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International Journal of Neuroscience Volume 23, 1984 - Issue 1
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Original Article

Nocturnal Sleep and Wakefulness: Effects of Age and Sex in Normal Sleepers

Edward O. Bixler Sleep Research and Treatment Center and Department of Psychiatry, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA
,
Anthony Kales Sleep Research and Treatment Center and Department of Psychiatry, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA
,
Judith A. Jacoby Sleep Research and Treatment Center and Department of Psychiatry, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA
,
Constantin R. Soldatos Sleep Research and Treatment Center and Department of Psychiatry, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA
&
Antonio Vela-bueno Sleep Research and Treatment Center and Department of Psychiatry, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA
Pages 33-42 | Received 13 Oct 1983, Published online: 07 Jul 2009

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Katherine M. Sharkey, Helen M. Bearpark, Christine Acebo, Richard P. Millman, Anita Cavallo & Mary A. Carskadon. (2003) Effects of Menopausal Status on Sleep in Midlife Women. Behavioral Sleep Medicine 1:2, pages 69-80.
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Alexandros N. Vgontzas, Edward O. Bixler, Anthony Kales, Rocco L. Manfredi & Kathy Tyson. (1994) Validity and Clinical Utility of Sleep Laboratory Criteria for Insomnia. International Journal of Neuroscience 77:1-2, pages 11-21.
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M. J. Ramos Platon, A. Vela Bueno, J. Espinar Sierra & S. Kales. (1990) Hypnopolygraphic alterations in attention deficit disorder (ADD) children. International Journal of Neuroscience 53:2-4, pages 87-101.
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Donald E. Shearer, Rita Y. Emmerson & Robert E. Dustman. (1989) EEG Relationships to Neural Aging in the Elderly: Overview and Bibliography. American Journal of EEG Technology 29:1, pages 43-63.
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Edward O. Bixler, Anthony Kales, Antonio Vela-bueno, Douglas E. Niklaus, Duane D. Shubert & Constantin R. Soldatos. (1988) Nocturnal Sleep and Blood Pressure in Essential Hypertension. International Journal of Neuroscience 40:1-2, pages 1-11.
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Anthony Kales, Edward O. Bixler, Antonio Vela-bueno, Roger J. Cadieux, Constantin R. Soldatos & Joyce D. Kales. (1984) Biopsychobehavioral Correlates of Insomnia, III: Polygraphic Findings of Sleep Difficulty and their Relationship to Psychopathology. International Journal of Neuroscience 23:1, pages 43-55.
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Valya Sergeeva, Jeremy Viczko, Adrian M. Owen & Stuart M. Fogel. 2020. Neuronal Oscillations of Wakefulness and Sleep. Neuronal Oscillations of Wakefulness and Sleep 223 247 .
Timur Ekiz & Ahmet Cemal Pazarlı. (2018) Comparison of Sleep Apnea Syndrome and Polysomnographic Features in Geriatric and Adult Patients. Ankara Medical Journal.
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Stuart Fogel, Catherine Vien, Avi Karni, Habib Benali, Julie Carrier & Julien Doyon. (2017) Sleep spindles: a physiological marker of age-related changes in gray matter in brain regions supporting motor skill memory consolidation. Neurobiology of Aging 49, pages 154-164.
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Shawn D. Youngstedt, Eric E. Goff, Alexandria M. Reynolds, Daniel F. Kripke, Michael R. Irwin, Richard R. Bootzin, Nidha Khan & Girardin Jean-Louis. (2016) Has adult sleep duration declined over the last 50+ years?. Sleep Medicine Reviews 28, pages 69-85.
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Jeanne F. Duffy, Kirsi-Marja Zitting & Evan D. Chinoy. (2015) Aging and Circadian Rhythms. Sleep Medicine Clinics 10:4, pages 423-434.
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Arn H. Eliasson, Mariam D. Kashani, Robin S. Howard, Marina N. Vernalis & Randolph E. Modlin. (2014) Fatigued on Venus, sleepy on Mars—gender and racial differences in symptoms of sleep apnea. Sleep and Breathing 19:1, pages 99-107.
