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Review

Current perspectives on the impact of Kratom use

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Pages 23-31 | Published online: 01 Jul 2019

Keep up to date with the latest research on this topic with citation updates for this article.

Read on this site (11)

Nicholas A Deebel, Kyle Scarberry, Collette A O’Connor, Rahul Dutta, Ethan Matz, Colleen A Hanlon & Ryan P Terlecki. (2023) Investigating the Impact of Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) Use Upon Male Sexual Health. Research and Reports in Urology 15, pages 69-76.
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Alexandra Arenson, Cynthia I. Campbell & Ilan Remler. (2023) Psychoactive plant derivatives (ayahuasca, ibogaine, kratom) and their application in opioid withdrawal and use disorder – a narrative review. Journal of Addictive Diseases 0:0, pages 1-11.
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C. R. LoParco, R. A. Yockey, V. K. Sekhon, S. Olsson, R. Galindo, R. Balasundaram, T. Agwuncha & M. E. Rossheim. (2023) Kratom Retail Availability in Fort Worth, Texas. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 0:0, pages 1-6.
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Oliver Grundmann, Charles A. Veltri, Diana Morcos, David Knightes$suffix/text()$suffix/text(), Kirsten E. Smith & Jeffery M. Rogers. (2022) How essential is kratom availability and use during COVID-19? Use pattern analysis based on survey and social media data. Substance Abuse 43:1, pages 865-877.
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Mike C. Parent, Nathaniel W. Woznicki & Jackie Yang. (2022) Demographic and behavioral factors associated with kratom use among U.S. college students. Journal of American College Health 0:0, pages 1-5.
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Destin Groff, Heather Stuckey, Carolyn Philpott, Erika Van Dyke, Matthew Silvis, Shou Ling Leong & Curtis Bone. (2022) Kratom use disorder: a primer for primary care physicians. Journal of Addictive Diseases 40:1, pages 131-141.
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Mohammad Farris Iman Leong Bin Abdullah, Novline Yuvashnee & Darshan Singh. (2021) Effect of regular kratom (Mitragyna speciosa Korth.) use on quality of life of people who use kratom. Substance Abuse 42:4, pages 444-449.
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Ahmed Adel Eladely, Junaid Shahzad & Steven Lippmann. (2020) Do you know about Kratom?. Postgraduate Medicine 132:6, pages 536-537.
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Justin P. Reinert, Kayla Colunga, Alexandria Etuk, Victoria Richardson & Rebecca L. Dunn. (2020) Management of overdoses of salvia, kratom, and psilocybin mushrooms: a literature review. Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology 13:8, pages 847-856.
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Jordan R. Covvey, Samantha M. Vogel, Alyssa M. Peckham & Kirk E. Evoy. (2020) Prevalence and characteristics of self-reported kratom use in a representative US general population sample. Journal of Addictive Diseases 38:4, pages 506-513.
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Articles from other publishers (66)

Katerina Roma, Salman Mohammed, Blake Sieck, Katrina Naik & Shahid Wahid. (2023) Kratom-induced acute liver injury: A case study and the importance of herbal supplement regulation. Journal of Hepatology 79:2, pages 581-584.
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Shyam H. Kamble, Samuel Obeng, Francisco León, Luis F. Restrepo, Tamara I. King, Erin C. Berthold, Siva Rama Raju Kanumuri, Lea R. Gamez-Jimenez, Victoria L.C. Pallares, Avi Patel, Nicholas P. Ho, Aidan Hampson, Christopher R. McCurdy, Lance R. McMahon, Jenny L. Wilkerson, Abhisheak Sharma & Takato Hiranita. (2023) Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Consequences of Cytochrome P450 3A Inhibition on Mitragynine Metabolism in Rats. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 385:3, pages 180-192.
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Anees Bahji, M. Eugenia Socías & Paxton Bach. (2023) Cases: Multiorgan failure in a 38-year-old man with recent consumption of kratom, an atypical opioid. Psychiatry Research Case Reports 2:1, pages 100088.
