943
Views
92
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

400 Years of Debris-Flow Activity and Triggering Weather Conditions: Ritigraben, Valais, Switzerland

, , , , , & show all
Pages 387-395 | Received 01 Dec 2004, Published online: 28 Jan 2018

Keep up to date with the latest research on this topic with citation updates for this article.

Read on this site (3)

Marek Křížek, David Krause & Tereza Raschová. (2018) Debris flows in the Hrubý Jeseník Mountains, Bohemian Massif, Czech Republic. Journal of Maps 14:2, pages 428-434.
Read now
Barbara Kogelnig-Mayer, Markus Stoffel, Michelle Schneuwly-Bollschweiler, Johannes Hübl & Florian Rudolf-Miklau. (2011) Possibilities and Limitations of Dendrogeomorphic Time-Series Reconstructions on Sites Influenced by Debris Flows and Frequent Snow Avalanche Activity. Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research 43:4, pages 649-658.
Read now
Michelle Bollschweiler, Markus Stoffel & Romain Schläppy. (2011) Debris‐flood reconstruction in a pre‐alpine catchment in switzerland based on tree‐ring records of coniferous and broadleaved trees. Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography 93:1, pages 1-15.
Read now

Articles from other publishers (89)

Yihua Zhong, Adrien Favillier, Juan Antonio Ballesteros Cánovas, Jiazhi Qie, Alberto Muñoz-Torrero Manchado, Sébastien Guillet, Frederic Huneau, Christophe Corona & Markus Stoffel. (2023) 250 years of flood frequency and discharge in an ungauged Corsican mountain catchment: A dendrogeomorphic reconstruction. Science of The Total Environment 879, pages 163138.
Crossref
Roland Kaitna, David Prenner, Matt Switanek, Douglas Maraun, Markus Stoffel & Markus Hrachowitz. (2023) Changes of hydro-meteorological trigger conditions for debris flows in a future alpine climate. Science of The Total Environment 872, pages 162227.
Crossref
Zheng Wang, Ningsheng Chen, Guisheng Hu, Yong Zhang, Genxu Wang & Zheng Han. (2023) Hydrometeorological triggering of periglacial debris flows using a Bayesian approach: a case study of the Hailuogou Gully region, China. Natural Hazards 116:3, pages 2871-2888.
Crossref
Jakob Rom, Florian Haas, Tobias Heckmann, Moritz Altmann, Fabian Fleischer, Camillo Ressl, Sarah Betz-Nutz & Michael Becht. (2023) Spatio-temporal analysis of slope-type debris flow activity in Horlachtal, Austria, based on orthophotos and lidar data since 1947. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 23:2, pages 601-622.
Crossref
Jia-zhi Qie, Yong Zhang, Daniel Trappmann, Yi-hua Zhong, Juan Antonio Ballesteros-Cánovas, Adrien Favillier & Markus Stoffel. (2022) Long-term reconstruction of flash floods in the Qilian Mountains, China, based on dendrogeomorphic methods. Journal of Mountain Science 19:11, pages 3163-3177.
Crossref
Robert Kenner, Lukas U. Arenson & Lorenz Grämiger. 2022. Treatise on Geomorphology. Treatise on Geomorphology 283 303 .
Liping Wang, Ning Li, Yanzhe Tian, Naifei Liu & Shuanhai Xu. (2022) Experimental study of capillary water migration in vertically parallel-plate fractures in rock masses in cold regions. Arabian Journal of Geosciences 15:1.
Crossref
Carolin Kiefer, Patrick Oswald, Jasper Moernaut, Stefano Claudio Fabbri, Christoph Mayr, Michael Strasser & Michael Krautblatter. (2021) A 4000-year debris flow record based on amphibious investigations of fan delta activity in Plansee (Austria, Eastern Alps). Earth Surface Dynamics 9:6, pages 1481-1503.
Crossref
Guo-An Yu, Weiwei Yao, He Qing Huang & Zhaofei Liu. (2020) Debris flows originating in the mountain cryosphere under a changing climate: A review. Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 45:3, pages 339-374.
