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Xenobiotica
the fate of foreign compounds in biological systems
Volume 21, 1991 - Issue 6
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Original Article

Metabolism of the chloroethylnitrosoureas

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Pages 775-791 | Received 17 Jul 1990, Accepted 24 Jan 1991, Published online: 27 Aug 2009

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Anna Stankiewicz-Kranc, Wojciech Miltyk & Elzbieta Skrzydlewska. (2010) Comparison of influence of carmustine and new proline analog of nitrosourea on antioxidant system in breast carcinoma cells (MCF-7). Drug and Chemical Toxicology 33:1, pages 55-63.
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Saba Hadidi, Farshad Shiri & Mohammadsaleh Norouzibazaz. (2019) A DFT study of the degradation mechanism of anticancer drug carmustine in an aqueous medium. Structural Chemistry 30:4, pages 1315-1321.
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Farshad Shiri, Mohammadsaleh Norouzibazaz, Ako Yari & Avat Taherpour. (2018) A DFT study of both the hydrolytic degradation and protonation of semustine in variation conditions of pH and interaction of drug with DNA nucleobases. Structural Chemistry 29:5, pages 1465-1474.
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Pawel Wolski, Jolanta Narkiewicz-Michalek, Monika Panczyk, Giorgia Pastorin & Tomasz Panczyk. (2017) Molecular Dynamics Modeling of the Encapsulation and De-encapsulation of the Carmustine Anticancer Drug in the Inner Volume of a Carbon Nanotube. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C 121:34, pages 18922-18934.
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Zahid H. Siddik. 2016. Holland‐Frei Cancer Medicine. Holland‐Frei Cancer Medicine 1 20 .
Thushara Chakkath, Sidonie Lavergne, Timothy Fan, David Bunick & Levent Dirikolu. (2015) Alkylation and Carbamylation Effects of Lomustine and Its Major Metabolites and MGMT Expression in Canine Cells. Veterinary Sciences 2:2, pages 52-68.
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Amit S. Kalgutkar, Deepak Dalvie, R. Scott Obach & Dennis A. Smith. 2012. Reactive Drug Metabolites. Reactive Drug Metabolites 145 183 .
Jun Cao, Lijiao Zhao, Shubin Jin & Rugang Zhong. (2011) Relationship between the molecular structure and the anticancer activity of N ‐(2‐chloroethyl)‐ N ′‐cyclohexyl‐ N ‐nitrosoureas: A theoretical investigation . International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 112:3, pages 747-758.
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Laurent Gate & Kenneth D. Tew. 2011. Cancer Management in Man: Chemotherapy, Biological Therapy, Hyperthermia and Supporting Measures. Cancer Management in Man: Chemotherapy, Biological Therapy, Hyperthermia and Supporting Measures 61 85 .
Anna Stankiewicz‐Kranc, Anna Bielawska, Krzysztof Bielawski & Elzbieta Skrzydlewska. (2009) Proline Analogue of Nitrosourea as a New Cytotoxic Prodrug. Archiv der Pharmazie 342:11, pages 632-639.
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Manny D. Bacolod, Randy Fehdrau, Stewart P. Johnson, Nancy S. Bullock, Darell D. Bigner, Michael Colvin & Henry S. Friedman. (2008) BCNU-sequestration by metallothioneins may contribute to resistance in a medulloblastoma cell line. Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology 63:4, pages 753-758.
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Anne-Celine Le Fevre, Eric Boitier, Jean-Pierre Marchandeau, Alain Sarasin & Veronique Thybaud. (2007) Characterization of DNA reactive and non-DNA reactive anticancer drugs by gene expression profiling. Mutation Research/Fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis 619:1-2, pages 16-29.
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Lauren E. Frick, James C. Delaney, Cintyu Wong, Catherine L. Drennan & John M. Essigmann. (2007) Alleviation of 1, N 6 -ethanoadenine genotoxicity by the Escherichia coli adaptive response protein AlkB . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 104:3, pages 755-760.
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Satoko Ishikawa & Masataka Mochizuki. (2007) Cross-linkable Nitrosamines with a Chloroalkyl Group as Candidates for Anticancer Lead Compounds. Genes and Environment 29:1, pages 1-10.
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Zahid H. Siddik. 2005. The Cancer Handbook. The Cancer Handbook.
