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Xenobiotica
the fate of foreign compounds in biological systems
Volume 20, 1990 - Issue 6
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Original Article

Effect of pyridoxine on the disposition and lymphopenic effects of 2-acetyl-4(5)-tetrahydroxybutyl imidazole in the rat

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Pages 555-562 | Received 03 Feb 1989, Accepted 30 Jun 1989, Published online: 27 Aug 2009

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X. Q. Yu, J. Kramer, L. Moran, E. O’Neill, A. Nouraldeen, T. Oravecz & A. G. E. Wilson. (2010) Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic modelling of 2-acetyl-4(5)-tetrahydroxybutyl imidazole-induced peripheral lymphocyte sequestration through increasing lymphoid sphingosine 1-phosphate. Xenobiotica 40:5, pages 350-356.
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Zhe Zhao, Lilan Yuan, Yue Yuan, Chenping Kang, Yuhong Ma, Qianyi Liu, Xiaoxia Wang, Qianqian Xiao, Qinghe Meng, Xuetao Wei & Weidong Hao. (2023) Effects of 2-acetyl-4-tetrahydroxybutylimidazole exposure during gestation and lactation on maternity and offspring immune function in Balb/c mice. Toxicology 495, pages 153601.
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Thomas A. Vollmuth. (2018) Caramel color safety – An update. Food and Chemical Toxicology 111, pages 578-596.
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C. M. Harris, S. Mittelstadt, P. Banfor, P. Bousquet, D. B. Duignan, G. Gintant, M. Hart, Y. Kim & J. Segreti. (2016) Sphingosine-1-Phosphate (S1P) Lyase Inhibition Causes Increased Cardiac S1P Levels and Bradycardia in Rats. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 359:1, pages 151-158.
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Mamoru Ohtoyo, Nobuo Machinaga, Ryotaku Inoue, Katsunobu Hagihara, Hiroshi Yuita, Masakazu Tamura, Ryuji Hashimoto, Jun Chiba, Fumihito Muro, Jun Watanabe, Yoshimasa Kobayashi, Koji Abe, Yasuo Kita, Miyuki Nagasaki & Takaichi Shimozato. (2016) Component of Caramel Food Coloring, THI, Causes Lymphopenia Indirectly via a Key Metabolic Intermediate. Cell Chemical Biology 23:5, pages 555-560.
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Jurgen Dinges, Christopher M. Harris, Grier A. Wallace, Maria A. Argiriadi, Kara L. Queeney, Denise C. Perron, Eric Dominguez, Tegest Kebede, Kelly E. Desino, Hetal Patel & Anil Vasudevan. (2016) Hit-to-lead evaluation of a novel class of sphingosine 1-phosphate lyase inhibitors. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters 26:9, pages 2297-2302.
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. (2011) Scientific Opinion on the re‐evaluation of caramel colours (E 150 a,b,c,d) as food additives. EFSA Journal 9:3.
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S J P GOBIN & J A PHILLIPS. (1991) Immunosuppressive effects of 2-acetyl-4-tetrahydroxybutyl imidazole (THI) in the rat. Clinical and Experimental Immunology 85:2, pages 335-340.
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Gugasyan‡ Coward§ O’Connor, Shortman & Scollay§. (1998) Emigration of mature T cells from the thymus is inhibited by the imidazole-based compound 2-acetyl-4-tetrahydroxybutylimidazole. Immunology 93:3, pages 398-404.
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MG Bradbury, MR Qiu & CR Parish. (1997) The immunomodulatory compound 2-acetyl-4-tetrahydroxybutyl imidazole causes sequestration of lymphocytes in non-lymphoid tissues. Immunology and Cell Biology 75:5, pages 497-502.
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Raffi Gugasyan, David Clouston, Thomas Mandel & Ian Wicks. (1997) Prevention of splenic granuloma formation in adjuvant arthritis by 2-acetyl-4-tetrahydroxybutylimidazole (THI). Immunology Letters 58:3, pages 133-138.
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Raffi Gugasyan, Carmela Losinno & Thomas Mandel. (1995) The effect of 2-acetyl-4-tetrahydroxybutylimidazole on lymphocyte subsets during a contact hypersensitivity response in the NOD mouse. Immunology Letters 46:3, pages 221-227.
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R.M. Nickson & S.C. Mitchell. (1995) Distribution of Dipropyl [35S]-Sulphoxide in the Rat. Drug Metabolism and Drug Interactions 12:1.
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G.F. Houben & A.H. Penninks. (1994) Immunotoxicity of the colour additive Caramel Colour III; A review on complicated issues in the safety evaluation of a food additive. Toxicology 91:3, pages 289-302.
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G.F. Houben, P.M.H. Abma, H. van den Berg, W. van Dokkum, H. van Loveren, A.H. Penninks, W. Seinen, S. Spanhaak, J.G. Vos & Th. Ockhuizen. (1992) Effects of the colour additive Caramel Colour III on the immune system: A study with human volunteers. Food and Chemical Toxicology 30:9, pages 749-757.
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G.F. Houben, W. van Dokkum, H. van Loveren, A.H. Penninks, W. Seinen, S. Spanhaak & Th. Ockhuizen. (1992) Effects of Caramel Colour III on the number of blood lymphocytes: A human study on Caramel Colour III immunotoxicity and a comparison of the results with data from rat studies. Food and Chemical Toxicology 30:5, pages 427-430.
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S.J.P. Gobin, R.F. Legg & A.J. Paine. (1992) The role of lymphocyte production and migration in the lymphopenia caused by 2-acetyl-4-tetrahydroxy-butyl imidazole. International Journal of Immunopharmacology 14:4, pages 687-697.
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