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Psychiatry
Interpersonal and Biological Processes
Volume 76, 2013 - Issue 2
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Original Articles

Suicide Among Soldiers: A Review of Psychosocial Risk and Protective Factors

Matthew K. Nock Department of Psychology, Harvard University, in Cambridge, Massachusetts.Correspondence[email protected]
, Ph.D.,,
Charlene A. Deming Department of Psychology, Harvard University, in Cambridge, Massachusetts.
, Ed.M.,,
Carol S. Fullerton Department of Psychiatry and the Center for the Study of Traumatic Stress, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences in Bethesda, Maryland.
, Ph.D.,,
Stephen E. Gilman Harvard School of Public Health in Boston, Massachusetts.
, Sc.D.,,
Matthew Goldenberg Department of Psychiatry and the Center for the Study of Traumatic Stress, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences in Bethesda, Maryland.
, M.D.,,
Ronald C. Kessler Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, in Boston, Massachusetts.
, Ph.D.,,
James E. McCarroll Department of Psychiatry and the Center for the Study of Traumatic Stress, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences in Bethesda, Maryland.
, Ph.D., M.P.H.,,
Katie A. McLaughlin Children's Hospital Boston and with Harvard Medical School, in Boston, Massachusetts.
, Ph.D.,,
Christopher Peterson Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, in Ann Arbor, Michigan. Sadly, he passed away on October 9, 2012.
, Ph.D.,,
Michael Schoenbaum National Institute of Mental Health in Washington, DC.
, Ph.D.,,
Barbara Stanley Columbia University in New York, New York.
, Ph.D., &
Robert J. Ursano Department of Psychiatry and the Center for the Study of Traumatic Stress, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences in Bethesda, Maryland.
, M.D., show all
Pages 97-125 | Published online: 16 Dec 2014

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Kimberly D. Gomes, Tyler L. Collette, Michael Schlenk, Jason Judkins, Israel Sanchez-Cardona, Bianca Channer, Patricia Ross, George Fredrick & Brian A. Moore. (2023) Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Suicidal ideation, and Stress: The Moderating Role of Dysfunctional and Recovery Cognitions. Archives of Suicide Research 0:0, pages 1-16.
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Leah Shelef, Ishai Nir, Lucian Tatsa-Laur, Nirit Yavnai, Niv Gold, Gadi Cohen & Ariel Ben Yehuda. (2022) Factors associated with self-harm behaviors during military service in the Israel Defense Forces, rates of such behaviors and their outcomes. Military Psychology 0:0, pages 1-10.
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Donna L. Schuman, Steven Buchanan, Jason Boehler & Christopher Flaherty. (2022) The suicide of Private Danny Chen: An interpersonal theory perspective. Death Studies 46:10, pages 2467-2476.
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Shaina A. Kumar, Christina L. Hein, David DiLillo & Robert H. Pietrzak. (2022) Resilience to Suicidal Ideation among U.S. Military Veterans with Posttraumatic Stress: Results from the National Health and Resilience in Veterans Study. Military Behavioral Health 10:4, pages 328-337.
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Robert J. Cramer, Michael Franks, Craig A. Cunningham & Craig J. Bryan. (2022) Preferences in Information Processing: Understanding Suicidal Thoughts and Behaviors among Active Duty Military Service Members. Archives of Suicide Research 26:1, pages 169-186.
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Jacob D. Smith, Katherine C. L. Schaughency, Phyon Christopher, Eren Youmans Watkins & Kirsten M. Anke. (2021) Time to Suicide and Suicide Attempt among Army Enlisted Soldiers’ First Year of Service. Military Behavioral Health 9:2, pages 198-205.
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Alejandro Interian, Megan Chesin, Anna Kline, Lauren St. Hill, Arlene King, Rachael Miller, Miriam Latorre, Michael Gara & Barbara Stanley. (2021) Coping with Suicidal Urges: An Important Factor for Suicide Risk Assessment and Intervention. Archives of Suicide Research 25:2, pages 224-237.
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Mohsen Dehghani Neyshabouri, Behrooz Dolatshahi & Parvaneh Mohammadkhani. (2020) PTSD symptoms and self-injury behaviors among Iranian soldiers: the mediator roles of rumination and social support. Cogent Psychology 7:1.
