossman & H. W. Kugel. (2007) Power and Particle Handling and Wall Conditioning in NCSX. Fusion Science and Technology 51:2, pages 238-260.
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Articles from other publishers (35)

L. Yang & B.D. Wirth. (2023) Surface stability and H adsorption and diffusion near surfaces of W borides: a first-principles study. Nuclear Fusion 63:6, pages 066002.
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Aaditya Rau, Sierra Jubin, Joseph R. Vella & Igor D. Kaganovich. (2022) Simulations of graphite boronization: A molecular dynamics study of amorphization resulting from bombardment. Frontiers in Physics 10.
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G. Bodner, A. Gallo, A. Diallo, R. Lunsford, Ph. Moreau, A. Nagy, F.-P. Pellissier, C. Guillemaut, J.P. Gunn, C. Bourdelle, C. Desgranges, P. Manas, A. Bortolon, C.C. Klepper, E. Tsitrone, E.A. Unterberg, L. Vermare & the WEST Team. (2022) Initial results from boron powder injection experiments in WEST lower single null L-mode plasmas. Nuclear Fusion 62:8, pages 086020.
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R. Lunsford, S. Masuzaki, F. Nespoli, N. Ashikawa, E.P. Gilson, D.A. Gates, K. Ida, G. Kawamura, T. Morisaki, A. Nagy, T. Oishi, M. Shoji, C. Suzuki & M. Yoshinuma. (2022) Real-time wall conditioning and recycling modification utilizing boron and boron nitride powder injections into the Large Helical Device. Nuclear Fusion 62:8, pages 086021.
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L. Yang & B.D. Wirth. (2022) Energetics of intrinsic point defects and hydrogen in tungsten borides: a first-principles study. Nuclear Fusion 62:8, pages 086013.
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E.P. Gilson, H.H. Lee, A. Bortolon, W. Choe, A. Diallo, S.H. Hong, H.M. Lee, J. Lee, R. Maingi, D.K. Mansfield, A. Nagy, S.H. Park, I.W. Song, J.I. Song, S.W. Yun, S.W. Yoon & R. Nazikian. (2021) Wall conditioning and ELM mitigation with boron nitride powder injection in KSTAR. Nuclear Materials and Energy 28, pages 101043.
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Xiaorang Tian, Chuizhou Meng, Xin Zhao, Bing Liu, Guanchao Zhao, Ge Nie, Guoyun Yang, Guosong Zhang & Peide Han. (2021) Influence of material type and surface roughness of substrate on boronization and its performance. Vacuum 187, pages 110091.
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A N Karpikov, A S Larionov, S B Kislitsin, I I Chernov, M S Staltsov, A S Dikov & S O AkaeV. (2020) Ion implantation of helium and hydrogen in boron coatings. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1005:1, pages 012005.
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A. Bortolon, R. Maingi, A. Nagy, J. Ren, J.D. Duran, A. Maan, D.C. Donovan, J.A. Boedo, D.L. Rudakov, A.W. Hyatt, T.W. Wilks, M.W. Shafer, C.M. Samuell, M.E. Fenstermacher, E.P. Gilson, R. Lunsford, D.K. Mansfield, T. Abrams & R. Nazikian. (2020) Observations of wall conditioning by means of boron powder injection in DIII-D H-mode plasmas. Nuclear Fusion 60:12, pages 126010.
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D. Cai, W. Blanchard & M. Cropper. (2020) Wall Conditioning Systems for the NSTX-U Fusion Device. IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science 48:6, pages 1591-1597.
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Amit K. Singh, Santanu Banerjee, I. Bandyopadhyay, R. Srinivasan, U. C. Nagora, Jayesh Raval & K. Tahiliani. (2020) Parameter space validation through OOPS simulations of plasma burnthrough and discharge evolution in the SST-1 tokamak. Physics of Plasmas 27:4.
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Robert Kaita. (2019) Fusion applications for lithium: wall conditioning in magnetic confinement devices. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 61:11, pages 113001.
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A. Bortolon, V. Rohde, R. Maingi, E. Wolfrum, R. Dux, A. Herrmann, R. Lunsford, R.M. McDermott, A. Nagy, A. Kallenbach, D.K. Mansfield, R. Nazikian & R. Neu. (2019) Real-time wall conditioning by controlled injection of boron and boron nitride powder in full tungsten wall ASDEX Upgrade. Nuclear Materials and Energy 19, pages 384-389.
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F. Bedoya, J. P. Allain, F. J. Dominguez-Gutierrez & P. S. Krstic. (2019) Effect of deuterium irradiation on graphite boronized in the NSTX-U tokamak. Scientific Reports 9:1.
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F. Bedoya, J.P. Allain, F. Scotti, B. LaBombard, R. Kaita & P.S. Krstic. (2018) Effect of boronization on plasma-facing graphite surfaces and its correlation with the plasma behavior in NSTX-U. Nuclear Materials and Energy 17, pages 211-216.
