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Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy Volume 10, 2009 - Issue 7
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Treatment strategies for Legionella infection

M Luisa Pedro-Botet Professor of Medicine Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain
, MD &
Victor L Yu Special Pathogens Laboratory, 1401 Forbes Avenue, Suite 207, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA +1 412 434 8488; +1 412 281 7445; [email protected]; University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
, MD
Pages 1109-1121 | Published online: 30 Apr 2009

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Jose Garnacho-Montero, Irene Barrero-García, Maria de Gracia Gómez-Prieto & Ignacio Martín-Loeches. (2018) Severe community-acquired pneumonia: current management and future therapeutic alternatives. Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy 16:9, pages 667-677.
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Gary G. Schwartz & Marilyn G. Klug. (2016) Motor neuron disease mortality rates in U.S. states are associated with well water use. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Frontotemporal Degeneration 17:7-8, pages 528-534.
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Kirsi Valve, Annikki Vaalasti, Veli-Jukka Anttila & Risto Vuento. (2010) Disseminated Legionella pneumophila infection in an immunocompromised patient treated with tigecycline. Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases 42:2, pages 152-155.
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Articles from other publishers (41)

Lorry G. Rubin. 2023. Principles and Practice of Pediatric Infectious Diseases. Principles and Practice of Pediatric Infectious Diseases 967 970.e2 .
Pengxiang Zhou, Xiaoling Wang, Xianglin Zhang, Baoping Xu, Xiaomei Tong, Wei Zhou, Kunling Shen & Suodi Zhai. (2021) Recommendations on off‐label use of intravenous azithromycin in children. International Journal of Clinical Practice 75:7.
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Edward Portal, Kirsty Sands, Artjoms Portnojs, Victoria J Chalker & Owen B Spiller. (2021) Legionella antimicrobial sensitivity testing: comparison of microbroth dilution with BCYE and LASARUS solid media . Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 76:5, pages 1197-1204.
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Alexandre Duprey & Eduardo A. Groisman. (2020) DNA supercoiling differences in bacteria result from disparate DNA gyrase activation by polyamines. PLOS Genetics 16:10, pages e1009085.
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Abdelwahid AssaidiMostafa ElloualiHassan LatracheMohammed TiminouniHafida ZahirAbdelaziz KaroumiAbouddihaj BarguiguaEl Mostafa Mliji. (2020) Antimicrobial Susceptibility Patterns of Legionella spp. Strains Isolated from Water Systems in Morocco . Microbial Drug Resistance 26:8, pages 991-996.
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Yehonatan Sharaby, Orna Nitzan, Ingrid Brettar, Manfred G. Höfle, Avi Peretz & Malka Halpern. (2019) Antimicrobial agent susceptibilities of Legionella pneumophila MLVA-8 genotypes. Scientific Reports 9:1.
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Ioanna Alexandropoulou, Theodoros Parasidis, Theocharis Konstantinidis, Maria Panopoulou & Theodoros Constantinidis. (2019) A Proactive Environmental Approach for Preventing Legionellosis in Infants: Water Sampling and Antibiotic Resistance Monitoring, a 3-Years Survey Program. Healthcare 7:1, pages 39.
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Maria N. Chitasombat, Natta Ratchatanawin & Yingluck Visessiri. (2018) Disseminated extrapulmonary Legionella pneumophila infection presenting with panniculitis: case report and literature review. BMC Infectious Diseases 18:1.
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S. Verykiou, C. Goodhead, G. Parry & S. Meggitt. (2018) Legionella feeleii : an unusual organism associated with cutaneous infection in an immunocompromised patient . Clinical and Experimental Dermatology 43:3, pages 300-302.
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Lorry G. Rubin. 2018. Principles and Practice of Pediatric Infectious Diseases. Principles and Practice of Pediatric Infectious Diseases 948 952.e1 .
Deepika Slawek, Diana Altshuler, Yanina Dubrovskaya & Eddie Louie. (2017) Tigecycline as a Second-Line Agent for Legionnaires’ Disease in Severely Ill Patients. Open Forum Infectious Diseases 4:4.
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Yael Shachor-Meyouhas, Sarit Ravid, Suheir Hanna, Karin Yaacoby-Bianu & Imad Kassis. (2017) Legionella pneumophila Pneumonia in Two Infants Treated with Adrenocorticotropic Hormone. The Journal of Pediatrics 186, pages 186-188.e1.
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Rhoikos Furtwängler, Uwe Schlotthauer, Barbara Gärtner, Norbert Graf & Arne Simon. (2017) Nosocomial legionellosis and invasive aspergillosis in a child with T-lymphoblastic leukemia. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health 220:5, pages 900-905.
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John L. Brusch. (2017) Legionnaire's Disease. Infectious Disease Clinics of North America 31:1, pages 69-80.
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Stephanie Cargnelli, Jeff Powis & Jennifer L. Y. Tsang. (2016) Legionella pneumonia in the Niagara Region, Ontario, Canada: a case series. Journal of Medical Case Reports 10:1.
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Shobini Sivagnanam & Steven A Pergam. (2016) Legionellosis in Transplantation. Current Infectious Disease Reports 18:3.
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Burke A Cunha, Almudena Burillo & Emilio Bouza. (2016) Legionnaires' disease. The Lancet 387:10016, pages 376-385.
