203
Views
92
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Article

The Stroop's Test Evokes A Negative Brain Potential, the N400

, &
Pages 85-94 | Received 30 Jul 1996, Accepted 05 Dec 1996, Published online: 07 Jul 2009

Keep up to date with the latest research on this topic with citation updates for this article.

Read on this site (1)

Mariko Shirai & Takahiro Soshi. (2022) Neurophysiological foundations of loss and failure sadness differently modulate emotional conceptual processing. The Journal of General Psychology 149:1, pages 29-56.
Read now

Articles from other publishers (91)

John G. Grundy & Ashley Chung-Fat-Yim. 2023. Understanding Language and Cognition through Bilingualism. Understanding Language and Cognition through Bilingualism 245 271 .
Eric Ménétré & Marina Laganaro. (2023) The temporal dynamics of the Stroop effect from childhood to young and older adulthood. PLOS ONE 18:3, pages e0256003.
Crossref
Manca Peskar, Nina Omejc, Maja Maša Šömen, Aleksandar Miladinović, Klaus Gramann & Uros Marusic. (2023) Stroop in motion: Neurodynamic modulation underlying interference control while sitting, standing, and walking. Biological Psychology 178, pages 108543.
Crossref
Huei-Jhen Wen, Shu-Hsin Liu & Chia-Liang Tsai. (2022) Effects of 12 weeks of aerobic exercise combined with resistance training on neurocognitive performance in obese women. Journal of Exercise Science & Fitness 20:4, pages 291-304.
Crossref
Valentina Bianco, Marika Berchicci, Elena Mussini, Rinaldo Livio Perri, Federico Quinzi & Francesco Di Russo. (2021) Electrophysiological Evidence of Anticipatory Cognitive Control in the Stroop Task. Brain Sciences 11:6, pages 783.
Crossref
Yuening Yan, Yi Li, Xinyu Lou, Senqi Li, Yutong Yao, Diankun Gong, Weiyi Ma & Guojian Yan. (2021) The Influence of Action Video Gaming Experience on the Perception of Emotional Faces and Emotional Word Meaning. Neural Plasticity 2021, pages 1-12.
Crossref
Chiara Spironelli & Alessandro Angrilli. (2021) Complex Time-Dependent ERP Hemispheric Asymmetries during Word Matching in Phonological, Semantic and Orthographical Matching Judgment Tasks. Symmetry 13:1, pages 74.
Crossref
Jesús Cespón & Manuel Carreiras. (2020) Is there electrophysiological evidence for a bilingual advantage in neural processes related to executive functions?. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews 118, pages 315-330.
Crossref
Fernando Ojedo & Pedro Macizo. (2019) How do we process prices? Electrophysiological evidence of componential analysis. British Journal of Psychology 111:3, pages 473-491.
Crossref
Artyom Zinchenko, Sonja A. Kotz, Erich Schröger & Philipp Kanske. (2020) Moving towards dynamics: Emotional modulation of cognitive and emotional control. International Journal of Psychophysiology 147, pages 193-201.
Crossref
Siyang Luo, Qianting Kong, Zijun Ke, Yiyi Zhu, Liqin Huang, Meihua Yu & Ying Xu. (2019) Residential Mobility Decreases Neural Responses to Social Norm Violation. Frontiers in Psychology 10.
Crossref
Vivek V. Sharma, Michael Thaut, Frank Russo & Claude Alain. (2019) Absolute Pitch and Musical Expertise Modulate Neuro-Electric and Behavioral Responses in an Auditory Stroop Paradigm. Frontiers in Neuroscience 13.
Crossref
Catarina S. Ferreira, Maria J. Maraver, Simon Hanslmayr & Teresa Bajo. (2019) Theta oscillations show impaired interference detection in older adults during selective memory retrieval. Scientific Reports 9:1.
Crossref
Simon Morand-Beaulieu & Marc E. Lavoie. (2019) Cognitive and motor event-related potentials in Tourette syndrome and tic disorders: A systematic review. Clinical Neurophysiology 130:6, pages 1041-1057.