Manny D. Bacolod, Stewart P. Johnson, Anthony E. Pegg, M. Eileen Dolan, Robert C. Moschel, Nancy S. Bullock, Qingming Fang, O. Michael Colvin, Paul Modrich, Darell D. Bigner & Henry S. Friedman. (2004) Brain tumor cell lines resistant to O 6-benzylguanine/1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea chemotherapy have O 6-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase mutations . Molecular Cancer Therapeutics 3:9, pages 1127-1135.
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Rob PietersAlan Boddy. 2004. Paediatric Oncology, Third edition. Paediatric Oncology, Third edition 142 168 .
Satoko Ishikawa, Megumi Tajima & Masataka Mochizuki. (2004) Synthesis and properties of bifunctional chloroalkyl nitrosamines with an intercalating moiety. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry 12:14, pages 3791-3796.
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Alwin DR Huitema, Karen Doesburg Smits, Ron AA Math?t, Jan HM Schellens, Sjoerd Rodenhuis & Jos H Beijnen. (2000) The clinical pharmacology of alkylating agents in high-dose chemotherapy. Anti-Cancer Drugs 11:7, pages 515-533.
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Sanjiv Gupta, Lynette K. Rogers, Sarah K. Taylor & Charles V. Smith. (1997) Inhibition of Carbamyl Phosphate Synthetase-I and Glutamine Synthetase by Hepatotoxic Doses of Acetaminophen in Mice. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 146:2, pages 317-327.
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Emmanuelle Mounetou, Eric Debiton, Catherine Buchdahl, Daniel Gardette, Jean-Claude Gramain, Jean-Claude Maurizis, Annie Veyre & Jean-Claude Madelmont. (1997) O 6 -(Alkyl/aralkyl)guanosine and 2‘-Deoxyguanosine Derivatives:  Synthesis and Ability To Enhance Chloroethylnitrosourea Antitumor Action . Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 40:18, pages 2902-2909.
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M Eileen Dolan. (1997) Inhibition of DNA repair as a means of increasing the antitumor activity of DNA reactive agents. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 26:2-3, pages 105-118.
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C. Thomas Gnewuch & George Sosnovsky. (1997) A Critical Appraisal of the Evolution of N -Nitrosoureas as Anticancer Drugs . Chemical Reviews 97:3, pages 829-1014.
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Philip G. Penketh, Krishnamurthy Shyam & Alan C. Sartorelli. 1996. Drug Resistance. Drug Resistance 65 81 .
Emmanuelle Mounetou, Catherine Cussac, Frédérique Mathieu, Jean‐Claude Maurizis, Pierre Labarre, Marie‐France Moreau, Annie Veyre & Jean‐Claude Madelmont. (2006) Synthesis of three no‐carrier‐added O 6 ‐4‐[ 125 I] iodobenzylguanosine derivatives, new reagents for the assay of O 6 ‐alkylguanine‐DNA alkyltransferase activity . Journal of Labelled Compounds and Radiopharmaceuticals 36:12, pages 1215-1225.
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John K. Wiencke & Joseph Wiemels. (1995) Genotoxicity of 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU). Mutation Research/Reviews in Genetic Toxicology 339:2, pages 91-119.
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Charles A. Koller, Carolyn C. Gorski, Robert S. Benjamin, Sewa S. Legha, Nicholas E. Papadopoulos & Carl Plager. (1994) A Phase I trial of weekly lomustine in patients with advanced cancer. Cancer 73:1, pages 236-239.
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J. Ashby, E.W. Vogel, H. Tinwell, R.D. Callander & D.E.G. Shuker. (1993) Mutagenicity to Salmonella, Drosophila and the mouse bone marrow of the human antineoplastic agent fotemustine: Prediction of carcinogenic potency. Mutation Research/Fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis 286:1, pages 101-109.
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B?atrice Gerard, S. Aamdal, S. Leyvraz, S.M. Lee, C. Lucas, J-P. Bizzari & M. D'Incalci. (1993) Activity and unexpected lung toxicity of the sequential administration of two alkylating agents?Dacarbazine and fotemustine?in patients with melanoma. European Journal of Cancer 29:5, pages 711-719.
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B. Tranchand, C. Lucas, P. Biron, B. Giroux, B. Gordon, R. Richards, P. Solere, N. Roux, E. Evene, F. Mornex, M. Clavel & C. Ardiet. (1993) Phase I pharmacokinetics study of high-dose fotemustine and its metabolite 2-chloroethanol in patients with high-grade gliomas. Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology 32:1, pages 46-52.
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R. Fety, C. Lucas, P. Solere, V. Cour & J. Vignoud. (1992) Hepatic intra-arterial infusion of fotemustine: pharmacokinetics. Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology 31:2, pages 118-122.
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