121
Views
97
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Article

Obstetric perineal trauma: An audit of training

, &
Pages 19-23 | Published online: 02 Jul 2009

Keep up to date with the latest research on this topic with citation updates for this article.

Read on this site (1)

Annelill Valbø, Leif Gjessing, Christine Herzog, Jeanne Mette Goderstad, Katariina Laine & Anne Marte Valset. (2008) Anal sphincter tears at spontaneous delivery: A comparison of five hospitals in Norway. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica 87:11, pages 1176-1180.
Read now

Articles from other publishers (96)

Joanna C. Roper, Ranee Thakar, K. Joseph Hurt & Abdul H. Sultan. (2023) Diagnosis, management and training in perineal trauma: a UK national survey of obstetricians. International Urogynecology Journal.
Crossref
Angharad Jones, Linda Ferrari, Paula Igualada Martinez, Eugene Oteng-Ntim, Alison Hainsworth & Alexis Schizas. (2021) Anal endosonographic assessment of the accuracy of clinical diagnosis of obstetric anal sphincter injury. International Urogynecology Journal 33:11, pages 2977-2983.
Crossref
Rebecca Young & Tanya A. C. Nippita. (2021) Training in obstetric anal sphincter injuries in Australia and New Zealand: A survey of Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists trainees. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 62:2, pages 250-254.
Crossref
Anthea C. Lindquist, Roxanne M. Hastie, Richard J. Hiscock, Natasha L. Pritchard, Susan P. Walker & Stephen Tong. (2021) Risk of major labour-related complications for pregnancies progressing to 42 weeks or beyond. BMC Medicine 19:1.
Crossref
Randall Kegan Hammond & Thinagrin Dhasarathun Naidoo. (2021) The knowledge and perceptions of healthcare workers regarding obstetrical anal sphincter injuries. A practice audit from a resource-constrained setting. AJOG Global Reports 1:4, pages 100021.
Crossref
Sindi Diko, Jeanelle Sheeder, Maryam Guiahi, Amy Nacht, Shane Reeves, Kathleen A. Connell & K. Joseph Hurt. (2020) Identification of obstetric anal sphincter injuries (OASIs) and other lacerations: a national survey of nurse-midwives. International Urogynecology Journal 32:7, pages 1745-1753.
Crossref
Danielle K. Garner, Akash B. Patel, Jun Hung, Monica Castro, Tamar G. Segev, Jeffrey H. Plochocki & Margaret I. Hall. (2021) Midline and Mediolateral Episiotomy: Risk Assessment Based on Clinical Anatomy. Diagnostics 11:2, pages 221.
Crossref
Abdul H. Sultan & Ranee Thakar. 2021. Pelvic Floor Disorders. Pelvic Floor Disorders 211 221 .
Joanna C Roper, Abdul H Sultan & Ranee Thakar. (2020) Diagnosis of perineal trauma: getting it right first time. British Journal of Midwifery 28:10, pages 710-717.
Crossref
Gabriel Levin, Raanan Meyer & Amihai Rottenstreich. (2019) Reducing birth trauma programs – Diagnosis of anal sphincter injuries should be improved. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica 99:5, pages 679-679.
Crossref
Alyce N. Wilson & Caroline S.E. Homer. (2020) Third‐ and fourth‐degree tears: A review of the current evidence for prevention and management. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 60:2, pages 175-182.
Crossref
Jon F. Pennycuff, Deborah R. Karp, Julia Shinnick, Catherine O. HudsonGina M. Northington. (2019) Health Care–Seeking Characteristics of Women With Pelvic Floor Disorders After Obstetric Anal Sphincter Injury. Female Pelvic Medicine & Reconstructive Surgery 25:5, pages 383-387.
Crossref
Octavia Wiseman, Anne M. Rafferty, Jane Stockley, Trevor Murrells & Debra Bick. (2019) Infection and wound breakdown in spontaneous second-degree perineal tears: An exploratory mixed methods study. Birth 46:1, pages 80-89.
Crossref
Hadil Y. Ali-Masri, Sahar J. Hassan, Kaled M. Zimmo, Mohammed W. Zimmo, Khaled M. K. Ismail, Erik Fosse, Hasan Alsalman, Åse Vikanes & Katariina Laine. (2018) Evaluation of Accuracy of Episiotomy Incision in a Governmental Maternity Unit in Palestine: An Observational Study. Obstetrics and Gynecology International 2018, pages 1-6.
Crossref
Hadil Ali-Masri, Sahar Hassan, Khaled Ismail, Kaled Zimmo, Mohammed Zimmo, Erik Fosse, Åse Vikanes & Katariina Laine. (2018) Enhancing recognition of obstetric anal sphincter injuries in six maternity units in Palestine: an interventional quality improvement study. BMJ Open 8:6, pages e020983.
Crossref
D. Sioutis, R. Thakar & A. H. Sultan. (2017) Overdiagnosis and rising rate of obstetric anal sphincter injuries (OASIS): time for reappraisal. Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology 50:5, pages 642-647.
Crossref