Crossref
Josef Sucec, Michaela Herzog, Omer Van den Bergh, Ilse Van Diest & Andreas von Leupoldt. (2019) The Effects of Repeated Dyspnea Exposure on Response Inhibition. Frontiers in Physiology 10.
Crossref
Paolo Ruggeri, Hadj Boumediene Meziane, Thomas Koenig & Catherine Brandner. (2019) A fine-grained time course investigation of brain dynamics during conflict monitoring. Scientific Reports 9:1.
Crossref
Cécile Barbet & Guillaume Thierry. (2018) When some triggers a scalar inference out of the blue. An electrophysiological study of a Stroop-like conflict elicited by single words. Cognition 177, pages 58-68.
Crossref
Kathrin C.J. Eschmann, Regine Bader & Axel Mecklinger. (2018) Topographical differences of frontal-midline theta activity reflect functional differences in cognitive control abilities. Brain and Cognition 123, pages 57-64.
Crossref
Sergio M. Sánchez-Moguel, Graciela C. Alatorre-Cruz, Juan Silva-Pereyra, Sofía González-Salinas, Javier Sanchez-Lopez, Gloria A. Otero-Ojeda & Thalía Fernández. (2018) Two Different Populations within the Healthy Elderly: Lack of Conflict Detection in Those at Risk of Cognitive Decline. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 11.
Crossref
Kamil K. Imbir, Tomasz Spustek, Joanna Duda, Gabriela Bernatowicz & Jarosław Żygierewicz. (2017) N450 and LPC Event-Related Potential Correlates of an Emotional Stroop Task with Words Differing in Valence and Emotional Origin. Frontiers in Psychology 8.
Crossref
Guoliang Chen, Weiyan Ding, Lei Zhang, Hong Cui, Zhongdong Jiang & Yansong Li. (2017) Neurophysiological Evidence of Compensatory Brain Mechanisms Underlying Attentional-Related Processes in Symptomatically Remitted Patients with Schizophrenia. Frontiers in Psychology 8.
Crossref
Cameron C. McKay, Berry van den Berg & Marty G. Woldorff. (2017) Neural cascade of conflict processing: Not just time-on-task. Neuropsychologia 96, pages 184-191.
Crossref
Bo Yu, Xunda Wang, Lin Ma, Liang Li & Haifeng Li. (2015) The Complex Pre-Execution Stage of Auditory Cognitive Control: ERPs Evidence from Stroop Tasks. PLOS ONE 10:9, pages e0137649.
Crossref
Patrick D. Gajewski & Michael Falkenstein. (2015) Long-term habitual physical activity is associated with lower distractibility in a Stroop interference task in aging: Behavioral and ERP evidence. Brain and Cognition 98, pages 87-101.
Crossref
Hannah Schmitt, Nicola K. Ferdinand & Jutta Kray. (2015) The influence of monetary incentives on context processing in younger and older adults: an event-related potential study. Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience 15:2, pages 416-434.
Crossref
Félice van Nunspeet, Belle Derks, Naomi Ellemers & Sander Nieuwenhuis. (2014) Moral Impression Management. Social Psychological and Personality Science 6:2, pages 183-192.
Crossref
Mehmet Ergen, Sara Saban, Elif Kirmizi-Alsan, Atilla Uslu, Yasemin Keskin-Ergen & Tamer Demiralp. (2014) Time–frequency analysis of the event-related potentials associated with the Stroop test. International Journal of Psychophysiology 94:3, pages 463-472.
Crossref
Michal Pinhas, Sarah E. Donohue, Marty G. Woldorff & Elizabeth M. Brannon. (2014) Electrophysiological Evidence for the Involvement of the Approximate Number System in Preschoolers' Processing of Spoken Number Words. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 26:9, pages 1891-1904.
Crossref
Hannah Schmitt, Maren C. Wolff, Nicola K. Ferdinand & Jutta Kray. (2014) Age Differences in the Processing of Context Information. Journal of Psychophysiology 28:3, pages 202-214.