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Andrea Moscatelli, Silvia Buratti, Elio Castagnola, Alessio Mesini & Pietro Tuo. (2015) Severe Neonatal Legionella Pneumonia: Full Recovery After Extracorporeal Life Support . Pediatrics 136:4, pages e1043-e1046.
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Lubana Shadoud, Iyad Almahmoud, Sophie Jarraud, Jérôme Etienne, Sylvie Larrat, Carole Schwebel, Jean-François Timsit, Dominique Schneider & Max Maurin. (2015) Hidden Selection of Bacterial Resistance to Fluoroquinolones In Vivo: The Case of Legionella pneumophila and Humans. EBioMedicine 2:9, pages 1179-1185.
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Burke A. Cunha, Sigridh Munoz-Gomez, Arthur Gran, Muhammad Raza & Nadia Irshad. (2015) Persistent Legionnaire's disease in an adult with hairy cell leukemia successfully treated with prolonged levofloxacin therapy. Heart & Lung 44:4, pages 360-362.
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Hayley B. Gershengorn, Adam Keene, Amy L. Dzierba & Hannah Wunsch. (2015) The Association of Antibiotic Treatment Regimen and Hospital Mortality in Patients Hospitalized With Legionella Pneumonia. Clinical Infectious Diseases 60:11, pages e66-e79.
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Paul H. Edelstein & Craig R. Roy. 2015. Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases. Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases 2633 2644.e6 .
Robert Eison. (2014) Legionella Pneumonia: When to Suspect, Diagnostic Considerations, and Treatment Strategies for Hospital-Based Clinicians. Current Emergency and Hospital Medicine Reports 2:4, pages 205-213.
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C. Burdet, R. Lepeule, X. Duval, M. Caseris, C. Rioux, J.-C. Lucet & Y. Yazdanpanah. (2014) Quinolones versus macrolides in the treatment of legionellosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 69:9, pages 2354-2360.
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L.J. Padrnos, J.E. Blair, S. Kusne, D.J. DiCaudo & J.R. Mikhael. (2014) Cutaneous legionellosis: case report and review of the medical literature. Transplant Infectious Disease 16:2, pages 307-314.
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I. García del Valle & E. Martínez Alfaro. (2014) Infecciones por Legionella. Medicine - Programa de Formación Médica Continuada Acreditado 11:52, pages 3063-3067.
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J. F. Irons, M. J. G. Dunn, K. Kefala, S. Thorn, F. Lakha, D. Caesar, D. D. Cameron, D. McCormick, A. McCallum, K. O. Helgason, I. F. Laurenson, R. L. Paterson, A. Greening, M. Fried, A. T. Hill, M. Hanson & M. A. Gillies. (2013) The effect of a large Legionnaires' disease outbreak in Southwest Edinburgh on acute and critical care services. QJM 106:12, pages 1087-1094.
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L. Gomez Valero, C. Rusniok & C. Buchrieser. 2012. Genome Plasticity and Infectious Diseases. Genome Plasticity and Infectious Diseases 58 83 .
Lorry G. Rubin. 2012. Principles and Practice of Pediatric Infectious Diseases. Principles and Practice of Pediatric Infectious Diseases 922 925.e2 .
Thomas J. Marrie. 2012. Goldman's Cecil Medicine. Goldman's Cecil Medicine 1903 1906 .
Thomas J MarrieMichael R JacobsThomas M File. 2011. Primary Care Management of Community-Acquired Pneumonia. Primary Care Management of Community-Acquired Pneumonia 56 69 .
Andrea Mencarelli, Eleonora Distrutti, Barbara Renga, Sabrina Cipriani, Giuseppe Palladino, Catherine Booth, Gregory Tudor, Jan-Hinrich Guse, Ulrike Hahn, Micheal Burnet & Stefano Fiorucci. (2011) Development of non-antibiotic macrolide that corrects inflammation-driven immune dysfunction in models of inflammatory bowel diseases and arthritis. European Journal of Pharmacology 665:1-3, pages 29-39.
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Cyril Guyard & Donald E. Low. (2011) Legionella infections and travel associated legionellosis. Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease 9:4, pages 176-186.
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Takafumi Sato, Kazuhiro Tateda, Soichiro Kimura, Yoshikazu Ishii & Keizo Yamaguchi. (2011) In Vitro Intracellular Activity and In Vivo Efficacy of Modithromycin, a Novel Bicyclolide, against Legionella pneumophila . Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 55:4, pages 1594-1597.
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Moises A. Huaman, Angel Coz-Yataco, Hiren Pokharna, Lisa Stagner & Marcus J. Zervos. (2011) Severe Case of Legionella pneumophila Pneumonia in the Debut of Hairy Cell Leukemia. Infectious Diseases in Clinical Practice 19:1, pages 64-67.
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Marc O. Siegel, Daniel P. Fedorko, Steven K. Drake, Leslie B. Calhoun & Steven M. Holland. (2010) Legionella feeleii Serotype 2 Pneumonia in a Man with Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia: a Challenging Diagnosis . Journal of Clinical Microbiology 48:6, pages 2294-2297.
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F. Marcos Sánchez, M. Izusqui Mendoza, M. González Rubio & M.I. Albo Castaño. (2010) Infecciones por Legionella. Medicine - Programa de Formación Médica Continuada Acreditado 10:56, pages 3830-3836.
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Jordi Carratalà & Carolina Garcia-Vidal. (2010) An update on Legionella. Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases 23:2, pages 152-157.
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Burke A. Cunha. (2010) Preface. Infectious Disease Clinics of North America 24:1, pages xiii-xvii.
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Burke A. Cunha. (2010) Legionnaires' Disease: Clinical Differentiation from Typical and Other Atypical Pneumonias. Infectious Disease Clinics of North America 24:1, pages 73-105.
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Scott Oh, Dani Hackner, Michael I. Lewis, Jamal S. Rana & Ernst R. Schwarz. (2010) Case Discussion. ICU Director 1:1, pages 28-34.
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