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Oliver Grundmann, Robert G. Hendrickson & Michael I. Greenberg. (2023) Kratom: History, pharmacology, current user trends, adverse health effects and potential benefits. Disease-a-Month 69:6, pages 101442.
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Rubashiny Veeramohan, Arief Izzairy Zamani, Kamalrul Azlan Azizan, Hoe-Han Goh, Wan Mohd Aizat, Mohd Fauzi Abd Razak, Nur Sabrina Mohd Yusof, Sharif Mahsufi Mansor, Syarul Nataqain Baharum & Chyan Leong Ng. (2023) Comparative metabolomics analysis reveals alkaloid repertoires in young and mature Mitragyna speciosa (Korth.) Havil. Leaves. PLOS ONE 18:3, pages e0283147.
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Jeffrey D. Feldman, Destiny Schriefer, Kirsten E. Smith, Stephanie T. Weiss, Gisela Butera, Kelly E. Dunn, Oliver Grundmann, Christopher R. McCurdy, Darshan Singh & David H. Epstein. (2023) Omissions, Ambiguities, and Underuse of Causal Assessment Tools: a Systematic Review of Case Reports on Patients Who Use Kratom. Current Addiction Reports 10:2, pages 293-303.
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Stephanie T. Weiss & Jeffrey Brent. (2023) A Cautionary Tale of Herbal Supplements: What We Have Learned from Kratom. Current Addiction Reports 10:1, pages 1-8.
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Mohamad Azmeer Effendy, Suleiman Yunusa, Noorul Hamizah Mat, Ahmad Tarmizi Che Has, Christian P. Müller & Zurina Hassan. (2023) The role of AMPA and NMDA receptors in mitragynine effects on hippocampal synaptic plasticity. Behavioural Brain Research 438, pages 114169.
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Maxsaya Baez Nunez, Annika Dhingra, Myra Dhingra, Rachael Kossack & Monica Dhingra. (2022) Kratom's rising role in the potential exacerbation of mental health disorders: A case report and review of the literature. Psychiatry Research Case Reports 1:2, pages 100069.
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Jack E. Henningfield, Joseph V. Rodricks, Aaron M. Magnuson & Marilyn A. Huestis. (2022) Respiratory effects of oral mitragynine and oxycodone in a rodent model. Psychopharmacology 239:12, pages 3793-3804.
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Murtadha Basheer, Rana Khudhair Jasim & Gam Lay Harn. (2022) Controversial usages of kratom ( Mitragyna speciosa ): For good or for evil . World Journal of Pharmacology 11:3, pages 16-26.
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Wanumaidah Saengmolee, Dania Cheaha, Nusaib Sa-ih & Ekkasit Kumarnsit. (2022) Exploring of cardiac autonomic activity with heart rate variability in long-term kratom ( Mitragyna speciosa Korth.) users: a preliminary study . PeerJ 10, pages e14280.
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Carla J. Berg, Albert Melena, Friedner D. Wittman, Tomas Robles & Lisa Henriksen. (2022) The Reshaping of the E-Cigarette Retail Environment: Its Evolution and Public Health Concerns. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19:14, pages 8518.
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Rob Hill, Andrew C. Kruegel, Jonathan A. Javitch, J. Robert Lane & Meritxell Canals. (2022) The respiratory depressant effects of mitragynine are limited by its conversion to 7‐OH mitragynine. British Journal of Pharmacology 179:14, pages 3875-3885.
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Yee Shan Sim, Zan Yang Chong, Juzaili Azizi & Choon Fu Goh. (2022) Development and validation of a gradient HPLC-UV method for mitragynine following in vitro skin permeation studies. Journal of Chromatography B 1204, pages 123316.
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Maximilian Gahr. (2022) Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa): eine psychoaktive Pflanze mit Chancen und Risiken. Fortschritte der Neurologie · Psychiatrie.
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Samantha Hughes, David van de Klashorst, Charles A. Veltri & Oliver Grundmann. (2022) Acute, Sublethal, and Developmental Toxicity of Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa Korth.) Leaf Preparations on Caenorhabditis elegans as an Invertebrate Model for Human Exposure. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19:10, pages 6294.