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Christina S. McCrae, Karlyn E. Vatthauer, Joseph M. Dzierzewski & Michael Marsiske. (2011) Habitual Sleep, Reasoning, and Processing Speed in Older Adults with Sleep Complaints. Cognitive Therapy and Research 36:2, pages 156-164.
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Martin Dresler, Michael Kluge, Marcel Pawlowski, Petra Schüssler, Axel Steiger & Lisa Genzel. (2011) A double dissociation of memory impairments in major depression. Journal of Psychiatric Research 45:12, pages 1593-1599.
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R.M. Taylor-Gjevre, J.A. Gjevre, B. Nair, R. Skomro & H.J. Lim. (2011) Components of Sleep Quality and Sleep Fragmentation in Rheumatoid Arthritis and Osteoarthritis. Musculoskeletal Care 9:3, pages 152-159.
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Dong-Kun Shin. (2011) Sleep Disturbance Classification Using PCA and Sleep Stage 2. The Journal of the Korea Contents Association 11:4, pages 27-32.
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U. RAJENDRA ACHARYA, ERIC CHERN-PIN CHUA, KUANG CHUA CHUA, LIM CHOO MIN & TOSHIYO TAMURA. (2012) ANALYSIS AND AUTOMATIC IDENTIFICATION OF SLEEP STAGES USING HIGHER ORDER SPECTRA. International Journal of Neural Systems 20:06, pages 509-521.
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Martin Dresler, Michael Kluge, Lisa Genzel, Petra Schüssler & Axel Steiger. (2010) Impaired off-line memory consolidation in depression. European Neuropsychopharmacology 20:8, pages 553-561.
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A. J. K. Phillips, P. Y. Chen & P. A. Robinson. (2010) Probing the Mechanisms of Chronotype Using Quantitative Modeling. Journal of Biological Rhythms 25:3, pages 217-227.
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John Manuel Klein & Alda Gonçalves. (2008) Assessing sleep-wake complaints in school-aged children: portuguese properties and norms of the SWEL. Psico-USF 13:2, pages 145-154.
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Fiona C. Baker, Kathryn A. Lee & R. Manber. 2007. Primary Care Sleep Medicine. Primary Care Sleep Medicine 209 224 .
S.R. Pandi-Perumal, N. Zisapel, V. Srinivasan & D.P. Cardinali. (2005) Melatonin and sleep in aging population. Experimental Gerontology 40:12, pages 911-925.
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Rajendra Acharya U.Oliver Faust, N. Kannathal, TjiLeng Chua & Swamy Laxminarayan. (2005) Non-linear analysis of EEG signals at various sleep stages. Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine 80:1, pages 37-45.
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Heidi Danker-Hopfe, Michael Schafer, Hans Dorn, Peter Anderer, Bernd Saletu, Georg Gruber, Josef Zeitlhofer, Dieter Kunz, Manel-Josef Barbanoj, Sari Leena Himanen, Bob Kemp, Thomas Penzel, Joachim Roschke & Georg Dorffner. (2005) Percentile Reference Charts for Selected Sleep Parameters for 20- to 80-Year-Old Healthy Subjects from the SIESTA Database. Referenzkurven fur ausgewahlte Schlafparameter 20- bis 80-jahriger gesunder Personen aus der SIESTA-Datenbank. Somnologie 9:1, pages 3-14.
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Roseanne Armitage, Fiona C. Baker & Barbara L. Parry. 2005. Principles and Practice of Sleep Medicine. Principles and Practice of Sleep Medicine 1266 1277 .
Christine Acebo & Amy Wolfson. 2004. Sleep Deprivation. Sleep Deprivation 151 175 .
Maurice M Ohayon. (2004) Interactions between sleep normative data and sociocultural characteristics in the elderly. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 56:5, pages 479-486.
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Max Hirshkowitz. (2004) Normal human sleep: an overview. Medical Clinics of North America 88:3, pages 551-565.
