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Autism: an emerging ‘neuroimmune disorder’ in search of therapy

, MS MPhil PhD MD FAAAI, , MS MPhil PhD & , RN MSN
Pages 2127-2143 | Published online: 29 Jul 2009

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Xiaosong Bu, De Wu, Xiaomei Lu, Li Yang, Xiaoyan Xu, Juan Wang & Jiulai Tang. (2017) Role of SIRT1/PGC-1α in mitochondrial oxidative stress in autistic spectrum disorder. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment 13, pages 1633-1645.
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Onder Ozturk, Omer Basay, Burge Kabukcu Basay, Huseyin Alacam, Ahmet Buber, Bunyamin Kaptanoglu, Yasar Enli, Mustafa Dogan, Omer Faruk Tuncer & Aysen Cetin Kardesler. (2016) Oxidative Imbalance in Children and Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Klinik Psikofarmakoloji Bülteni-Bulletin of Clinical Psychopharmacology 26:3, pages 257-264.
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Logan K Wink, Martin H Plawecki, Craig A Erickson, Kimberly A Stigler & Christopher J McDougle. (2010) Emerging drugs for the treatment of symptoms associated with autism spectrum disorders. Expert Opinion on Emerging Drugs 15:3, pages 481-494.
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Articles from other publishers (63)

Ayberk Akat & Erdal Karaöz. (2023) Cell therapies for autism spectrum disorder: a systematic review of clinical applications. Middle East Current Psychiatry 30:1.
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Tzu-Lung Lin, Cha-Chen Lu, Ting-Wen Chen, Chih-Wei Huang, Jang-Jih Lu, Wei-Fan Lai, Ting-Shu Wu, Chih-Ho Lai, Hsin-Chih Lai & Ya-Lei Chen. (2022) Amelioration of Maternal Immune Activation-Induced Autism Relevant Behaviors by Gut Commensal Parabacteroides goldsteinii. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23:21, pages 13070.
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Mohammed Moutaz Nakhal, Salahdein Aburuz, Bassem Sadek & Amal Akour. (2022) Repurposing SGLT2 Inhibitors for Neurological Disorders: A Focus on the Autism Spectrum Disorder. Molecules 27:21, pages 7174.
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Mahmoud Kandeel & Wael El-Deeb. (2022) The Application of Natural Camel Milk Products to Treat Autism-Spectrum Disorders: Risk Assessment and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials. Bioinorganic Chemistry and Applications 2022, pages 1-8.
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Yiying Liu, Zimeng Yang, Yang Du, Sha Shi & Yong Cheng. (2022) Antioxidant interventions in autism spectrum disorders: A meta-analysis. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry 113, pages 110476.
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Laura Villarreal-Martínez, Gerardo González-Martínez, Melissa Sáenz-Flores, Andrea Judith Bautista-Gómez, Adrián González-Martínez, Miguel Ortiz-Castillo, David Alejandro Robles-Sáenz & Elizabeth Garza-López. (2021) Stem Cell Therapy in the Treatment of Patients With Autism Spectrum Disorder: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Stem Cell Reviews and Reports 18:1, pages 155-164.
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Ayşegül Efe, Salim Neşelioğlu & Ayla Soykan. (2020) An Investigation of the Dynamic Thiol/Disulfide Homeostasis, As a Novel Oxidative Stress Plasma Biomarker, in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders. Autism Research 14:3, pages 473-487.
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Khulood Abdullah Almehmadi, Irene Tsilioni & Theoharis C. Theoharides. (2019) Increased Expression of miR‐155p5 in Amygdala of Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder. Autism Research 13:1, pages 18-23.
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Thiago B. Kirsten, Renato C. Casarin, Maria M. Bernardi & Luciano F. Felicio. (2019) Pioglitazone abolishes cognition impairments as well as BDNF and neurotensin disturbances in a rat model of autism. Biology Open.
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Kelly L. Wormwood, Armand G. Ngounou Wetie, Jeanne P. Ryan, Costel C. Darie & Alisa G. Woods. 2019. Advancements of Mass Spectrometry in Biomedical Research. Advancements of Mass Spectrometry in Biomedical Research 477 499 .
Thiago Berti Kirsten, Renato C. Casarin, Maria M. Bernardi & Luciano F. Felicio. (2018) Pioglitazone abolishes autistic-like behaviors via the IL-6 pathway. PLOS ONE 13:5, pages e0197060.
