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Review

Drug Burden Index in older adults: theoretical and practical issues

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Pages 1503-1515 | Published online: 09 Sep 2014

Keep up to date with the latest research on this topic with citation updates for this article.

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Lucille B Brunker, Christina S Boncyk, Kimberly F Rengel & Christopher G Hughes. (2023) Elderly Patients and Management in Intensive Care Units (ICU): Clinical Challenges. Clinical Interventions in Aging 18, pages 93-112.
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Xiang Jiang Xu & Maw Pin Tan. (2022) Anticholinergics and falls in older adults. Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology 15:3, pages 285-294.
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Katrien Foubert, Peter Muylaert, Els Mehuys, Annemie Somers, Mirko Petrovic & Koen Boussery. (2020) Application of the GheOP3S-tool in nursing home residents: acceptance and implementation of pharmacist recommendations. Acta Clinica Belgica 75:6, pages 388-396.
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Nattawut Leelakanok & Ronilda R. D'Cunha. (2019) Association between polypharmacy and dementia – A systematic review and metaanalysis. Aging & Mental Health 23:8, pages 932-941.
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Sarah N Hilmer. (2018) Calculating and using the drug burden index score in research and practice. Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology 11:11, pages 1053-1055.
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Prasad S. Nishtala, Mohammed Saji Salahudeen & Sarah N. Hilmer. (2016) Anticholinergics: theoretical and clinical overview. Expert Opinion on Drug Safety 15:6, pages 753-768.
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Articles from other publishers (92)

Hamish Jamieson, Prasad S Nishtala, Hans Ulrich Bergler, Susan K Weaver, John W Pickering, Nagham J Ailabouni, Rebecca Abey-Nesbit, Carolyn Gullery, Joanne Deely, Susan B Gee, Sarah N Hilmer & Dee Mangin. (2023) Deprescribing Anticholinergic and Sedative Drugs to Reduce Polypharmacy in Frail Older Adults Living in the Community: A Randomized Controlled Trial. The Journals of Gerontology: Series A 78:9, pages 1692-1700.
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Kenji Fujita, Patrick Hooper, Nashwa Masnoon, Sarita Lo, Danijela Gnjidic, Christopher Etherton-Beer, Emily Reeve, Parker Magin, J. Simon Bell, Kenneth Rockwood, Lisa Kouladjian O’Donnell, Mouna Sawan, Melissa Baysari & Sarah N. Hilmer. (2023) Impact of a Comprehensive Intervention Bundle Including the Drug Burden Index on Deprescribing Anticholinergic and Sedative Drugs in Older Acute Inpatients: A Non-randomised Controlled Before-and-After Pilot Study. Drugs & Aging 40:7, pages 633-642.
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Hui Wen Quek, Christopher Etherton-Beer, Amy Page, Andrew J McLachlan, Sarita Y Lo, Vasi Naganathan, Leanne Kearney, Sarah N Hilmer, Tracy Comans, Derelie Mangin, Richard I Lindley & Kathleen Potter. (2023) Deprescribing for older people living in residential aged care facilities: Pharmacist recommendations, doctor acceptance and implementation. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics 107, pages 104910.
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Bilal Katipoglu, Sultan Keskin Demircan & Mehmet Ilkin Naharci. (2023) Association of drug burden index with delirium in community-dwelling older adults with dementia: a longitudinal observational study. International Journal of Clinical Pharmacy.
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Benedict Katzenberger, Daniela Koller, Ralf Strobl, Rebecca Kisch, Linda Sanftenberg, Karen Voigt & Eva Grill. (2023) Exposure to anticholinergic and sedative medication is associated with impaired functioning in older people with vertigo, dizziness and balance disorders—Results from the longitudinal multicenter study MobilE-TRA. Frontiers in Pharmacology 14.
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Nashwa Masnoon, Sarita Lo & Sarah Hilmer. (2022) A stewardship program to facilitate anticholinergic and sedative medication deprescribing using the drug burden index in electronic medical records. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 89:2, pages 687-698.
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Savanna San Filippo, Marshall Yuan, Edward Gu, Sabiyah Siddiqui & Savan Patel. (2023) Utilization of Drug Decision Support Strategies Including Drug Characteristics to Reduce the Risk of Iatrogenesis in Advanced Age. Current Pharmacology Reports 9:1, pages 32-42.
