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Original Article

Effects of Topical Nasal Steroids on Human Respiratory Mucosa and Human Granulocytes in Vitro

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Pages 868-875 | Received 12 Jun 1995, Accepted 15 Jan 1996, Published online: 08 Jul 2009

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M.M. Khowdairy, M.Z. Mohamed & A.S. Mohamed. (2011) Surface and Biological Activity of Some Prepared Quaternary Ammonium Surfactants. Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology 32:5, pages 760-769.
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Pedro Giavina-Bianchi, Rosana Agondi, Rafael Stelmach, Alberto Cukier & Jorge Kalil. (2008) Fluticasone furoate nasal spray in the treatment of allergic rhinitis. Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management 4:2, pages 465-472.
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V. J. Feron, J. H. E. Arts, C. F. Kuper, P. J. Slootweg & R. A. Woutersen. (2001) Health Risks Associated with Inhaled Nasal Toxicants. Critical Reviews in Toxicology 31:3, pages 313-347.
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Ø. H. Berg, A. M. Bakken, S. K. Steinsvåg & M. Farstad. (1999) Benzalkonium chloride interferes with energy production, secretion and morphology in human blood platelets. Platelets 10:2-3, pages 97-104.
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Articles from other publishers (20)

Lea-Adriana Keller, Olivia Merkel & Andreas Popp. (2021) Intranasal drug delivery: opportunities and toxicologic challenges during drug development. Drug Delivery and Translational Research 12:4, pages 735-757.
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Neil F. Johnson. (2018) Pulmonary Toxicity of Benzalkonium Chloride. Journal of Aerosol Medicine and Pulmonary Drug Delivery 31:1, pages 1-17.
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Rudrashish Haldar, SukhminderjitSingh Bajwa & Jasleen Kaur. (2017) Xylometazoline nasal drops induced anaphylaxis: An atypical perioperative complication. Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology 33:3, pages 399.
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Ehab R. Bendas, Hamoud Abdullah, Mohamed H.M. El-Komy & Mohamed A.A. Kassem. (2013) Hydroxychloroquine niosomes: A new trend in topical management of oral lichen planus. International Journal of Pharmaceutics 458:2, pages 287-295.
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Joke Lenoir, Claus Bachert, Jean-Paul Remon & Els Adriaens. (2013) The Slug Mucosal Irritation (SMI) assay: A tool for the evaluation of nasal discomfort. Toxicology in Vitro 27:6, pages 1954-1961.
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Joke Lenoir, Els Adriaens & Jean‐Paul Remon. (2010) New aspects of the Slug Mucosal Irritation assay: predicting nasal stinging, itching and burning sensations. Journal of Applied Toxicology 31:7, pages 640-648.
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Norbert H. Kleinsasser, Ulrich A. Harréus, Fernando Gamarra, Oliver Driemel, Rudolf Hagen & Michael Buehrlen. (2008) Cytochrome P4502A6 stability in a mini organ culture model of human nasal mucosa for genotoxicology studies as detected by flow cytometry. European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology 266:3, pages 385-389.
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K. E. Styan, D. J. Martin & L. A. Poole‐Warren. (2007) In vitro fibroblast response to polyurethane organosilicate nanocomposites . Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A 86A:3, pages 571-582.
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Eli O. Meltzer. (2007) Formulation considerations of intranasal corticosteroids for the treatment of allergic rhinitis. Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology 98:1, pages 12-21.
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Kazuto Ohkura, Akiko Sukeno, Hideaki Nagamune & Hiroki Kourai. (2005) Bridge-linked bis-quaternary ammonium anti-microbial agents: relationship between cytotoxicity and anti-bacterial activity of 5,5′-[2,2′-(tetramethylenedicarbonyldioxy)-diethyl]bis(3-alkyl-4-methylthiazonium iodide)s. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry 13:7, pages 2579-2587.
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Peter Graf. (2005) Rhinitis Medicamentosa. Treatments in Respiratory Medicine 4:1, pages 21-29.
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Herbert Riechelmann, Tom Deutschle, Anja Stuhlmiller, Silke Gronau & Harald Bürner. (2018) Nasal Toxicity of Benzalkonium Chloride. American Journal of Rhinology 18:5, pages 291-299.
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J. Lindemann, R. Leiacker, K. Wiesmiller, G. Rettinger & T. Keck. (2004) Immediate effect of benzalkonium chloride in decongestant nasal spray on the human nasal mucosal temperature. Clinical Otolaryngology and Allied Sciences 29:4, pages 357-361.
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Norbert H. Kleinsasser, Jutta Juchhoff, Barbara C. Wallner, Albrecht Bergner, Ulrich A. Harréus, Fernando Gamarra, Michael Bührlen, Rudolf M. Huber & Albert W. Rettenmeier. (2004) The use of mini-organ cultures of human upper aerodigestive tract epithelia in ecogenotoxicology. Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis 561:1-2, pages 63-73.
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Bradley Marple, Peter Roland & Michael Benninger. (2016) Safety Review of Benzalkonium Chloride Used as a Preservative in Intranasal Solutions: An Overview of Conflicting Data and Opinions. Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery 130:1, pages 131-141.
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Kazuto Ohkura, Akiko Sukeno, Keiko Yamamoto, Hideaki Nagamune, Takuya Maeda & Hiroki Kourai. (2003) Analysis of structural features of bis-quaternary ammonium antimicrobial agents 4,4′-(α,ω-Polymethylenedithio)bis (1-alkylpyridinium iodide)s using computational simulation. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry 11:23, pages 5035-5043.
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J.C. SMITH & T.J. ROCKLEY. (2002) A comparison of cocaine and 'co-phenylcaine' local anaesthesia in flexible nasendoscopy. Clinical Otolaryngology and Allied Sciences 27:3, pages 192-196.
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P. GRAF. (2001) Benzalkonium chloride as a preservative in nasal solutions: re-examining the data. Respiratory Medicine 95:9, pages 728-733.
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H Nagamune, T Maeda, K Ohkura, K Yamamoto, M Nakajima & H Kourai. (2000) Evaluation of the cytotoxic effects of bis-quaternary ammonium antimicrobial reagents on human cells. Toxicology in Vitro 14:2, pages 139-147.
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I.Leonard Bernstein. (2000) Is the use of benzalkonium chloride as a preservative for nasal formulations a safety concern? A cautionary note based on compromised mucociliary transport. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 105:1, pages 39-44.
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