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Aroon La-up, Paleeratana Wongrith, Wiraphon Chaichan, Apinun Aramrattana & Udomsak Saengow. (2022) Association between kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) use and metabolic syndrome. Heliyon 8:5, pages e09468.
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Chad HartleyIIII, Marilyn Bulloch & Scott R. Penzak. (2022) Clinical Pharmacology of the Dietary Supplement Kratom ( Mitragyna speciosa ) . The Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 62:5, pages 577-593.
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Ling Ling Choo, Muhammad Muhsin Ahmad Zahari, Seng Kit Choy, Naemah Abdul Rahim & Rusdi Abd Rashid. (2022) The Prevalence and Psychosocial Correlates of Ketum (Mitragyna speciosa) Use among Individuals on Methadone Maintenance Therapy Programme in Hospital Taiping, Malaysia. Healthcare 10:4, pages 746.
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Vinita Sharma, Linda B. Cottler, Cristina B. Bares & Catalina Lopez-Quintero. (2022) Kratom Use Among U.S. Adolescents: Analyses of the 2019 National Survey on Drug Use and Health. Journal of Adolescent Health 70:4, pages 677-681.
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Wanumaidah Saengmolee, Rattanaphon Chaisaen, Phairot Autthasan, Chutimon Rungsilp, Nusaib Sa-Ih, Dania Cheaha, Ekkasit Kumarnsit & Theerawit Wilaiprasitporn. (2022) Consumer-Grade Brain Measuring Sensor in People With Long-Term Kratom Consumption. IEEE Sensors Journal 22:6, pages 6088-6097.
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Marc T. Swogger, Kirsten E. Smith, Albert Garcia-Romeu, Oliver Grundmann, Charles A. Veltri, Jack E. Henningfield & Lorna Y. Busch. (2022) Understanding Kratom Use: A Guide for Healthcare Providers. Frontiers in Pharmacology 13.
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Thiruventhan Karunakaran, Kok Zhuo Ngew, Ahmad Alif Danial Zailan, Vivien Yi Mian Jong & Mohamad Hafizi Abu Bakar. (2022) The Chemical and Pharmacological Properties of Mitragynine and Its Diastereomers: An Insight Review. Frontiers in Pharmacology 13.
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Maree T. Smith, Dehui Kong, Andy Kuo, Mohammad Z. Imam & Craig M. Williams. (2022) Analgesic Opioid Ligand Discovery Based on Nonmorphinan Scaffolds Derived from Natural Sources. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 65:3, pages 1612-1661.
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Erin C. Berthold, Shyam H. Kamble, Kanumuri S. Raju, Michelle A. Kuntz, Alexandria S. Senetra, Marco Mottinelli, Francisco León, Luis F. Restrepo, Avi Patel, Nicholas P. Ho, Takato Hiranita, Abhisheak Sharma, Lance R. McMahon & Christopher R. McCurdy. (2022) The Lack of Contribution of 7-Hydroxymitragynine to the Antinociceptive Effects of Mitragynine in Mice: A Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Study. Drug Metabolism and Disposition 50:2, pages 158-167.
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Akhil Anand & Avinash Hosanagar. (2022) The Addictive Potential and Challenges with Use of the “Herbal Supplement” Kratom: A Case Report and Literature Review. Pain Medicine 23:1, pages 4-9.
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Devin R. Allison, Muhammad Mubarak, Neal Sharma & Deepthi S. Rao. (2022) Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa)-Induced Hepatitis. ACG Case Reports Journal 9:4, pages e00715.
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Inna Larsen, Emily Zhang & Pantea Farahmand. (2022) Current Understanding of the Effects and Potential Clinical Utility of Kratom: A Review. Journal of Psychiatric Practice 28:2, pages 92-97.
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Rudy Setyo Utomo, M. Agus Wibowo, Nurmainah & Rusli Burhansyah. Local culture of kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) consumption in Kapuas Hulu district. Local culture of kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) consumption in Kapuas Hulu district.
Yu Kyung Lee, Mark S. Gold & Brian S. Fuehrlein. (2022) Looking beyond the opioid receptor: A desperate need for new treatments for opioid use disorder. Journal of the Neurological Sciences 432, pages 120094.