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Richard J. Woodman, Chris Horwood, Aline Kunnel, Paul Hakendorf & Arduino A. Mangoni. (2022) Using electronic admission data to monitor temporal trends in local medication use: Experience from an Australian tertiary teaching hospital. Frontiers in Pharmacology 13.
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Rebecca Mellor, Andrew Khoo, Elise Saunders-Dow, Ella Raguz, Meng-Wong Taing, Leila Shafiee Hanjani, Chris Freeman & Darrell Crawford. (2022) Polypharmacy in Australian Veterans with Post-traumatic Stress Disorder upon Admission to a Mental Health Facility: A Retrospective Chart Review. Drugs - Real World Outcomes 9:3, pages 347-357.
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Jennifer Scheel, Katharina Luttenberger, Elmar Graessel, André Kratzer & Carolin Donath. (2022) Predictors of falls and hospital admissions in people with cognitive impairment in day-care: role of multimorbidity, polypharmacy, and potentially inappropriate medication. BMC Geriatrics 22:1.
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John Mach, Alice E Kane, Susan E Howlett, David A Sinclair & Sarah N Hilmer. (2022) Applying the AFRAID and FRIGHT Clocks to Novel Preclinical Mouse Models of Polypharmacy. The Journals of Gerontology: Series A 77:7, pages 1304-1312.
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Naoaki Kuroda, Masao Iwagami, Shota Hamada, Jun Komiyama, Takahiro Mori & Nanako Tamiya. (2022) Associations of polypharmacy and drugs with sedative or anticholinergic properties with the risk of long‐term care needs certification among older adults in Japan: A population‐based, nested case–control study. Geriatrics & Gerontology International 22:7, pages 497-504.
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Lisa Kouladjian O'Donnell, Emily Reeve & Sarah N. Hilmer. (2022) Development, validation and evaluation of the Goal-directed Medication review Electronic Decision Support System (G-MEDSS)©. Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy 18:7, pages 3174-3183.
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Lee Smith, Moira Smith & W. Murray Thomson. (2021) Recommendations for improving dental care for dentate home‐based older people: A qualitative New Zealand study. Gerodontology 39:2, pages 187-196.
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John Mach, Heather Allore, Danijela Gnjidic, Gizem Gemikonakli, Alice E. Kane, Susan E. Howlett, Rafael de Cabo, David Le Couteur & Sarah N. Hilmer. (2022) Preclinical frailty assessments: Phenotype and frailty index identify frailty in different mice and are variably affected by chronic medications. Experimental Gerontology 161, pages 111700.
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Fernanda Heitor & Milta Little. 2022. Pathy's Principles and Practice of Geriatric Medicine. Pathy's Principles and Practice of Geriatric Medicine 132 145 .
Vanessa Iribarrem Avena Miranda, Marysabel Pinto Telis Silveira, Bárbara Heather Lutz, Flávia Pirolli, Lucas Zambiasi, Renata M Bielemann, Maria Cristina Gonzalez & Andréa Dâmaso Bertoldi. (2022) Uso de medicamentos com ação anticolinérgica em idosos e comparação entre escalas de risco: estudo de base populacional. Ciência & Saúde Coletiva 27:3, pages 1087-1095.
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Joseph H. Flaherty, Miriam B. Rodin & John E. Morley. (2022) Changing Hospital Care For Older Adults: The Case for Geriatric Hospitals in the United States. Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine 8, pages 233372142211090.
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Esra Ates Bulut, Neziha Erken, Derya Kaya, Fatma Sena Dost & Ahmet Turan Isik. (2022) An Increased Anticholinergic Drug Burden Index Score Negatively Affect Nutritional Status in Older Patients Without Dementia. Frontiers in Nutrition 9.
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Bernadette Jakeman, Alexandra Scherrer, Manuel Battegay, Huldrych F. Gunthard, Anna Hachfeld, Alexandra Calmy, Patrick Schmid, Enos Bernasconi, Matthias Cavassini & Catia Marzolini. (2022) Anticholinergic medication use in elderly people living with HIV and self-reported neurocognitive impairment: a prospective cohort study. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 77:2, pages 492-499.
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M. Petrovic. 2022. Geriatrie in de fysiotherapie en kinesitherapie. Geriatrie in de fysiotherapie en kinesitherapie 213 222 .