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W. Zhang, W. Groen, M. Mennes, C. Greven, J. Buitelaar & N. Rommelse. (2017) Revisiting subcortical brain volume correlates of autism in the ABIDE dataset: effects of age and sex. Psychological Medicine 48:4, pages 654-668.
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Christopher A. Shaw. 2018. Neurotoxicity of Aluminum. Neurotoxicity of Aluminum 53 83 .
Dan Li, Lucija Tomljenovic, Yongling Li & Christopher A. Shaw. (2017) RETRACTED: Subcutaneous injections of aluminum at vaccine adjuvant levels activate innate immune genes in mouse brain that are homologous with biomarkers of autism. Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry 177, pages 39-54.
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Thiago B. Kirsten & Maria M. Bernardi. (2017) Prenatal lipopolysaccharide induces hypothalamic dopaminergic hypoactivity and autistic-like behaviors: Repetitive self-grooming and stereotypies. Behavioural Brain Research 331, pages 25-29.
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Len WisneskiLen Wisneski & Beth Clay. 2017. The Scientific Basis of Integrative Health. The Scientific Basis of Integrative Health 541 554 .
Christopher A. Shaw. 2017. Neural Dynamics of Neurological Disease. Neural Dynamics of Neurological Disease 301 354 .
Senthilkumar Sivanesan, Aaron Tan, Rebecca Jeyaraj, James Lam, Monica Gole, Antonio Hardan, Keyoumars Ashkan & Jayakumar Rajadas. (2017) Pharmaceuticals and Stem Cells in Autism Spectrum Disorders: Wishful Thinking?. World Neurosurgery 98, pages 659-672.
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Theoharis C. Theoharides & Irene Tsilioni. 2017. Neuroimmune Pharmacology. Neuroimmune Pharmacology 643 659 .
Min Heui Yoo, Tae-Youn Kim, Young Hee Yoon & Jae-Young Koh. (2016) Autism phenotypes in ZnT3 null mice: Involvement of zinc dyshomeostasis, MMP-9 activation and BDNF upregulation. Scientific Reports 6:1.
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Theoharis C. Theoharides, Julia M. Stewart, Smaro Panagiotidou & Isaac Melamed. (2016) Mast cells, brain inflammation and autism. European Journal of Pharmacology 778, pages 96-102.
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Lucia Billeci, Alessandro Tonacci, Gennaro Tartarisco, Liliana Ruta, Giovanni Pioggia & Sebastiano Gangemi. (2016) Reply to Fluegge: Association Between Atopic Dermatitis and Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Systematic Review. American Journal of Clinical Dermatology 17:2, pages 189-190.
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Alice M.S. Durieux, Jamie Horder, M. Andreina Mendez, Alice Egerton, Steven C. R. Williams, C. Ellie Wilson, Debbie Spain, Clodagh Murphy, Dene Robertson, Gareth J. Barker, Declan G. Murphy & Grainne M. McAlonan. (2016) Cortical and subcortical glutathione levels in adults with autism spectrum disorder. Autism Research 9:4, pages 429-435.
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Thiago Berti Kirsten, Gabriela P. Chaves-Kirsten, Suene Bernardes, Cristoforo Scavone, Jorge E. Sarkis, Maria Martha Bernardi & Luciano F. Felicio. (2015) Lipopolysaccharide Exposure Induces Maternal Hypozincemia, and Prenatal Zinc Treatment Prevents Autistic-Like Behaviors and Disturbances in the Striatal Dopaminergic and mTOR Systems of Offspring. PLOS ONE 10:7, pages e0134565.
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Lucija Tomljenovic & Christopher A. Shaw. 2015. Vaccines and Autoimmunity. Vaccines and Autoimmunity 43 56 .
Thiago B. Kirsten, Nicolle Queiroz-Hazarbassanov, Maria M. Bernardi & Luciano F. Felicio. (2015) Prenatal zinc prevents communication impairments and BDNF disturbance in a rat model of autism induced by prenatal lipopolysaccharide exposure. Life Sciences 130, pages 12-17.
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Theoharis C. Theoharides, Marianna Athanassiou, Smaro Panagiotidou & Robert Doyle. (2015) Dysregulated brain immunity and neurotrophin signaling in Rett syndrome and autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Neuroimmunology 279, pages 33-38.