Crossref
Giulia A.V. Fontana, Markus Egli & Holger Gärtner. (2021) Testing the potential of the dwarf shrub Dryas octopetala L. for dating in dendrogeomorphology. Dendrochronologia 67, pages 125823.
Crossref
Karel Šilhán, Ivan Ružek, Marek Frištyk & Kristýna Wiśniewská. (2021) Growth responses of Pinus sylvestris (L.) to burial by drift sand and its application to the reconstruction of aeolian dune development. CATENA 196, pages 104830.
Crossref
A. Brenna, N. Surian, M. Ghinassi & L. Marchi. (2020) Sediment–water flows in mountain streams: Recognition and classification based on field evidence. Geomorphology 371, pages 107413.
Crossref
Sanandam Bordoloi & Charles Wang Wai Ng. (2020) The effects of vegetation traits and their stability functions in bio-engineered slopes: A perspective review. Engineering Geology 275, pages 105742.
Crossref
Robert Kenner, Luisa Pruessner, Jan Beutel, Philippe Limpach & Marcia Phillips. (2019) How rock glacier hydrology, deformation velocities and ground temperatures interact: Examples from the Swiss Alps. Permafrost and Periglacial Processes 31:1, pages 3-14.
Crossref
Yong Zhang, Markus Stoffel, Eryuan Liang, Sébastien Guillet & Xuemei Shao. (2019) Centennial-scale process activity in a complex landslide body in the Qilian Mountains, northeast Tibetan Plateau, China. CATENA 179, pages 29-38.
Crossref
A. R. Medeu, V. P. Blagoveshchenskiy, T. S. Gulyayeva & S. U. Ranova. (2019) Debris Flow Activity in Trans-Ili Alatau in the 20th — Early 21st Centuries. Geography and Natural Resources 40:3, pages 292-298.
Crossref
Wang Liping, Li Ning, Qi Jilin, Tian Yanzhe & Xu Shuanhai. (2019) A study on the physical index change and triaxial compression test of intact hard rock subjected to freeze-thaw cycles. Cold Regions Science and Technology 160, pages 39-47.
Crossref
Lorenzo Marchi, Maria Teresa Brunetti, Marco Cavalli & Stefano Crema. (2018) Debris‐flow volumes in northeastern Italy: Relationship with drainage area and size probability. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 44:4, pages 933-943.
Crossref
Tsuyoshi Hattanji, Yuki Matsushi, Hiroyuki Matsuzaki & Thad A. Wasklewicz. (2019) The role of debris flow on total denudation in small basins of the Ashio Mountains, Japan. Geomorphology 329, pages 129-137.
Crossref
Marco Ciolli, Marco Bezzi, Giovanni Comunello, Giovanni Laitempergher, Stefano Gobbi, Clara Tattoni & Maria Giulia Cantiani. (2018) Integrating dendrochronology and geomatics to monitor natural hazards and landscape changes. Applied Geomatics 11:1, pages 39-52.
Crossref
I. Bollati, B. Crosa Lenz, A. Golzio & A. Masseroli. (2018) Tree rings as ecological indicator of geomorphic activity in geoheritage studies. Ecological Indicators 93, pages 899-916.
Crossref
T. de Haas, A.L. Densmore, M. Stoffel, H. Suwa, F. Imaizumi, J.A. Ballesteros-Cánovas & T. Wasklewicz. (2018) Avulsions and the spatio-temporal evolution of debris-flow fans. Earth-Science Reviews 177, pages 53-75.
Crossref
Liping Wang, Ning Li, Jilin Qi, Yanzhe Tian & Shuanhai Xu. 2018. Proceedings of China-Europe Conference on Geotechnical Engineering. Proceedings of China-Europe Conference on Geotechnical Engineering 1420 1423 .
Ireneusz Malik, Małgorzata Wistuba, Yongbo Tie, Piotr Owczarek, Beata Woskowicz-Ślęzak & Katarzyna Łuszczyńska. (2017) Mass movements of differing magnitude and frequency in a developing high-mountain area of the Moxi basin, Hengduan Mts, China – A hazard assessment. Applied Geography 87, pages 54-65.