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Shaun L. Greene. 2022. Novel Psychoactive Substances. Novel Psychoactive Substances 495 532 .
Sarah Kerrigan & Stephanie Basiliere. (2021) Kratom: A systematic review of toxicological issues. WIREs Forensic Science 4:1.
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Elisabeth Prevete, Kim Paula Colette Kuypers, Eef Lien Theunissen, Ornella Corazza, Giuseppe Bersani & Johannes Gerardus Ramaekers. (2021) A systematic review of (pre)clinical studies on the therapeutic potential and safety profile of kratom in humans. Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental 37:1.
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Jeremy Y. Ng, Muhammad Ans & Amn Marwaha. (2021) Assessing the quality of information provided on websites selling Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) to consumers in Canada. Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy 16:1.
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Worrapat Jittasopa & Smith Srisont. (2021) The Causes of Death and Pathological Findings of Kratom Users. American Journal of Forensic Medicine & Pathology 42:4, pages 335-340.
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Robin E. Ford, Cameo Lyn West, Alicia McGhee & Rebecca Lyn LaLonde. 2021. International Ethics in Chemistry: Developing Common Values across Cultures. International Ethics in Chemistry: Developing Common Values across Cultures 41 61 .
Mohamad Azmeer Effendy, Suleiman Yunusa, Zainiharyati M. Zain & Zurina Hassan. (2021) Real time monitoring of dopamine release evoked by mitragynine (Kratom): An insight through electrochemical sensor. Neuroscience Letters 763, pages 136183.
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Sayamol Charoenratana, Cholnapa Anukul & Apinun Aramrattana. (2021) Attitudes towards Kratom use, decriminalization and the development of a community-based Kratom control mechanism in Southern Thailand. International Journal of Drug Policy 95, pages 103197.
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Kirsten E. Smith, Jeffrey M. Rogers, Destiny Schriefer & Oliver Grundmann. (2021) Therapeutic benefit with caveats?: Analyzing social media data to understand the complexities of kratom use. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 226, pages 108879.
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Shoshana Buckhalter, Eric Soubeyrand, Sarah A.E. Ferrone, Duncan J. Rasmussen, Joshua D. Manduca, M. Sameer Al-Abdul-Wahid, Jude A. Frie, Jibran Y. Khokhar, Tariq A. Akhtar & Melissa L. Perreault. (2021) The Antidepressant-Like and Analgesic Effects of Kratom Alkaloids are accompanied by Changes in Low Frequency Oscillations but not ΔFosB Accumulation. Frontiers in Pharmacology 12.
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Sanihah Abdul Halim, Jen Hou Low, Yong Chuan Chee & Muhamad Ridzuan Alias. (2021) Seizures among young adults consuming kratom beverages in Malaysia: A case series. Epilepsy & Behavior 121, pages 108057.
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Alex Hall & Dora Hall. (2021) Kratom Ingestion and Emergency Care: Summary and a Case Report. Journal of Emergency Nursing 47:4, pages 551-556.e1.
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Hunter A Cutlip, Ella Bushman, Lisa Thottumari, Raja Mogallapu & Michael Ang-Rabanes. (2021) A Case Report of Kratom-Induced Psychosis. Cureus.
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Aimee N. Jensen, Quynh-Nhu Truong, Melanie Jameson & Celeste N. Nadal. (2021) Kratom-induced transaminitis with subsequent precipitated opioid withdrawal following naltrexone. Mental Health Clinician 11:3, pages 220-224.
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Shyam H. Kamble, Erin C. Berthold, Tamara I. King, Siva Rama Raju Kanumuri, Raluca Popa, Julius R. Herting, Francisco León, Abhisheak Sharma, Lance R. McMahon, Bonnie A. Avery & Christopher R. McCurdy. (2021) Pharmacokinetics of Eleven Kratom Alkaloids Following an Oral Dose of Either Traditional or Commercial Kratom Products in Rats. Journal of Natural Products 84:4, pages 1104-1112.
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H N Hanifah, G Hadisoebroto & L Dewi. (2021) Comparison of phenolic, flavonoid, and tannin contents from ethanol extract of Kratom stem (Mitragyna speciosa Korth.) and senggani flower (Melastoma malabathrium L.). Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1869:1, pages 012002.