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S.R Pandi-Perumal, L.K Seils, L Kayumov, M.R Ralph, A Lowe, H Moller & D.F Swaab. (2002) Senescence, sleep, and circadian rhythms. Ageing Research Reviews 1:3, pages 559-604.
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ISABELLE ARNULF, THOMAS SIMILOWSKI, FRANÇOIS SALACHAS, LUCILE GARMA, SELMA MEHIRI, VALERIE ATTALI, VALERIE BEHIN-BELLHESEN, VINCENT MEININGER & JEAN-PHILIPPE DERENNE. (2000) Sleep Disorders and Diaphragmatic Function in Patients with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 161:3, pages 849-856.
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M. Dru, P. Bruge, O. Benoit, P. Duvaldestin & G. Dhonneur. (2000) Sleep and physician overnight work. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 17:Supplement 19, pages 172.
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Christopher E. Jagus & Susan M. Benbow. (2018) Sleep disorders in the elderly. Advances in Psychiatric Treatment 5:1, pages 30-38.
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Alexandros N. Vgontzas, Constantine Tsigos, Edward O. Bixler, Constantine A. Stratakis, Keith Zachman, Anthony Kales, Antonio Vela-Bueno & George P. Chrousos. (1998) Chronic insomnia and activity of the stress system. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 45:1, pages 21-31.
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E. O. Bixler, A. N. Vgontzas & A. Kales. 1995. The Pharmacology of Sleep. The Pharmacology of Sleep 323 343 .
F. Hohagen, C. Käppler, E. Schramm, K. Rink, S. Weyerer, D. Riemann & M. Berger. (2007) Prevalence of insomnia in elderly general practice attenders and the current treatment modalities. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 90:2, pages 102-108.
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Joyce D. Kales, Rocco L. Manfredi & Edward O. Bixler. 1992. The Mosaic of Contemporary Psychiatry in Perspective. The Mosaic of Contemporary Psychiatry in Perspective 291 305 .
F Goldenberg. (1991) Le sommeil du sujet âgé normal. Neurophysiologie Clinique/Clinical Neurophysiology 21:4, pages 267-279.
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Charles A. Czeisler, August J. Chiasera & Jeanne F. Duffy. (1991) Research on sleep, circadian rhythms and aging: Applications to manned spaceflight. Experimental Gerontology 26:2-3, pages 217-232.
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John Harsh, Bruce Purvis, Pietro Badia & Jon Magee. (1990) Behavioral responsiveness in sleeping older adults. Biological Psychology 30:1, pages 51-60.
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Joyce D. Kales, Michael Carvell & Anthony Kales. 1990. Geriatric Medicine. Geriatric Medicine 562 578 .
Mark W. Mahowald, Maren L. Mahowald, Scott R. Bundlie & Steven R. Ytterberg. (2005) Sleep fragmentation in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis & Rheumatism 32:8, pages 974-983.
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William S. Stone. (1989) Sleep and Aging in Animals: Relationships with Circadian Rhythms and Memory. Clinics in Geriatric Medicine 5:2, pages 363-379.
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Anita Kedas, Warren Lux & Susan Amodeo. (2016) A Critical Review of Aging and Sleep Research. Western Journal of Nursing Research 11:2, pages 196-206.
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William S. Stone & Paul E. Gold. (1988) Sleep and memory relationships in intact old and amnestic young rats. Neurobiology of Aging 9, pages 719-727.
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Edward O Bixler & Antonio Vela-Bueno. (1987) Normal Sleep: Physiological, Behavioral, and Clinical Correlates. Psychiatric Annals 17:7, pages 437-445.
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W.A. Van Gool & M. Mirmiran. 1986. Aging of the Brain and Alzheimer's Disease. Aging of the Brain and Alzheimer's Disease 255 277 .
Anthony Kales, Constantin R. Soldatos & Antonio Vela-Bueno. 1985. The Benzodiazepines: Current Standards for Medical Practice. The Benzodiazepines: Current Standards for Medical Practice 121 147 .

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