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Ivan Vargas, Michael L. Perlis, Michael Grandner, Amy Gencarelli, Waliuddin Khader, Laura J. Zandberg, Elizabeth A. Klingaman, Jennifer R. Goldschmied, Philip R. Gehrman, Gregory K. Brown & Michael E. Thase. (2020) Insomnia Symptoms and Suicide-Related Ideation in U.S. Army Service Members. Behavioral Sleep Medicine 18:6, pages 820-836.
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Alan L. Berman & Morton M. Silverman. (2020) Near Term Suicide Risk Assessment: A Commentary on the Clinical Relevance of Protective Factors. Archives of Suicide Research 24:sup2, pages S370-S380.
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Kate Deuter, Nicholas Procter & David Evans. (2020) Protective factors for older suicide attempters: Finding reasons and experiences to live. Death Studies 44:7, pages 430-439.
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Robert Bossarte & Charlotte A. Riggs-Donovan. (2020) Risk of Suicide and Other Adverse Outcomes among Servicemembers: Looking beyond the Military Experience. Psychiatry 83:3, pages 259-261.
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Frances Emily Owusu-Ansah, Akua Afriyie Addae, Bernice Ofosuhene Peasah, Kwaku Oppong Asante & Joseph Osafo. (2020) Suicide among university students: prevalence, risks and protective factors. Health Psychology and Behavioral Medicine 8:1, pages 220-233.
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Laura E. Stayton, Colleen E. Martin, James L. Pease & Kathleen M. Chard. (2019) Changes in suicidal ideation following cognitive processing therapy in a VA residential treatment program. Military Psychology 31:4, pages 326-334.
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Richard E. Adams, Thomas G. Urosevich, Stuart N. Hoffman, H. Lester Kirchner, Charles R. Figley, Carrie A. Withey, Joseph J. Boscarino, Ryan J. Dugan & Joseph A. Boscarino. (2019) Social and Psychological Risk and Protective Factors for Veteran Well-Being: The Role of Veteran Identity and Its Implications for Intervention. Military Behavioral Health 7:3, pages 304-314.
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Matthew C. Genuchi. (2019) The Role of Masculinity and Depressive Symptoms in Predicting Suicidal Ideation in Homeless Men. Archives of Suicide Research 23:2, pages 289-311.
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Alyson L Mahar, Heidi Cramm, Alice B. Aiken, Marlo Whitehead, Homer Tien, Nicola T. Fear & Paul Kurdyak. (2019) A retrospective cohort study comparing non-fatal self-harm emergency department visits between Canadian veterans living in Ontario and matched civilians. International Review of Psychiatry 31:1, pages 25-33.
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Neal Doran, Kristin Brikmanis, James Pittman, Elizabeth Floto & Niloofar Afari. (2018) Predictors of Suicide Risk in Iraq and Afghanistan Veterans. Military Behavioral Health 6:3, pages 215-225.
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Robert J. Ursano, James A. Naifeh, Ronald C. Kessler, Oscar I. Gonzalez, Carol S. Fullerton, Holly Herberman Mash, Charlotte A. Riggs-Donovan, Tsz Hin Hinz Ng, Gary H. Wynn, Hieu M. Dinh, Tzu-Cheg Kao, Nancy A. Sampson, Steven G. Heeringa & Murray B. Stein. (2018) Nonfatal Suicidal Behaviors in the Administrative Records of Activated U.S. Army National Guard and Army Reserve Soldiers, 2004–2009. Psychiatry 81:2, pages 173-192.
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Alejandro Interian, Megan Chesin, Anna Kline, Rachael Miller, Lauren St. Hill, Miriam Latorre, Anton Shcherbakov, Arlene King & Barbara Stanley. (2018) Use of the Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale (C-SSRS) to Classify Suicidal Behaviors. Archives of Suicide Research 22:2, pages 278-294.
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Brittney L. Assavedo, Bradley A. Green & Michael D. Anestis. (2018) Military personnel compared to multiple suicide attempters: Interpersonal theory of suicide constructs. Death Studies 42:2, pages 123-129.
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Alexandra K. Wojda, Richard E. Heyman, Amy M. Smith Slep, Heather M. Foran, Jeffery D. Snarr & Mark Oliver. (2017) Family Violence, Suicidality, and Substance Abuse in Active Duty Military Families: An Ecological Perspective. Military Behavioral Health 5:4, pages 300-312.