Crossref
Sibylle Metzler, Anastasia Theodoridou, Aleksandra Aleksandrowicz, Mario Müller, Caitriona Obermann, Wolfram Kawohl & Karsten Heekeren. (2014) Evaluation of trait adjectives and ego pathology in schizophrenia: An N400 study. Psychiatry Research 215:3, pages 533-539.
Crossref
X. Xiao, N. Dupuis-Roy, X.L. Yang, J.F. Qiu & Q.L. Zhang. (2014) The taste-visual cross-modal Stroop effect: An event-related brain potential study. Neuroscience 263, pages 250-256.
Crossref
Félice van Nunspeet, Naomi Ellemers, Belle Derks & Sander Nieuwenhuis. (2014) Moral concerns increase attention and response monitoring during IAT performance: ERP evidence. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience 9:2, pages 141-149.
Crossref
George A. Buzzell, Daniel M. Roberts, Carryl L. Baldwin & Craig G. McDonald. (2013) An electrophysiological correlate of conflict processing in an auditory spatial Stroop task: The effect of individual differences in navigational style. International Journal of Psychophysiology 90:2, pages 265-271.
Crossref
Clare Killikelly & Dénes Szűcs. (2013) Asymmetry in stimulus and response conflict processing across the adult lifespan: ERP and EMG evidence. Cortex 49:10, pages 2888-2903.
Crossref
Elena Nixon, Peter F. Liddle, Neil L. Nixon & Mario Liotti. (2013) On the interaction between sad mood and cognitive control: The effect of induced sadness on electrophysiological modulations underlying Stroop conflict processing. International Journal of Psychophysiology 87:3, pages 313-326.
Crossref
Montserrat Zurrón, Marta Ramos-Goicoa & Fernando Díaz. (2013) Semantic Conflict Processing in the Color-Word Stroop and the Emotional Stroop. Journal of Psychophysiology 27:4, pages 149-164.
Crossref
Patrick D. Gajewski, Jan G. Hengstler, Klaus Golka, Michael Falkenstein & Christian Beste. (2012) The Met-genotype of the BDNF Val66Met polymorphism is associated with reduced Stroop interference in elderly. Neuropsychologia 50:14, pages 3554-3563.
Crossref
L. Gregory Appelbaum, Carsten N. Boehler, Robert Won, Lauren Davis & Marty G. Woldorff. (2012) Strategic Allocation of Attention Reduces Temporally Predictable Stimulus Conflict. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 24:9, pages 1834-1848.
Crossref
Katharina Sophia Goerlich, Jurriaan Witteman, Niels O. Schiller, Vincent J. Van Heuven, André Aleman & Sander Martens. (2012) The Nature of Affective Priming in Music and Speech. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 24:8, pages 1725-1741.
Crossref
Roman Osinsky, Helge Gebhardt, Nina Alexander & Jürgen Hennig. (2012) Trait anxiety and the dynamics of attentional control. Biological Psychology 89:1, pages 252-259.
Crossref
Changlin Li, Donghoon Lee & MYUNG YUNG JEONG. (2011) Interference Effect of Language Stimuli on Response Action: An ERP study. Korean Journal of Cognitive and Biological Psychology 23:3, pages 393-409.
Crossref
Henning Gibbons. (2011) A mid-central N450 component of the ERP distinguishes trial-by-trial effects of target familiarity and context strength. International Journal of Psychophysiology 81:3, pages 283-290.
Crossref
Rosa van Mourik, Joseph A. Sergeant, Dirk Heslenfeld, Claudia Konig & Jaap Oosterlaan. (2011) Auditory conflict processing in ADHD. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 52:3, pages 265-274.
Crossref
YiWen Wang, ChongDe Lin, Jing Liang, Yu Wang & WenXin Zhang. (2011) Neural correlates of audio-visual modal interference inhibition investigated in children by ERP. Science China Life Sciences 54:2, pages 194-200.
Crossref
Bruno Laeng, Marte Ørbo, Terje Holmlund & Michele Miozzo. (2010) Pupillary Stroop effects. Cognitive Processing 12:1, pages 13-21.