Crossref
Veniamin Perov, Sergey Chernomorets, Olga Budarina, Elena Savernyuk & Tatiana Leontyeva. (2017) Debris flow hazards for mountain regions of Russia: regional features and key events. Natural Hazards 88:S1, pages 199-235.
Crossref
Peter Schürch, Alexander L. Densmore, Susan Ivy-Ochs, Nick J. Rosser, Florian Kober, Fritz Schlunegger, Brian McArdell & Vasili Alfimov. (2016) Quantitative reconstruction of late Holocene surface evolution on an alpine debris-flow fan. Geomorphology 275, pages 46-57.
Crossref
Radek Tichavský & Karel Šilhán. (2016) The changing ability of Norway spruce (P. abies) to record hydro-geomorphic processes based on the age and diameter of the tree stem – A dendrogeomorphic approach. CATENA 147, pages 469-480.
Crossref
Markus Stoffel, Bartłomiej Wyżga & Richard A. Marston. (2016) Floods in mountain environments: A synthesis. Geomorphology 272, pages 1-9.
Crossref
Floor van den Heuvel, Stéphane Goyette, Kazi Rahman & Markus Stoffel. (2016) Circulation patterns related to debris-flow triggering in the Zermatt valley in current and future climates. Geomorphology 272, pages 127-136.
Crossref
Stefano Luigi Gariano & Fausto Guzzetti. (2016) Landslides in a changing climate. Earth-Science Reviews 162, pages 227-252.
Crossref
V. Zaginaev, J.A. Ballesteros-Cánovas, S. Erokhin, E. Matov, D. Petrakov & M. Stoffel. (2016) Reconstruction of glacial lake outburst floods in northern Tien Shan: Implications for hazard assessment. Geomorphology 269, pages 75-84.
Crossref
Cliff R. Hupp, Simon Dufour & Gudrun Bornette. 2016. Tools in Fluvial Geomorphology. Tools in Fluvial Geomorphology 210 234 .
C. Rodriguez-Morata, J.A. Ballesteros-Cánovas, D. Trappmann, M. Beniston & M. Stoffel. (2016) Regional reconstruction of flash flood history in the Guadarrama range (Central System, Spain). Science of The Total Environment 550, pages 406-417.
Crossref
Juan A. Ballesteros-Cánovas, Clara Rodríguez-Morata, Virginia Garófano-Gómez, Juan M. Rubiales, Raúl Sánchez-Salguero & Markus Stoffel. (2015) Unravelling past flash flood activity in a forested mountain catchment of the Spanish Central System. Journal of Hydrology 529, pages 468-479.
Crossref
Daniel Trappmann & Markus Stoffel. (2015) Visual dating of rockfall scars in Larix decidua trees. Geomorphology 245, pages 62-72.
Crossref
Markus Stoffel & Christoph Graf. 2015. The High-Mountain Cryosphere. The High-Mountain Cryosphere 295 314 .
Jon D. Pelletier, A. Brad Murray, Jennifer L. Pierce, Paul R. Bierman, David D. Breshears, Benjamin T. Crosby, Michael Ellis, Efi Foufoula‐Georgiou, Arjun M. Heimsath, Chris Houser, Nick Lancaster, Marco Marani, Dorothy J. Merritts, Laura J. Moore, Joel L. Pederson, Michael J. Poulos, Tammy M. Rittenour, Joel C. Rowland, Peter Ruggiero, Dylan J. Ward, Andrew D. Wickert & Elowyn M. Yager. (2015) Forecasting the response of Earth's surface to future climatic and land use changes: A review of methods and research needs. Earth's Future 3:7, pages 220-251.
Crossref
M. Heiser, C. Scheidl, J. Eisl, B. Spangl & J. Hübl. (2015) Process type identification in torrential catchments in the eastern Alps. Geomorphology 232, pages 239-247.
Crossref
Marie-Audray Ouellet & Daniel Germain. (2014) Hyperconcentrated flows on a forested alluvial fan of eastern Canada: geomorphic characteristics, return period, and triggering scenarios. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 39:14, pages 1876-1887.
Crossref
Bruce A. Byers, Sidney R. Ash, Dan Chaney & Lucía DeSoto. (2014) First known fire scar on a fossil tree trunk provides evidence of Late Triassic wildfire. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 411, pages 180-187.