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Alisa G. Woods, Kelly L. Wormwood, Armand G. Ngounou Wetie, Roshanak Aslebagh, Bernard S. Crimmins, Thomas M. Holsen & Costel C. Darie. (2015) Autism spectrum disorder: An omics perspective. PROTEOMICS - Clinical Applications 9:1-2, pages 159-168.
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Irene Knuesel, Laurie Chicha, Markus Britschgi, Scott A. Schobel, Michael Bodmer, Jessica A. Hellings, Stephen Toovey & Eric P. Prinssen. (2014) Maternal immune activation and abnormal brain development across CNS disorders. Nature Reviews Neurology 10:11, pages 643-660.
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I Tsilioni, N Dodman, A I Petra, A Taliou, K Francis, A Moon-Fanelli, L Shuster & T C Theoharides. (2014) Elevated serum neurotensin and CRH levels in children with autistic spectrum disorders and tail-chasing Bull Terriers with a phenotype similar to autism. Translational Psychiatry 4:10, pages e466-e466.
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Christopher A Shaw, Dan Li & Lucija Tomljenovic. (2014) Are there negative CNS impacts of aluminum adjuvants used in vaccines and immunotherapy?. Immunotherapy 6:10, pages 1055-1071.
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Bozena Mazur-Kolecka, Ira L. Cohen, Maripaz Gonzalez, Edmund C. Jenkins, Wojciech Kaczmarski, W. Ted Brown, Michael Flory & Janusz Frackowiak. (2014) Autoantibodies against neuronal progenitors in sera from children with autism. Brain and Development 36:4, pages 322-329.
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Armand G. Ngounou Wetie, Robert M. Dekroon, Mihaela Mocanu, Jeanne P. Ryan, Costel C. Darie & Alisa G. Woods. 2014. Advancements of Mass Spectrometry in Biomedical Research. Advancements of Mass Spectrometry in Biomedical Research 525 544 .
Lucija Tomljenovic, Russell L. Blaylock & Christopher A. Shaw. 2014. Comprehensive Guide to Autism. Comprehensive Guide to Autism 1585 1609 .
Prasanti Kotagiri, Steven A. Chance, Francis G. Szele & Margaret M. Esiri. (2014) Subventricular zone cytoarchitecture changes in Autism. Developmental Neurobiology 74:1, pages 25-41.
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Theoharis C Theoharides, Shahrzad Asadi & Arti B Patel. (2013) Focal brain inflammation and autism. Journal of Neuroinflammation 10:1.
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Yong-Tao Lv, Yun Zhang, Min Liu, Jia-na-ti Qiuwaxi, Paul Ashwood, Sungho Charles Cho, Ying Huan, Ru-Cun Ge, Xing-Wang Chen, Zhao-Jing Wang, Byung-Jo Kim & Xiang Hu. (2013) Transplantation of human cord blood mononuclear cells and umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells in autism. Journal of Translational Medicine 11:1.
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Ann Z Bauer & David Kriebel. (2013) Prenatal and perinatal analgesic exposure and autism: an ecological link. Environmental Health 12:1.
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H. Wei, I. Alberts & X. Li. (2013) Brain IL-6 and autism. Neuroscience 252, pages 320-325.
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C.A. Shaw, Y. Li & L. Tomljenovic. (2013) Administration of aluminium to neonatal mice in vaccine-relevant amounts is associated with adverse long term neurological outcomes. Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry 128, pages 237-244.
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Theoharis C. Theoharides, Shahrzad Asadi, Smaro Panagiotidou & Zuyi Weng. (2013) The “missing link” in autoimmunity and autism: Extracellular mitochondrial components secreted from activated live mast cells. Autoimmunity Reviews 12:12, pages 1136-1142.
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Alessandro Ghezzo, Paola Visconti, Provvidenza M. Abruzzo, Alessandra Bolotta, Carla Ferreri, Giuseppe Gobbi, Gemma Malisardi, Stefano Manfredini, Marina Marini, Laura Nanetti, Emanuela Pipitone, Francesca Raffaelli, Federica Resca, Arianna Vignini & Laura Mazzanti. (2013) Oxidative Stress and Erythrocyte Membrane Alterations in Children with Autism: Correlation with Clinical Features. PLoS ONE 8:6, pages e66418.
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Bodi Zhang, Shahrzad Asadi, Zuyi Weng, Nikolaos Sismanopoulos & Theoharis C. Theoharides. (2012) Stimulated Human Mast Cells Secrete Mitochondrial Components That Have Autocrine and Paracrine Inflammatory Actions. PLoS ONE 7:12, pages e49767.
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