Junko Nagai & Yoichi Ishikawa. (2021) Analysis of anticholinergic adverse effects using two large databases: The US Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System database and the Japanese Adverse Drug Event Report database. PLOS ONE 16:12, pages e0260980.
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Melissa T. Baysari, Mai H. Duong, Patrick Hooper, Michaela Stockey-Bridge, Selvana Awad, Wu Yi Zheng & Sarah N. Hilmer. (2021) Supporting deprescribing in hospitalised patients: formative usability testing of a computerised decision support tool. BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making 21:1.
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Sarah N. Hilmer. (2021) Bridging geriatric medicine, clinical pharmacology and ageing biology to understand and improve outcomes of medicines in old age and frailty. Ageing Research Reviews 71, pages 101457.
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Sarah N Hilmer & John Mach. (2021) Translational Gerontology Research to Understand the Effects of Medications in Older Adults. The Journals of Gerontology: Series A 76:6, pages 1007-1009.
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John Mach, Gizem Gemikonakli, Caitlin Logan, Brent Vander Wyk, Heather Allore, Swathi Ekambareshwar, Alice E Kane, Susan E Howlett, Rafael de Cabo, David G Le Couteur & Sarah N Hilmer. (2021) Chronic Polypharmacy with Increasing Drug Burden Index Exacerbates Frailty and Impairs Physical Function, with Effects Attenuated by Deprescribing, in Aged Mice. The Journals of Gerontology: Series A 76:6, pages 1010-1018.
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Gizem Gemikonakli, John Mach & Sarah Nicole Hilmer. (2021) Interactions Between the Aging Gut Microbiome and Common Geriatric Giants: Polypharmacy, Frailty, and Dementia. The Journals of Gerontology: Series A 76:6, pages 1019-1028.
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Ewan Carr, Alex Federman, Olubanke Dzahini, Richard J. Dobson & Rebecca Bendayan. (2021) A multidimensional measure of polypharmacy for older adults using the Health and Retirement Study. Scientific Reports 11:1.
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Donna M. Lisi. 2021. Update in Geriatrics. Update in Geriatrics.
John Mach, XiaoSuo Wang & Sarah N. Hilmer. (2020) Quantification of serum levels in mice of seven drugs (and six metabolites) commonly taken by older people with polypharmacy. Fundamental & Clinical Pharmacology 35:2, pages 410-422.
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Mouna Sawan, Lisa Kouladjian O'Donnell, Emily Reeve, Danijela Gnjidic, Timothy F. Chen, Patrick J. Kelly, J. Simon Bell & Sarah N. Hilmer. (2021) The utility of a computerised clinical decision support system intervention in home medicines review: A mixed-methods process evaluation. Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy 17:4, pages 715-722.
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Maria Heinrich, Anika Müller, Andela Cvijan, Rudolf Mörgeli, Jochen Kruppa, Georg Winterer, Arjen J. C. Slooter & Claudia D. Spies. (2021) Preoperative Comparison of Three Anticholinergic Drug Scales in Older Adult Patients and Development of Postoperative Delirium: A Prospective Observational Study. Drugs & Aging 38:4, pages 347-354.
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Aymen Ali Al-Qurain, Lemlem G. Gebremichael, Mohammed S. Khan, Desmond B. Williams, Lorraine Mackenzie, Craig Phillips, Patrick Russell, Michael S. Roberts & Michael D. Wiese. (2020) Opioid prescribing and risk of drug-opioid interactions in older discharged patients with polypharmacy in Australia. International Journal of Clinical Pharmacy 43:2, pages 365-374.
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Syed Shahzad Hasan, Ismail Abdul Sattar Burud, Chia Siang Kow, Muhammad Kamran Rasheed, Karmelia Sook Ching Chan, Peik Khon Tay & Syed Imran Ahmed. (2020) Use of potentially inappropriate medications among older outpatients and inpatients in a tertiary care hospital in Malaysia. International Journal of Clinical Practice 75:3.
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Marle Gemmeke, Ellen S. Koster, Romin Pajouheshnia, Martine Kruijtbosch, Katja Taxis & Marcel L. Bouvy. (2020) Using pharmacy dispensing data to predict falls in older individuals. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 87:3, pages 1282-1290.