Crossref
Isabel A. David, Eliane Volchan, Jaime Vila, Andreas Keil, Letícia de Oliveira, Aydamari J. P. Faria-Júnior, Pandelis Perakakis, Elisa C. Dias, Izabela Mocaiber, Mirtes G. Pereira & Walter Machado-Pinheiro. (2010) Stroop matching task: role of feature selection and temporal modulation. Experimental Brain Research 208:4, pages 595-605.
Crossref
John X. Zhang, Renhua Wu, Lingyue Kong, Xuchu Weng & Yingchun Du. (2010) Electrophysiological correlates of proactive interference in the ‘Recent Probes’ verbal working memory task. Neuropsychologia 48:7, pages 2167-2173.
Crossref
Jennifer L. Stewart, Rebecca Levin Silton, Sarah M. Sass, Joscelyn E. Fisher, J. Christopher Edgar, Wendy Heller & Gregory A. Miller. (2010) Attentional bias to negative emotion as a function of approach and withdrawal anger styles: An ERP investigation. International Journal of Psychophysiology 76:1, pages 9-18.
Crossref
Dénes Szűcs & Fruzsina Soltész. (2010) Stimulus and response conflict in the color–word Stroop task: A combined electro-myography and event-related potential study. Brain Research 1325, pages 63-76.
Crossref
Sarah M. Sass, Wendy Heller, Jennifer L. Stewart, Rebecca Levin Silton, J. Christopher Edgar, Joscelyn E. Fisher & Gregory A. Miller. (2010) Time course of attentional bias in anxiety: Emotion and gender specificity. Psychophysiology 47:2, pages 247-259.
Crossref
Xiao Xiao, Qinglin Zhang, Lei Jia, Ye Zhang & Junlong Luo. (2010) Temporal course of cognitive control in a picture–word interference task. NeuroReport 21:2, pages 104-107.
Crossref
Ralph Mager, Sven G. Meuth, Kurt Kräuchi, Maria Schmidlin, Franz Müller-Spahn & Michael Falkenstein. (2009) Mismatch and Conflict: Neurophysiological and Behavioral Evidence for Conflict Priming. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 21:11, pages 2185-2194.
Crossref
L. G. Appelbaum, K. L. Meyerhoff & M. G. Woldorff. (2009) Priming and Backward Influences in the Human Brain: Processing Interactions during the Stroop Interference Effect. Cerebral Cortex 19:11, pages 2508-2521.
Crossref
Dénes Szűcs, Fruzsina Soltész & Sonia White. (2009) Motor conflict in Stroop tasks: Direct evidence from single-trial electro-myography and electro-encephalography. NeuroImage 47:4, pages 1960-1973.
Crossref
Jiang Qiu, Hong Li, QingLin Zhang, LiHui Huang, YaQiao Guo, Shen Tu, Ting Wang & DongTao Wei. (2009) Electrophysiological evidence of personal experiences in the great Sichuan earthquake impacting on selective attention. Science in China Series C: Life Sciences 52:7, pages 683-690.
Crossref
Montserrat Zurrón, María Pouso, Mónica Lindín, Santiago Galdo & Fernando Díaz. (2009) Event-Related Potentials with the Stroop colour-word task: Timing of semantic conflict. International Journal of Psychophysiology 72:3, pages 246-252.
Crossref
Xiao Xiao, Jiang Qiu & Qinglin Zhang. (2009) The dissociation of neural circuits in a Stroop task. NeuroReport 20:7, pages 674-678.
Crossref
Lars T. Boenke, Frank W. Ohl, Andrey R. Nikolaev, Thomas Lachmann & Cees van Leeuwen. (2009) Different time courses of Stroop and Garner effects in perception — An Event-Related Potentials Study. NeuroImage 45:4, pages 1272-1288.
Crossref
Jaana Markela-Lerenc, Christian Schmidt-Kraepelin, Daniela Roesch-Ely, Christoph Mundt, Matthias Weisbrod & Stefan Kaiser. (2009) Stroop interference effect in schizophrenic patients: An electrophysiological approach. International Journal of Psychophysiology 71:3, pages 248-257.