Crossref
Marco Borga, Markus Stoffel, Lorenzo Marchi, Francesco Marra & Matthias Jakob. (2014) Hydrogeomorphic response to extreme rainfall in headwater systems: Flash floods and debris flows. Journal of Hydrology 518, pages 194-205.
Crossref
M. Stoffel, D. Tiranti & C. Huggel. (2014) Climate change impacts on mass movements — Case studies from the European Alps. Science of The Total Environment 493, pages 1255-1266.
Crossref
Irina Pavlova, Vincent Jomelli, Daniel Brunstein, Delphine Grancher, Eric Martin & Michel Déqué. (2014) Debris flow activity related to recent climate conditions in the French Alps: A regional investigation. Geomorphology 219, pages 248-259.
Crossref
Markus Stoffel & Christophe Corona. (2014) Dendroecological Dating of Geomorphic Disturbance in Trees. Tree-Ring Research 70:1, pages 3-20.
Crossref
Jasper Knight & Stefan W. Grab. (2014) Lightning as a geomorphic agent on mountain summits: Evidence from southern Africa. Geomorphology 204, pages 61-70.
Crossref
Markus Stoffel, Thomas Mendlik, Michelle Schneuwly-Bollschweiler & Andreas Gobiet. (2013) Possible impacts of climate change on debris-flow activity in the Swiss Alps. Climatic Change 122:1-2, pages 141-155.
Crossref
Markus Stoffel, David R. Butler & Christophe Corona. (2013) Mass movements and tree rings: A guide to dendrogeomorphic field sampling and dating. Geomorphology 200, pages 106-120.
Crossref
Barbara Kogelnig-Mayer, Markus Stoffel & Michelle Schneuwly-Bollschweiler. (2013) Four-dimensional growth response of mature Larix decidua to stem burial under natural conditions. Trees 27:5, pages 1217-1223.
Crossref
B. Wilhelm, F. Arnaud, P. Sabatier, O. Magand, E. Chapron, T. Courp, K. Tachikawa, B. Fanget, E. Malet, C. Pignol, E. Bard & J. J. Delannoy. (2013) Palaeoflood activity and climate change over the last 1400 years recorded by lake sediments in the north-west European Alps. Journal of Quaternary Science 28:2, pages 189-199.
Crossref
H. Gärtner & I. Heinrich. 2013. Encyclopedia of Quaternary Science. Encyclopedia of Quaternary Science 91 103 .
M. Stoffel, B.H. Luckman, D.R. Butler & M. Bollschweiler. 2013. Treatise on Geomorphology. Treatise on Geomorphology 125 144 .
Vincent Jomelli. 2013. Dating Torrential Processes on Fans and Cones. Dating Torrential Processes on Fans and Cones 211 224 .
Markus Stoffel. 2013. Dating Torrential Processes on Fans and Cones. Dating Torrential Processes on Fans and Cones 179 185 .
M. Walter, U. Schwaderer & M. Joswig. (2012) Seismic monitoring of precursory fracture signals from a destructive rockfall in the Vorarlberg Alps, Austria. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 12:11, pages 3545-3555.
Crossref
Christian Huggel, Nikolay Khabarov, Oliver Korup & Michael Obersteiner. 2013. Landslides. Landslides 121 133 .
Bruno Wilhelm, Fabien Arnaud, Pierre Sabatier, Christian Crouzet, Elodie Brisset, Eric Chaumillon, Jean-Robert Disnar, Frederic Guiter, Emmanuel Malet, Jean-Louis Reyss, Kazuyo Tachikawa, Edouard Bard & Jean-Jacques Delannoy. (2012) 1400 years of extreme precipitation patterns over the Mediterranean French Alps and possible forcing mechanisms. Quaternary Research 78:1, pages 1-12.