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P.S. Krstic, J.P. Allain, F.J. Dominguez-Gutierrez & F. Bedoya. (2018) Unraveling the surface chemistry processes in lithiated and boronized plasma material interfaces under extreme conditions. Matter and Radiation at Extremes 3:4, pages 165-187.
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F. Bedoya, J.P. Allain, R. Kaita, C.H. Skinner, B.E. Koel & F. Scotti. (2017) Initial studies of plasma facing component surface conditioning in the national spherical tokamak experiment upgrade with the materials analysis particle probe. Nuclear Materials and Energy 12, pages 1248-1252.
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F.J. Domínguez-Gutiérrez, F. Bedoya, P.S. Krstic, J.P. Allain, A.L. Neff & K. Luitjohan. (2017) Studies of lithiumization and boronization of ATJ graphite PFCs in NSTX-U. Nuclear Materials and Energy 12, pages 334-340.
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C. H Skinner, F. Bedoya, F. Scotti, J.P. Allain, W. Blanchard, D. Cai, M. Jaworski & B.E. Koel. (2017) Advances in boronization on NSTX-Upgrade. Nuclear Materials and Energy 12, pages 744-748.
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O.I. Buzhinskij, V.A. Barsuk, V.P. Logvinenko, A.I. Mescheryakov & V.G. Otroshchenko. (2011) Renewable first wall coatings in operating plasma devices. Journal of Nuclear Materials 417:1-3, pages 586-591.
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O.I. Buzhinskij, V.A. Barsuk & V.G. Otroshchenko. (2010) Renewed first wall coating in plasma shots at the T-11M tokamak. Fusion Engineering and Design 85:7-9, pages 1615-1617.
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D. Tafalla, F.L. Tabares & J.A. Ferreira. (2010) Wall conditioning strategies in the stellarator TJ-II. Fusion Engineering and Design 85:6, pages 915-918.
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O. I. Buzhinskij & V. G. Otroshchenko. 2011. Boron Rich Solids. Boron Rich Solids 227 235 .
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W P West, M Groth, A W Hyatt, G L Jackson, M R Wade, C M Greenfield & P A Politzer. (2009) The maintenance of good wall conditions and high performance operation on DIII-D over extended periods without boronization. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 51:5, pages 055014.
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F. J. Gordillo-Vázquez, V. J. Herrero & I. Tanarro. (2007) From Carbon Nanostructures to New Photoluminescence Sources: An Overview of New Perspectives and Emerging Applications of Low-Pressure PECVD. Chemical Vapor Deposition 13:6-7, pages 267-279.
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J.A. Ferreira, F.L. Tabarés & D. Tafalla. (2007) Alternative cleaning technique for the removal of carbon deposits. Journal of Nuclear Materials 363-365, pages 888-892.
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L.G. Jacobsohn, R.K. Schulze, M.E.H. Maia da Costa & M. Nastasi. (2004) X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy investigation of boron carbide films deposited by sputtering. Surface Science 572:2-3, pages 418-424.
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H. Kawashima, S. Sengoku, K. Tsuzuki, H. Ogawa & H. Kimura. (2003) Characteristics of boundary plasmas after the removal of divertor baffle plates and boronization on JFT-2M. Journal of Nuclear Materials 313-316, pages 1338-1342.
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O.I. Buzhinskij, V.G. Otroshchenko, D.G. Whyte, M. Baldwin, R.W. Conn, R.P. Doerner, R. Seraydarian, S. Luckhardt, H. Kugel & W.P. West. (2003) Plasma deposition of boron films with high growth rate and efficiency using carborane. Journal of Nuclear Materials 313-316, pages 214-218.
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D.N. Hill, R.D. Wood, R. Bulmer, H.S. McLean, D. Ryutov, B.W. Stallard & S. Woodruff. (2003) Wall conditioning and power balance for spheromak plasmas in SSPX. Journal of Nuclear Materials 313-316, pages 941-946.
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C.H Skinner, H.W Kugel, R Maingi, W.R Wampler, W Blanchard, M.G Bell, R.E Bell, D.A Gates, S.M Kaye, P LaMarche, B.P LeBlanc, J.E Menard, D Mueller, H.K Na, N Nishino, F Paoletti, S.F Paul, S.A Sabbagh, V.A Soukhanovskii & D Stutman. (2002) Effect of boronization on ohmic plasmas in NSTX. Nuclear Fusion 42:3, pages 329-332.
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Zeng Min, Zhang Xiao-dong, Gu Xue-mao & HT-7 PSI group. (2000) XPS Analysis of α-B/C:H film Deposited by ICRF Boronization. Plasma Science and Technology 2:3, pages 317-322.
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F.L Tabarés. (1999) Gas sources in fusion devices. Vacuum 52:1-2, pages 11-18.
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