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Shahar Shmuel, Virginia Pate, Marc J. Pepin, Janine C. Bailey, Laura C. Hanson, Til Stürmer, Rebecca B. Naumann, Yvonne M. Golightly, Danijela Gnjidic & Jennifer L. Lund. (2020) Quantifying cumulative anticholinergic and sedative drug load among US Medicare Beneficiaries . Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety 30:2, pages 144-156.
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Seth A Margolis, Emily S Hallowell, Jennifer D Davis, Lauren E Kenney & Geoffrey N Tremont. (2021) The Clinical Utility and Ecological Validity of the Medication Management Ability Assessment in Older Adults with and without Dementia. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 36:1, pages 37-50.
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Truc Sophia Dinh, Ana Isabel González-González, Andreas D. Meid, Kym I. E. Snell, Henrik Rudolf, Maria-Sophie Brueckle, Jeanet W. Blom, Ulrich Thiem, Hans-Joachim Trampisch, Petra J. M. Elders, Norbert Donner-Banzhoff, Ferdinand M. Gerlach, Sebastian Harder, Marjan van den Akker, Paul P. Glasziou, Walter E. Haefeli & Christiane Muth. (2021) Are Anticholinergic Symptoms a Risk Factor for Falls in Older General Practice Patients With Polypharmacy? Study Protocol for the Development and Validation of a Prognostic Model. Frontiers in Pharmacology 11.
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Silvia Martínez Arrechea, Alexander Ferro Uriguen, Idoia Beobide Telleria, Javier González Bueno, Javier Alaba Trueba & Daniel Sevilla Sánchez. (2021) Prevalencia de prescripción de fármacos con carga anticolinérgica/sedante en adultos mayores institucionalizados con demencia. Revista Española de Geriatría y Gerontología 56:1, pages 11-17.
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Susanto Winata, Michelle Liacos, Amelia Crabtree, Amy Page & Chris Moran. (2021) Electronic Medication Management System Introduction and Deprescribing Practice in Post-Acute Care. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association 22:1, pages 90-95.
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Arduino A. Mangoni, Kimberley Ruxton & Elzbieta A. Jarmuzewska. 2020. Encyclopedia of Gerontology and Population Aging. Encyclopedia of Gerontology and Population Aging 1 7 .
Arduino A. Mangoni, Kimberley Ruxton & Elzbieta A. Jarmuzewska. 2021. Encyclopedia of Gerontology and Population Aging. Encyclopedia of Gerontology and Population Aging 1524 1530 .
Lisa Kouladjian O’Donnell, Mouna Sawan, Emily Reeve, Danijela Gnjidic, Timothy F. Chen, Patrick J. Kelly, J. Simon Bell & Sarah N. Hilmer. (2020) Implementation of the Goal-directed Medication review Electronic Decision Support System (G-MEDSS)© into home medicines review: a protocol for a cluster-randomised clinical trial in older adults. BMC Geriatrics 20:1.
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Juliana Smichenko, Efrat Gil & Anna Zisberg. (2020) Relationship Between Changes in Sedative-Hypnotic Medications Burden and Cognitive Outcomes in Hospitalized Older Adults. The Journals of Gerontology: Series A 75:9, pages 1699-1705.
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Hans Wouters, Sarah N. Hilmer, Jos Twisk, Martina Teichert, Helene G. Van Der Meer, Hein P.J. Van Hout & Katja Taxis. (2020) Drug Burden Index and Cognitive and Physical Function in Aged Care Residents: A Longitudinal Study. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association 21:8, pages 1086-1092.e1.
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Nicole McDerby, Sam Kosari, Kasia Bail, Alison Shield, Gregory Peterson & Mark Naunton. (2020) Residential Aged Care Pharmacist: An Australian Pilot Trial Exploring the Impact on Quality Use of Medicines Indicators. Medicines 7:4, pages 20.
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Aymen Ali Al-Qurain, Lemlem G. Gebremichael, Muhammad Suleman Khan, Desmond B. Williams, Lorraine Mackenzie, Craig Phillips, Patrick Russell, Michael S. Roberts & Michael D. Wiese. (2020) Prevalence and Factors Associated with Analgesic Prescribing in Poly-Medicated Elderly Patients. Drugs & Aging 37:4, pages 291-300.