Crossref
Sonia I. Seneviratne, Neville Nicholls, David Easterling, Clare M. Goodess, Shinjiro Kanae, James Kossin, Yali Luo, Jose Marengo, Kathleen McInnes, Mohammad Rahimi, Markus Reichstein, Asgeir Sorteberg, Carolina Vera, Xuebin Zhang, Matilde Rusticucci, Vladimir Semenov, Lisa V. Alexander, Simon Allen, Gerardo Benito, Tereza Cavazos, John Clague, Declan Conway, Paul M. Della-Marta, Markus Gerber, Sunling Gong, B. N. Goswami, Mark Hemer, Christian Huggel, Bart van den Hurk, Viatcheslav V. Kharin, Akio Kitoh, Albert M.G. Klein Tank, Guilong Li, Simon Mason, William McGuire, Geert Jan van Oldenborgh, Boris Orlowsky, Sharon Smith, Wassila Thiaw, Adonis Velegrakis, Pascal Yiou, Tingjun Zhang, Tianjun Zhou & Francis W. Zwiers. 2012. Managing the Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaptation. Managing the Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaptation 109 230 .
Markus Stoffel & David J. Wilford. (2012) Hydrogeomorphic processes and vegetation: disturbance, process histories, dependencies and interactions. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 37:1, pages 9-22.
Crossref
Emily Procter, Michelle Bollschweiler, Markus Stoffel & Mathias Neumann. (2011) A regional reconstruction of debris-flow activity in the Northern Calcareous Alps, Austria. Geomorphology 132:1-2, pages 41-50.
Crossref
J. Lopez Saez, C. Corona, M. Stoffel, A. Gotteland, F. Berger & F. Liébault. (2011) Debris-flow activity in abandoned channels of the Manival torrent reconstructed with LiDAR and tree-ring data. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 11:5, pages 1247-1257.
Crossref
Markus Stoffel, Michelle Bollschweiler & Martin Beniston. (2011) Rainfall characteristics for periglacial debris flows in the Swiss Alps: past incidences–potential future evolutions. Climatic Change 105:1-2, pages 263-280.
Crossref
Michelle BollschweilerMarkus Stoffel. (2010) Tree rings and debris flows: Recent developments, future directions. Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 34:5, pages 625-645.
Crossref
Michelle BollschweilerMarkus Stoffel. (2010) Changes and trends in debris-flow frequency since AD 1850: Results from the Swiss Alps. The Holocene 20:6, pages 907-916.
Crossref
Ralph Lugon & Markus Stoffel. (2010) Rock-glacier dynamics and magnitude–frequency relations of debris flows in a high-elevation watershed: Ritigraben, Swiss Alps. Global and Planetary Change 73:3-4, pages 202-210.
Crossref
Markus Stoffel, Michelle Bollschweiler, Susanne Widmer & Annina Sorg. (2010) Spatio-temporal variability in debris-flow activity: a tree-ring study at Geisstriftbach (Swiss Alps) extending back to AD 1736. Swiss Journal of Geosciences 103:2, pages 283-292.
Crossref
J. Moya, J. Corominas, J. Pérez Arcas & C. Baeza. (2010) Tree-ring based assessment of rockfall frequency on talus slopes at Solà d'Andorra, Eastern Pyrenees. Geomorphology 118:3-4, pages 393-408.
Crossref
Virginia Ruiz-Villanueva, Andrés Díez-Herrero, Markus Stoffel, Michelle Bollschweiler, José M. Bodoque & Juan A. Ballesteros. (2010) Dendrogeomorphic analysis of flash floods in a small ungauged mountain catchment (Central Spain). Geomorphology 118:3-4, pages 383-392.
Crossref
Barbara Mayer, Markus Stoffel, Michelle Bollschweiler, Johannes Hübl & Florian Rudolf-Miklau. (2010) Frequency and spread of debris floods on fans: A dendrogeomorphic case study from a dolomite catchment in the Austrian Alps. Geomorphology 118:1-2, pages 199-206.
Crossref
Christoph Spötl, Kurt Nicolussi, Gernot Patzelt & Ronny Boch. (2010) Humid climate during deposition of sapropel 1 in the Mediterranean Sea: Assessing the influence on the Alps. Global and Planetary Change 71:3-4, pages 242-248.
Crossref
Sonja Szymczak, Michelle Bollschweiler, Markus Stoffel & Richard Dikau. (2010) Debris-flow activity and snow avalanches in a steep watershed of the Valais Alps (Switzerland): Dendrogeomorphic event reconstruction and identification of triggers. Geomorphology 116:1-2, pages 107-114.