Crossref
Gjurgjica Badzakova-Trajkov, Kylie J. Barnett, Karen E. Waldie & Ian J. Kirk. (2009) An ERP investigation of the Stroop task: The role of the cingulate in attentional allocation and conflict resolution. Brain Research 1253, pages 139-148.
Crossref
Jiahuan Zhai, Ting Li, Zhongxing Zhang & Hui Gong. (2009) Hemodynamic and electrophysiological signals of conflict processing in the Chinese-character Stroop task: a simultaneous near-infrared spectroscopy and event-related potential study. Journal of Biomedical Optics 14:5, pages 054022.
Crossref
William J. Tays, Jane Dywan, Karen J. Mathewson & Sidney J. Segalowitz. (2008) Age Differences in Target Detection and Interference Resolution in Working Memory: An Event-related Potential Study. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 20:12, pages 2250-2262.
Crossref
Avram J. Holmes & Diego A. Pizzagalli. (2008) Response conflict and frontocingulate dysfunction in unmedicated participants with major depression. Neuropsychologia 46:12, pages 2904-2913.
Crossref
Heather E. McNeely, Mark A. Lau, Bruce K. Christensen & Claude Alain. (2008) Neurophysiological evidence of cognitive inhibition anomalies in persons with major depressive disorder. Clinical Neurophysiology 119:7, pages 1578-1589.
Crossref
Simon Hanslmayr, Bernhard Pastötter, Karl-Heinz Bäuml, Sieglinde Gruber, Maria Wimber & Wolfgang Klimesch. (2008) The Electrophysiological Dynamics of Interference during the Stroop Task. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 20:2, pages 215-225.
Crossref
Ralph Mager, Alex H. Bullinger, Serge Brand, Maria Schmidlin, Heinz Schärli, Franz Müller-Spahn, Robert Störmer & Michael Falkenstein. (2007) Age-related changes in cognitive conflict processing: An event-related potential study. Neurobiology of Aging 28:12, pages 1925-1935.
Crossref
Xiao-feng LIU. (2007) Event-related potentials associated with Chinese and English color-word Stroop tasks in Chinese bilinguals. Journal of Medical Colleges of PLA 22:4, pages 201-208.
Crossref
Xiao-feng LIU. (2007) Wavelet-based estimation of EEG synchronization associated with native and second language processing in Stroop task. Journal of Medical Colleges of PLA 22:3, pages 165-172.
Crossref
Susan J. Thomas, Stuart J. Johnstone & Craig J. Gonsalvez. (2007) Event-related potentials during an emotional Stroop task. International Journal of Psychophysiology 63:3, pages 221-231.
Crossref
Karima Kahlaoui, Thierry Baccino, Yves Joanette & Marie-Noële Magnié. (2007) Bases électrophysiologiques de la sémantique des objets. médecine/sciences 23:2, pages 193-197.
Crossref
Dénes Szűcs & Fruzsina Soltész. (2007) Event-related potentials dissociate facilitation and interference effects in the numerical Stroop paradigm. Neuropsychologia 45:14, pages 3190-3202.
Crossref
Maria Testa, Mark T. Fillmore, Jeanette Norris, Antonia Abbey, John J. Curtin, Kenneth E. Leonard, Kristin A. Mariano, Margaret C. Thomas, Kim J. Nomensen, William H. George, Carol VanZile-Tamsen, Jennifer A. Livingston, Christopher Saenz, Philip O. Buck, Tina Zawacki, Michele R. Parkhill, Angela J. Jacques & Lenwood W. Hayman. (2006) Understanding Alcohol Expectancy Effects: Revisiting the Placebo Condition. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 30:2, pages 339-348.
Crossref
Jiang Qiu, Yuejia Luo, Quanhong Wang, Fenghua Zhang & Qinglin Zhang. (2006) Brain mechanism of Stroop interference effect in Chinese characters. Brain Research 1072:1, pages 186-193.