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Elsa Reallon, Bénédicte Chavent, Frédéric Gervais, Virginie Dauphinot, Julien Vernaudon, Pierre Krolak-Salmon, Christelle Mouchoux & Teddy Novais. (2020) Medication exposure and frailty in older community-dwelling patients: a cross-sectional study. International Journal of Clinical Pharmacy 42:2, pages 508-514.
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Haider Qasim, Maree Simpson, Yann Guisard & Barbora de Courten. (2020) A Comprehensive Evaluation of Studies on the Adverse Effects of Medications in Australian Aged care Facilities: A Scoping Review. Pharmacy 8:2, pages 56.
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Karen Cardwell, Ngaire Kerse, Cristín Ryan, Ruth Teh, Simon A. Moyes, Oliver Menzies, Anna Rolleston, Joanna Broad & Carmel M. Hughes. (2020) The Association Between Drug Burden Index (DBI) and Health-Related Outcomes: A Longitudinal Study of the ‘Oldest Old’ (LiLACS NZ). Drugs & Aging 37:3, pages 205-213.
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Marci Elizabeth Dearing, Susan Bowles, Jennifer Isenor, Olga Kits, Lisa Kouladjian O'Donnell, Heather Neville, Sarah Hilmer, Kent Toombs, Caroline Sirois, Mohammad Hajizadeh, Aprill Negus, Kenneth Rockwood & Emily Reeve. (2020) Pharmacist-led intervention to improve medication use in older inpatients using the Drug Burden Index: a study protocol for a before/after intervention with a retrospective control group and multiple case analysis. BMJ Open 10:2, pages e035656.
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Khusbu Patel. 2020. Geriatric Practice. Geriatric Practice 177 184 .
Juliette O’Connell, Martin C. Henman, Éilish Burke, Clare Donegan, Philip McCallion, Mary McCarron & Máire O’Dwyer. (2019) Association of Drug Burden Index with grip strength, timed up and go and Barthel index activities of daily living in older adults with intellectual disabilities: an observational cross-sectional study. BMC Geriatrics 19:1.
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Catherine J. Byrne, Caroline Walsh, Caitriona Cahir & Kathleen Bennett. (2019) Impact of drug burden index on adverse health outcomes in Irish community-dwelling older people: a cohort study. BMC Geriatrics 19:1.
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Kumar, Hasan, Wong, Chong & Kairuz. (2019) Anticholinergic Burden, Sleep Quality and Health Outcomes in Malaysian Aged Care Home Residents. Pharmacy 7:4, pages 143.
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Xiaolin Zhang, Shuang Zhou, Xinran Li, Weiwei Zhou, Ying Zhou, Yimin Cui & Xinmin Liu. (2019) Anticholinergic and sedative medications exposure in older patients: a cross-sectional study. International Journal of Clinical Pharmacy 41:5, pages 1152-1158.
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Seth A. Margolis, Malka Zughaft Sears, Lori A. Daiello, Carly Solon, Luba Nakhutina, Claire J. Hoogendoorn & Jeffrey S. Gonzalez. (2019) Anticholinergic/sedative drug burden predicts worse memory acquisition in older racially/ethnically diverse patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 34:10, pages 1545-1554.
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Amanda Phillips, Margit Heier, Ralf Strobl, Birgit Linkohr, Rolf Holle, Annette Peters & Eva Grill. (2019) Exposure to anticholinergic and sedative medications using the Drug Burden Index and its association with vertigo, dizziness and balance problems in older people – Results from the KORA-FF4 Study. Experimental Gerontology 124, pages 110644.
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Andreas Katsimpris, Jacob Linseisen, Christa Meisinger & Konstantinos Volaklis. (2019) The Association Between Polypharmacy and Physical Function in Older Adults: a Systematic Review. Journal of General Internal Medicine 34:9, pages 1865-1873.
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Terri R. Fried & Marcia C. Mecca. (2019) Medication Appropriateness in Vulnerable Older Adults: Healthy Skepticism of Appropriate Polypharmacy. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 67:6, pages 1123-1127.
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Arduino A. Mangoni, Kimberley Bryant & Elzbieta A. Jarmuzewska. (2019) Medication Management Issues in Old Age: A Call for Submissions to Current Clinical Pharmacology. Current Clinical Pharmacology 14:1, pages 2-4.