Crossref
Markus Stoffel. (2010) Magnitude–frequency relationships of debris flows — A case study based on field surveys and tree-ring records. Geomorphology 116:1-2, pages 67-76.
Crossref
Ellen Wohl. 2010. Mountain Rivers Revisited. Mountain Rivers Revisited.
Markus Stoffel. 2010. Tree Rings and Natural Hazards. Tree Rings and Natural Hazards 211 226 .
Markus Stoffel, Michelle Bollschweiler, David R. Butler & Brian H. Luckman. 2010. Tree Rings and Natural Hazards. Tree Rings and Natural Hazards 3 23 .
Estelle Arbellay, Markus Stoffel & Michelle Bollschweiler. (2010) Dendrogeomorphic reconstruction of past debris-flow activity using injured broad-leaved trees. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, pages n/a-n/a.
Crossref
Markus Stoffel & Michelle Bollschweiler. (2009) Tree-ring reconstruction of past debris flows based on a small number of samples—possibilities and limitations. Landslides 6:3, pages 225-230.
Crossref
Markus Stoffel & Michelle Bollschweiler. (2009) What Tree Rings Can Tell About Earth-Surface Processes: Teaching the Principles of Dendrogeomorphology. Geography Compass 3:3, pages 1013-1037.
Crossref
Markus Stoffel. (2008) Dating past geomorphic processes with tangential rows of traumatic resin ducts. Dendrochronologia 26:1, pages 53-60.
Crossref
Markus Stoffel, Delphine Conus, Michael A. Grichting, Igor Lièvre & Gilles Maître. (2008) Unraveling the patterns of late Holocene debris-flow activity on a cone in the Swiss Alps: Chronology, environment and implications for the future. Global and Planetary Change 60:3-4, pages 222-234.
Crossref
Michelle Bollschweiler, Markus Stoffel & Dominique M. Schneuwly. (2008) Dynamics in debris-flow activity on a forested cone — A case study using different dendroecological approaches. CATENA 72:1, pages 67-78.
Crossref
B. Schaefli, D. Maraun & M. Holschneider. (2007) What drives high flow events in the Swiss Alps? Recent developments in wavelet spectral analysis and their application to hydrology. Advances in Water Resources 30:12, pages 2511-2525.
Crossref
Martin Beniston. (2007) Linking extreme climate events and economic impacts: Examples from the Swiss Alps. Energy Policy 35:11, pages 5384-5392.
Crossref
Michelle Bollschweiler, Markus Stoffel, Melanie Ehmisch & Michel Monbaron. (2007) Reconstructing spatio-temporal patterns of debris-flow activity using dendrogeomorphological methods. Geomorphology 87:4, pages 337-351.
Crossref
Markus Stoffel, Michelle Bollschweiler & Gion-Reto Hassler. (2006) Differentiating past events on a cone influenced by debris-flow and snow avalanche activity – a dendrogeomorphological approach. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 31:11, pages 1424-1437.
Crossref
M. Stoffel. (2006) A Review of Studies Dealing with Tree Rings and Rockfall Activity: The Role of Dendrogeomorphology in Natural Hazard Research. Natural Hazards 39:1, pages 51-70.
Crossref
Markus Stoffel & Simone Perret. (2006) Reconstructing past rockfall activity with tree rings: Some methodological considerations. Dendrochronologia 24:1, pages 1-15.
Crossref
Simone Perret, Markus Stoffel & Hans Kienholz. (2006) Spatial and temporal rockfall activity in a forest stand in the Swiss Prealps—A dendrogeomorphological case study. Geomorphology 74:1-4, pages 219-231.
Crossref
Markus Stoffel & Martin Beniston. (2006) On the incidence of debris flows from the early Little Ice Age to a future greenhouse climate: A case study from the Swiss Alps. Geophysical Research Letters 33:16.
Crossref
Martin Beniston. (2006) August 2005 intense rainfall event in Switzerland: Not necessarily an analog for strong convective events in a greenhouse climate. Geophysical Research Letters 33:5.
Crossref

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.