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Aroon La-up, Udomsak Saengow & Apinun Aramrattana. (2021) High serum high-density lipoprotein and low serum triglycerides in Kratom users: A study of Kratom users in Thailand. Heliyon 7:4, pages e06931.
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Alessandro E. Vento, Simone de Persis, Sergio De Filippis, Fabrizio Schifano, Flavia Napoletano, John M. Corkery & Georgios D. Kotzalidis. (2021) Case Report: Treatment of Kratom Use Disorder With a Classical Tricyclic Antidepressant. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12.
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Rima Atria Japarin, Nurul Hasnida Yusoff, Zurina Hassan, Christian P. Müller & Norsyifa Harun. (2021) Cross-reinstatement of mitragynine and morphine place preference in rats. Behavioural Brain Research 399, pages 113021.
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Rakshit S. Tanna, Dan-Dan Tian, Nadja B. Cech, Nicholas H. Oberlies, Allan E. Rettie, Kenneth E. Thummel & Mary F. Paine. (2021) Refined Prediction of Pharmacokinetic Kratom-Drug Interactions: Time-Dependent Inhibition Considerations. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 376:1, pages 64-73.
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Jonathan Schimmel, Elise Amioka, Karilynn Rockhill, Colleen M. Haynes, Joshua C. Black, Richard C. Dart & Janetta L. Iwanicki. (2020) Prevalence and description of kratom ( Mitragyna speciosa ) use in the United States: a cross‐sectional study . Addiction 116:1, pages 176-181.
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Eduardo Luis Konrath, Marcelo Dutra Arbo, Bruno Dutra Arbo, Mariana Appel Hort, Elaine Elisabetsky & Mirna Bainy Leal. 2021. Pharmacological Properties of Plant-Derived Natural Products and Implications for Human Health. Pharmacological Properties of Plant-Derived Natural Products and Implications for Human Health 185 215 .
Mohammad Farris Iman Leong Bin Abdullah. (2020) Kratom Dependence and Treatment Options: A Comprehensive Review of the Literature. Current Drug Targets 21:15, pages 1566-1579.
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D. A. Todd, J. J. Kellogg, E. D. Wallace, M. Khin, L. Flores-Bocanegra, R. S. Tanna, S. McIntosh, H. A. Raja, T. N. Graf, S. E. Hemby, M. F. Paine, N. H. Oberlies & N. B. Cech. (2020) Chemical composition and biological effects of kratom (Mitragyna speciosa): In vitro studies with implications for efficacy and drug interactions. Scientific Reports 10:1.
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Darshan Gandhi, Kriti Ahuja, Alexis Quade, Kenneth P Batts & Love Patel. (2020) Kratom induced severe cholestatic liver injury histologically mimicking primary biliary cholangitis: A case report. World Journal of Hepatology 12:10, pages 863-869.
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Surash Ramanathan & Christopher R. McCurdy. (2020) Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa): worldwide issues. Current Opinion in Psychiatry 33:4, pages 312-318.
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Shyam H. Kamble, Abhisheak Sharma, Tamara I. King, Erin C. Berthold, Francisco León, P. Katharina L. Meyer, Siva Rama Raju Kanumuri, Lance R. McMahon, Christopher R. McCurdy & Bonnie A. Avery. (2020) Exploration of cytochrome P450 inhibition mediated drug-drug interaction potential of kratom alkaloids. Toxicology Letters 319, pages 148-154.
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Jack E. Henningfield, Oliver Grundmann, Jane K. Babin, Reginald V. Fant, Daniel W. Wang & Edward J. Cone. (2019) Risk of death associated with kratom use compared to opioids. Preventive Medicine 128, pages 105851.
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William Eggleston, Robert Stoppacher, Kyle Suen, Jeanna M. Marraffa & Lewis S. Nelson. (2019) Drs. Eggleston et al. Reply to Drs. Grundmann et al. Pharmacotherapy: The Journal of Human Pharmacology and Drug Therapy 39:11, pages 1121-1122.
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