Chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency in multiple sclerosis: diagnostic, pathogenetic, clinical and treatment perspectives

Robert Zivadinov Buffalo Neuroimaging Analysis Center, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA; Buffalo Neuroimaging Analysis Center, Department of Neurology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, 100 High St., Buffalo, NY 14203, USA; The Jacobs Neurological Institute, Department of Neurology, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA;[email protected]

Murali Ramanathan Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA

Kresimir Dolic Buffalo Neuroimaging Analysis Center, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA; Buffalo Neuroimaging Analysis Center, Department of Neurology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, 100 High St., Buffalo, NY 14203, USA; Buffalo Neuroimaging Analysis Center, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA; Buffalo Neuroimaging Analysis Center, Department of Neurology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, 100 High St., Buffalo, NY 14203, USA

Karen Marr Buffalo Neuroimaging Analysis Center, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA; Buffalo Neuroimaging Analysis Center, Department of Neurology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, 100 High St., Buffalo, NY 14203, USA; Buffalo Neuroimaging Analysis Center, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA; Buffalo Neuroimaging Analysis Center, Department of Neurology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, 100 High St., Buffalo, NY 14203, USA

Yuval Karmon The Jacobs Neurological Institute, Department of Neurology, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Millard Fillmore Gates Hospital, Kaleida Health, State University of New York, NY, USA; The Jacobs Neurological Institute, Department of Neurology, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Millard Fillmore Gates Hospital, Kaleida Health, State University of New York, NY, USA

Adnan H Siddiqui Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Millard Fillmore Gates Hospital, Kaleida Health, State University of New York, NY, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Millard Fillmore Gates Hospital, Kaleida Health, State University of New York, NY, USA

Ralph HB Benedict The Jacobs Neurological Institute, Department of Neurology, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA; The Jacobs Neurological Institute, Department of Neurology, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA

Bianca Weinstock-Guttman The Jacobs Neurological Institute, Department of Neurology, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA; The Jacobs Neurological Institute, Department of Neurology, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA

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Chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency in multiple sclerosis: diagnostic, pathogenetic, clinical and treatment perspectives

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Chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency in multiple sclerosis: diagnostic, pathogenetic, clinical and treatment perspectives

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