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Nagham Ailabouni, Dee Mangin & Prasad S. Nishtala. (2019) DEFEAT-polypharmacy: deprescribing anticholinergic and sedative medicines feasibility trial in residential aged care facilities. International Journal of Clinical Pharmacy 41:1, pages 167-178.
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Hans Wouters, Sarah N Hilmer, Danijela Gnjidic, Jos P Van Campen, Martina Teichert, Helene G Van Der Meer, Laura A Schaap, Martijn Huisman, Hannie C Comijs, Petra Denig, Claudine J Lamoth & Katja Taxis. (2019) Long-Term Exposure to Anticholinergic and Sedative Medications and Cognitive and Physical Function in Later Life. The Journals of Gerontology: Series A.
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Lisa Kouladjian O’Donnell, Danijela Gnjidic, Timothy F. Chen & Sarah N. Hilmer. (2019) Integration of an electronic Drug Burden Index risk assessment tool into Home Medicines Reviews: deprescribing anticholinergic and sedative medications. Therapeutic Advances in Drug Safety 10, pages 204209861983247.
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Jennifer E. Isenor & Susan K. Bowles. 2019. Encyclopedia of Pharmacy Practice and Clinical Pharmacy. Encyclopedia of Pharmacy Practice and Clinical Pharmacy 803 814 .
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Eric Anson, Elizabeth Thompson, Samuel C. Karpen, Brian L. Odle, Edith Seier, John Jeka & Peter C. Panus. (2018) Visual biofeedback training reduces quantitative drugs index scores associated with fall risk. BMC Research Notes 11:1.
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Syed Shahzad Hasan, Annita Shi Chin Liew, David Weng Kwai Chong, Kaeshaelya Thiruchelvam & Zaheer-Ud-Din Babar. (2018) Associations between Drug Burden Index, medication appropriateness and patient-reported outcomes in the community pharmacy setting in Malaysia. Drugs & Therapy Perspectives 34:9, pages 437-443.
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Catherine J Byrne, Caroline Walsh, Caitriona Cahir, Cristín Ryan, David J Williams & Kathleen Bennett. (2018) Anticholinergic and sedative drug burden in community-dwelling older people: a national database study. BMJ Open 8:7, pages e022500.
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Juliette O'Connell, Éilish Burke, Niamh Mulryan, Claire O'Dwyer, Clare Donegan, Philip McCallion, Mary McCarron, Martin C. Henman & Máire O'Dwyer. (2018) Drug burden index to define the burden of medicines in older adults with intellectual disabilities: An observational cross-sectional study. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 84:3, pages 553-567.
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Mitchell R. Redston, Sarah N. Hilmer, Andrew J. McLachlan, Alexander J. Clough & Danijela Gnjidic. (2018) Prevalence of Potentially Inappropriate Medication Use in Older Inpatients with and without Cognitive Impairment: A Systematic Review. Journal of Alzheimer's Disease 61:4, pages 1639-1652.
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Nashwa Masnoon, Sepehr Shakib, Lisa Kalisch-Ellett & Gillian E. Caughey. (2018) Tools for Assessment of the Appropriateness of Prescribing and Association with Patient-Related Outcomes: A Systematic Review. Drugs & Aging 35:1, pages 43-60.
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Stephanie L. Harrison, Lisa Kouladjian O’Donnell, Clare E. Bradley, Rachel Milte, Suzanne M. Dyer, Emmanuel S. Gnanamanickam, Enwu Liu, Sarah N. Hilmer & Maria Crotty. (2018) Associations between the Drug Burden Index, Potentially Inappropriate Medications and Quality of Life in Residential Aged Care. Drugs & Aging 35:1, pages 83-91.
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Hamish A. Jamieson, Prasad S. Nishtala, Richard Scrase, Joanne M. Deely, Rebecca Abey-Nesbit, Martin J. Connolly, Sarah N. Hilmer, Darrell R. Abernethy & Philip J. Schluter. (2017) Drug Burden and its Association with Falls Among Older Adults in New Zealand: A National Population Cross-Sectional Study. Drugs & Aging 35:1, pages 73-81.
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Mirko Petrovic, Danijela Gnjidic, Eline Tommelein & Koen Boussery. 2018. Learning Geriatric Medicine. Learning Geriatric Medicine 219 235 .
