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Review

Addressing the need for rapid treatment of agitation in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: focus on inhaled loxapine as an alternative to injectable agents

Pages 235-245 | Published online: 20 May 2013

Keep up to date with the latest research on this topic with citation updates for this article.

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Justin Faden, Meghan Musselman & Leslie Citrome. (2023) Sublingual dexmedetomidine: repurposing an anesthetic as an anti-agitation agent. Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics 23:2, pages 97-106.
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Jessica A. Hellings, L. Eugene Arnold & Joan C. Han. (2017) Dopamine antagonists for treatment resistance in autism spectrum disorders: review and focus on BDNF stimulators loxapine and amitriptyline. Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy 18:6, pages 581-588.
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Liang Lin, Shuncui Liu, Zhenyi Chen & Shaoli Lin. (2016) Effect of ketamine combined with butorphanol on emergence agitation of postoperative patients with gastric cancer. Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management 12, pages 713-717.
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Charles V. Pollack$suffix/text()$suffix/text(). (2016) Inhaled loxapine for the urgent treatment of acute agitation associated with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder. Current Medical Research and Opinion 32:7, pages 1253-1260.
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Articles from other publishers (23)

Sushmitha S. Purushotham, Neeharika M. N. Reddy, Michelle Ninochka D’Souza, Nilpawan Roy Choudhury, Anusa Ganguly, Niharika Gopalakrishna, Ravi Muddashetty & James P. Clement. (2022) A perspective on molecular signalling dysfunction, its clinical relevance and therapeutics in autism spectrum disorder. Experimental Brain Research.
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Wei Liu, Taijun Luo, Fei Wang, Ding Zhang, Tao Liu, Jiapeng Huang & Shaofa Xu. (2022) Effect of Preoperative Thoracic Paravertebral Blocks on Emergence Agitation During Tracheal Extubation: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Frontiers in Medicine 9.
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Mehak Pahwa, Ahmad Sleem, Omar H. Elsayed, Megan Elizabeth Good & Rif S. El-Mallakh. (2021) New Antipsychotic Medications in the Last Decade. Current Psychiatry Reports 23:12.
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Federico Dazzi, Martina Valentini & Lorenzo Tarsitani. 2021. Empathy, Normalization and De-escalation. Empathy, Normalization and De-escalation 1 23 .
Vincent W.-S. Tseng, Akane Sano, Dror Ben-Zeev, Rachel Brian, Andrew T. Campbell, Marta Hauser, John M. Kane, Emily A. Scherer, Rui Wang, Weichen Wang, Hongyi Wen & Tanzeem Choudhury. (2020) Using behavioral rhythms and multi-task learning to predict fine-grained symptoms of schizophrenia. Scientific Reports 10:1.
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Eimear Muir‐Cochrane, Candice Oster & Karen Grimmer. (2019) International research into 22 years of use of chemical restraint: An evidence overview. Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice 26:3, pages 927-956.
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Leslie Citrome & Jan Volavka. 2020. Violence and Mental Disorders. Violence and Mental Disorders 253 268 .
Bruno Pacciardi, Alfredo Calcedo & Thomas Messer. (2019) Inhaled Loxapine for the Management of Acute Agitation in Bipolar Disorder and Schizophrenia: Expert Review and Commentary in an Era of Change. Drugs in R&D 19:1, pages 15-25.
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Leslie S. Zun. (2018) Evidence-Based Review of Pharmacotherapy for Acute Agitation. Part 1: Onset of Efficacy. The Journal of Emergency Medicine 54:3, pages 364-374.
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Ladislav Volicer, Leslie Citrome & Jan Volavka. (2017) Measurement of agitation and aggression in adult and aged neuropsychiatric patients: review of definitions and frequently used measurement scales. CNS Spectrums 22:5, pages 407-414.
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Sally Selim, Robert Riesenberg, James Cassella, Jeevan Kunta, Edward Hellriegel, Mark A. Smith, Alexander A. Vinks & Laura Rabinovich-Guilatt. (2017) Pharmacokinetics and Safety of Single-Dose Inhaled Loxapine in Children and Adolescents. The Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 57:10, pages 1244-1257.
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Leslie Citrome. 2017. The Diagnosis and Management of Agitation. The Diagnosis and Management of Agitation 200 218 .
Domenico de Berardis, Michele Fornaro, Laura Orsolini, Felice Iasevoli, Carmine Tomasetti, Andrea de Bartolomeis, Nicola Serroni, Alessandro Valchera, Alessandro Carano, Federica Vellante, Stefano Marini, Monica Piersanti, Giampaolo Perna, Giovanni Martinotti & Massimo Di Giannantonio. (2017) The Role of Inhaled Loxapine in the Treatment of Acute Agitation in Patients with Psychiatric Disorders: A Clinical Review. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 18:2, pages 349.
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Luis San, Josef Marksteiner, Peter Zwanzger, María Aragüés Figuero, Francisco Toledo Romero, Grigorios Kyropoulos, Alberto Bessa Peixoto, Roxana Chirita & Anca Boldeanu. (2016) State of Acute Agitation at Psychiatric Emergencies in Europe: The STAGE Study. Clinical Practice & Epidemiology in Mental Health 12:1, pages 75-86.
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Mantana Kittipeerachon & Warawat Chaichan. (2016) Intramuscular olanzapine versus intramuscular aripiprazole for the treatment of agitation in patients with schizophrenia: A pragmatic double-blind randomized trial. Schizophrenia Research 176:2-3, pages 231-238.
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Daniel A. Spyker, James V. Cassella, Randall R. Stoltz & Paul P. Yeung. (2015) Inhaled loxapine and intramuscular lorazepam in healthy volunteers: a randomized placebo‐controlled drug–drug interaction study. Pharmacology Research & Perspectives 3:6.
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Leslie Citrome & Jan Volavka. (2015) Preventing Violence in Patients with Schizophrenia. Current Treatment Options in Psychiatry 2:2, pages 182-191.
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Leslie Citrome & Jan Volavka. (2014) The psychopharmacology of violence: making sensible decisions. CNS Spectrums 19:5, pages 411-418.
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John Gar Yan Chan, Jennifer Wong, Qi Tony Zhou, Sharon Shui Yee Leung & Hak-Kim Chan. (2014) Advances in Device and Formulation Technologies for Pulmonary Drug Delivery. AAPS PharmSciTech 15:4, pages 882-897.
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M. Pratts, L. Citrome, W. Grant, L. Leso & L. A. Opler. (2014) A single-dose, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of sublingual asenapine for acute agitation. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 130:1, pages 61-68.
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Jan Volavka. (2014) Aggression in Psychoses. Advances in Psychiatry 2014, pages 1-20.
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Pierre Chue & Bogdan Neagu. 2014. A worldwide yearly survey of new data in adverse drug reactions. A worldwide yearly survey of new data in adverse drug reactions 59 84 .
Jan Volavka & Leslie Citrome. 2010. Encyclopedia of Psychopharmacology. Encyclopedia of Psychopharmacology 1 6 .