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Jane G. Tillman, A. Jill Clemence, Christopher J. Hopwood, Katie C. Lewis & Jennifer L. Stevens. (2017) Suicidality in High-Risk Psychiatric Patients: The Contribution of Protective Factors. Psychiatry 80:4, pages 357-373.
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Christina Kolar, Kathryn Von treuer & Carly Koh. (2017) Resilience in Early‐Career Psychologists: Investigating Challenges, Strategies, Facilitators, and the Training Pathway. Australian Psychologist 52:3, pages 198-208.
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Rachel L. Martin, Claire Houtsma, AnnaBelle O. Bryan, Craig J. Bryan, Bradley A. Green & Michael D. Anestis. (2017) The Impact of Aggression on the Relationship Between Betrayal and Belongingness Among U.S. Military Personnel. Military Psychology 29:4, pages 271-282.
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Keith R. Aronson, Sandee J. Kyler, Nicole R. Morgan, Daniel F. Perkins & Linda Love. (2017) Spouse and Family Functioning Before and After a Marine’s Suicide: Comparisons to Deaths by Accident and in Combat. Military Psychology 29:4, pages 294-306.
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James Griffith & Craig J. Bryan. (2017) Soldier Background and Postinvestigative Events Associated With Timing of Suicide Following Deployment of U.S. Army National Guard Soldiers. Military Psychology 29:3, pages 202-215.
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Donna Schuman, Regina T. Praetorius, Donelle M. Barnes & Allyson A. Arana. (2016) Military suicide coverage: AP news wire & suicide guidelines. Death Studies 40:9, pages 570-577.
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Jennifer L. Villatte, Stephen S. O'Connor, Rebecca Leitner, Amanda H. Kerbrat, Lora L. Johnson & Peter M. Gutierrez. (2015) Suicide Attempt Characteristics Among Veterans and Active-Duty Service Members Receiving Mental Health Services: A Pooled Data Analysis. Military Behavioral Health 3:4, pages 316-327.
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Lindsey Zimmerman, Jennifer L. Villatte, Amanda H. Kerbrat, David C. Atkins, Aaron Flaster & Kate A. Comtois. (2015) Current Suicidal Ideation Among Treatment-Engaged Active-Duty Soldiers and Marines. Military Behavioral Health 3:4, pages 296-305.
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Peter M. Gutierrez. (2015) Introduction to the Special Section: The Costs and Benefits of Working With Pooled Data. Military Behavioral Health 3:4, pages 283-288.
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Paul W. G. Surgenor. (2015) Predictive role of risk and protective factors before and after suicide intervention therapy. The Irish Journal of Psychology 36:1-4, pages 53-65.
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James Griffith. (2015) Cross (Unit)-Level Effects of Cohesion on Relationships of Suicide Thoughts to Combat Exposure, Postdeployment Stressors, and Postdeployment Social Support. Behavioral Medicine 41:3, pages 98-106.
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Laura Goodwin, Simon Wessely & Nicola T. Fear. (2015) The Future of “Big Data” in Suicide Behaviors Research: Can We Compare the Experiences of the U.S. and U.K. Armed Forces?. Psychiatry 78:1, pages 25-28.
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Robert J. Ursano, Ronald C. Kessler, Steven G. Heeringa, Kenneth L. Cox, James A. Naifeh, Carol S. Fullerton, Nancy A. Sampson, Tzu-Cheg Kao, Pablo A. Aliaga, Patti Vegella, Holly Herberman Mash, Christina Buckley, Lisa J. Colpe, Michael Schoenbaum, Murray B. Stein & on behalf of the Army STARRS collaborators. (2015) Nonfatal Suicidal Behaviors in U.S. Army Administrative Records, 2004–2009: Results from the Army Study to Assess Risk and Resilience in Servicemembers (Army STARRS). Psychiatry 78:1, pages 1-21.
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Lora L. Johnson, Stephen S. O’Connor, Barbara Kaminer, David A. Jobes & Peter M. Gutierrez. (2014) Suicide-Focused Group Therapy for Veterans. Military Behavioral Health 2:4, pages 327-336.
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Jeffrey A. Rings, Peter M. Gutierrez & Jeri E. Forster. (2014) Exploring Prolonged Grief Disorder and Its Relationship to Suicidal Ideation Among Veterans. Military Behavioral Health 2:3, pages 283-292.
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