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L. M. J. Sanders, T. Hortobágyi, G. van Staveren, K. Taxis, F. Boersma, H. C. Klein, W. J. R. Bossers, C. G. Blankevoort, E. J. A. Scherder, E. A. Van der Zee & M. J. G. van Heuvelen. (2017) Relationship between drug burden and physical and cognitive functions in a sample of nursing home patients with dementia. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 73:12, pages 1633-1642.
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Michele S. S. Lee & Hugh C. Hanger. (2017) Audit of anticholinergic medication changes in older hospitalised patients using the Anticholinergic Drug Scale. Internal Medicine Journal 47:6, pages 689-694.
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Nagham Ailabouni, Dee Mangin & Prasad S Nishtala. (2017) Deprescribing anticholinergic and sedative medicines: protocol for a Feasibility Trial (DEFEAT-polypharmacy) in residential aged care facilities. BMJ Open 7:4, pages e013800.
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V. Dauphinot, R. Faure, L. Bourguignon, S. Goutelle, P. Krolak-Salmon & C. Mouchoux. (2017) Factors associated with changes in exposure to anticholinergic and sedative medications in elderly hospitalized patients: multicentre longitudinal study. European Journal of Neurology 24:3, pages 483-490.
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Emily Reeve, Wade Thompson & Barbara Farrell. (2017) Deprescribing: A narrative review of the evidence and practical recommendations for recognizing opportunities and taking action. European Journal of Internal Medicine 38, pages 3-11.
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Hans Wouters, Helene van der Meer & Katja Taxis. (2016) Quantification of anticholinergic and sedative drug load with the Drug Burden Index: a review of outcomes and methodological quality of studies. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 73:3, pages 257-266.
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Corina Naughton & Nicky Hayes. (2017) Deprescribing in older adults: a new concept for nurses in administering medicines and as prescribers of medicine. European Journal of Hospital Pharmacy 24:1, pages 47-50.
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Richard J. Woodman, Karen M. Wood, Aline Kunnel, Maneesha Dedigama, Matthew A. Pegoli, Roy L. Soiza & Arduino A. Mangoni. (2016) Patterns of Drug Use and Serum Sodium Concentrations in Older Hospitalized Patients: A Latent Class Analysis Approach. Drugs - Real World Outcomes 3:4, pages 383-391.
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Lisa Kouladjian, Danijela Gnjidic, Timothy F. Chen & Sarah N. Hilmer. (2016) Development, validation and evaluation of an electronic pharmacological tool: The Drug Burden Index Calculator©. Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy 12:6, pages 865-875.
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Gustavo Duque, Stephen R. Lord, Jenson Mak, Kirtan Ganda, Jacqueline J.T. Close, Peter Ebeling, Alexandra Papaioannou & Charles A. Inderjeeth. (2016) Treatment of Osteoporosis in Australian Residential Aged Care Facilities: Update on Consensus Recommendations for Fracture Prevention. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association 17:9, pages 852-859.
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Lisa Kouladjian, Danijela Gnjidic, Emily Reeve, Timothy F. Chen & Sarah N. Hilmer. (2016) Health Care Practitioners’ Perspectives on Deprescribing Anticholinergic and Sedative Medications in Older Adults. Annals of Pharmacotherapy 50:8, pages 625-636.
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Lisa Kouladjian, Timothy F. Chen, Danijela Gnjidic & Sarah N. Hilmer. (2016) Education and Assessment of Pharmacists on the Use of the Drug Burden Index in Older Adults Using a Continuing Professional Development Education Method. American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education 80:4, pages 63.
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Tanja Mayer, Walter E Haefeli & Hanna M Seidling. (2015) Different methods, different results—how do available methods link a patient’s anticholinergic load with adverse outcomes?. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 71:11, pages 1299-1314.
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Karen Cardwell, Carmel M. Hughes & Cristín Ryan. (2015) The Association Between Anticholinergic Medication Burden and Health Related Outcomes in the ‘Oldest Old’: A Systematic Review of the Literature. Drugs & Aging 32:10, pages 835-848.
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Karen E. Mate, Karen P. Kerr, Dimity Pond, Evan J. Williams, John Marley, Peter Disler, Henry Brodaty & Parker J. Magin. (2015) Impact of Multiple Low-Level Anticholinergic Medications on Anticholinergic Load of Community-Dwelling Elderly With and Without Dementia. Drugs & Aging 32:2, pages 159-167.
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