Crossref
William M. Perlstein, Michael J. Larson, Vonetta M. Dotson & Kiesa G. Kelly. (2006) Temporal dissociation of components of cognitive control dysfunction in severe TBI: ERPs and the cued-Stroop task. Neuropsychologia 44:2, pages 260-274.
Crossref
Robert West & Ritvij Bowry. 2010. Cognitive Limitations in Aging and Psychopathology. Cognitive Limitations in Aging and Psychopathology 97 121 .
Ewa Gierych, Rafa Milner & Andrzej Michalski. (2005) ERP Responses to Smile-Provoking Pictures. Journal of Psychophysiology 19:2, pages 77-90.
Crossref
Guillaume Thierry & Yan Jing Wu. (2004) Electrophysiological evidence for language interference in late bilinguals. NeuroReport 15:10, pages 1555-1558.
Crossref
Jaana Markela-Lerenc, Nicole Ille, Stefan Kaiser, Peter Fiedler, Christoph Mundt & Matthias Weisbrod. (2004) Prefrontal-cingulate activation during executive control: which comes first?. Cognitive Brain Research 18:3, pages 278-287.
Crossref
Yuping Wang, Lili Cui, Huijun Wang, Shujuan Tian & Xi Zhang. (2004) The sequential processing of visual feature conjunction mismatches in the human brain. Psychophysiology 41:1, pages 21-29.
Crossref
Annett Schirmer & Sonja A. Kotz. (2003) ERP Evidence for a Sex-Specific Stroop Effect in Emotional Speech. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 15:8, pages 1135-1148.
Crossref
Heather E. McNeely, Robert West, Bruce K. Christensen & Claude Alain. (2003) Neurophysiological Evidence for Disturbances of Conflict Processing in Patients With Schizophrenia.. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 112:4, pages 679-688.
Crossref
John J. Curtin & Bradley A. Fairchild. (2003) Alcohol and cognitive control: Implications for regulation of behavior during response conflict.. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 112:3, pages 424-436.
Crossref
P. Dwight Tapp, Christina T. Siwak, Jimena Estrada, Elizabeth Head, Bruce A. Muggenburg, Carl W. Cotman & Norton W. Milgram. (2003) Size and Reversal Learning in the Beagle Dog as a Measure of Executive Function and Inhibitory Control in Aging. Learning & Memory 10:1, pages 64-73.
Crossref
Robert D. Melara & Daniel Algom. (2003) Driven by information: A tectonic theory of Stroop effects.. Psychological Review 110:3, pages 422-471.
Crossref
Carmen M Atkinson, Karen A Drysdale & W.R Fulham. (2003) Event-related potentials to Stroop and reverse Stroop stimuli. International Journal of Psychophysiology 47:1, pages 1-21.
Crossref
Shuhei Yamaguchi, Genya Toyoda, Jiang Xu, Shotai Kobayashi & Avishai Henik. (2002) Electroencephalographic Activity in a Flanker Interference Task Using Japanese Orthography. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 14:7, pages 971-979.
Crossref
Maurits W van der Molen. (2000) Developmental changes in inhibitory processing: evidence from psychophysiological measures. Biological Psychology 54:1-3, pages 207-239.
Crossref
Robert West & Claude Alain. (2000) Effects of task context and fluctuations of attention on neural activity supporting performance of the Stroop task. Brain Research 873:1, pages 102-111.
Crossref
Asaid Khateb, Christoph M. Michel, Alan J. Pegna, Theodor Landis & Jean-Marie Annoni. (2000) New insights into the Stroop effect. NeuroReport 11:9, pages 1849-1855.
Crossref
Mario Liotti, Marty G Woldorff, Ricardo PerezIIIIII & Helen S Mayberg. (2000) An ERP study of the temporal course of the Stroop color-word interference effect. Neuropsychologia 38:5, pages 701-711.
Crossref
Robert West & Claude Alain. (1999) Event-related neural activity associated with the Stroop task. Cognitive Brain Research 8:2, pages 157-164.
Crossref

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.