Kaled Zimmo, Katariina Laine, Åse Vikanes, Erik Fosse, Mohammed Zimmo, Hadil Ali, Ranee Thakar, Abdul H Sultan & Sahar Hassan. (2017) Diagnosis and repair of perineal injuries: knowledge before and after expert training—a multicentre observational study among Palestinian physicians and midwives. BMJ Open 7:4, pages e014183.
Crossref
Abdul H. Sultan, Ash Monga, Joseph Lee, Anton Emmanuel, Christine Norton, Giulio Santoro, Tracy Hull, Bary Berghmans, Stuart Brody & Bernard T. Haylen. (2016) An International Urogynecological Association (IUGA)/International Continence Society (ICS) joint report on the terminology for female anorectal dysfunction. International Urogynecology Journal 28:1, pages 5-31.
Crossref
Abdul H. Sultan, Ash Monga, Joseph Lee, Anton Emmanuel, Christine Norton, Giulio Santoro, Tracy Hull, Bary Berghmans, Stuart Brody & Bernard T. Haylen. (2017) An International Urogynecological Association (IUGA)/International Continence Society (ICS) joint report on the terminology for female anorectal dysfunction. Neurourology and Urodynamics 36:1, pages 10-34.
Crossref
Mélodie Mathé, Guy Valancogne, Anthony Atallah, Clémentine Sciard, Muriel Doret, Pascal Gaucherand & Etienne Beaufils. (2016) Early pelvic floor muscle training after obstetrical anal sphincter injuries for the reduction of anal incontinence. European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology 199, pages 201-206.
Crossref
Jon F. Pennycuff, Gina M. Northington, Tammy Loucks, Gabriel Suciu & Deborah R. Karp. (2016) Obstetric Anal Sphincter Injury as a Quality Metric. Obstetrics & Gynecology 127:3, pages 496-500.
Crossref
Aris Antsaklis, Themos Grigoriadis, Sylvia-Christina Mylona, George Giannoulis & Stavros Athanasiou. (2016) Sonographic Evaluation of Obstetric Anal Injuries. Donald School Journal of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology 9:3, pages 266-274.
Crossref
Dan Selo-Ojeme, Sonu Pathak & Vaishali Joshi. (2014) The knowledge, practice and opinion of midwives’ in the UK on their training in obstetric perineal repair. Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics 291:6, pages 1265-1270.
Crossref
Christine E. East, Rosalind Lau & Mary Anne Biro. (2015) Midwives׳ and doctors׳ perceptions of their preparation for and practice in managing the perineum in the second stage of labour: A cross-sectional survey. Midwifery 31:1, pages 122-131.
Crossref
Holly S Priddis, Virginia Schmied, Christine Kettle, Anne Sneddon & Hannah G Dahlen. (2014) “A patchwork of services” – caring for women who sustain severe perineal trauma in New South Wales – from the perspective of women and midwives. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 14:1.
Crossref
Ka Woon Wong, Karthigan Ravindran, James M. Thomas & Vasanth Andrews. (2014) Mediolateral episiotomy: are trained midwives and doctors approaching it from a different angle?. European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology 174, pages 46-50.
Crossref
Shamir O. Cawich, Dwayne Wright, Santosh Kulkarni, Carol Rattray, Ian Bambury, Loxley Christie & Vijay Naraynsingh. (2014) Severe Perineal Lacerations in Obstetric Practice: The Effect of Institutional Practice Guidelines on Repair Failures in a Single Centre. International Scholarly Research Notices 2014, pages 1-4.
Crossref
Ruwan J Fernando, Abdul H Sultan, Christine Kettle & Ranee Thakar. (2013) Methods of repair for obstetric anal sphincter injury. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews.
Crossref
Lesley A Smith, Natalia Price, Vanessa Simonite & Ethel E Burns. (2013) Incidence of and risk factors for perineal trauma: a prospective observational study. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 13:1.
Crossref
I Gurol-Urganci, DA Cromwell, LC Edozien, TA Mahmood, EJ Adams, DH Richmond, A Templeton & JH van der Meulen. (2013) Third- and fourth-degree perineal tears among primiparous women in England between 2000 and 2012: time trends and risk factors. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology 120:12, pages 1516-1525.
Crossref
Ayesha Mahmud, Christine Kettle, Debra Bick, Claire Rowley, Trishna Rathod, John Belcher, Mohamed M Abdelmaguid & Khaled M K Ismail. (2013) The development and validation of an internet-based training package for the management of perineal trauma following childbirth: Maternity PEARLS . Postgraduate Medical Journal 89:1053, pages 382-389.
Crossref
V. Emmanuelli, J.-P. Lucot, E. Closset, M. Cosson & P. Deruelle. (2013) ?laboration et ?valuation d?un outil d?enseignement de la r?paration des d?chirures p?rin?ales du troisi?me et quatri?me degr?. La Revue Sage-Femme 12:3, pages 116-122.
Crossref
V. Emmanuelli, J.-P. Lucot, E. Closset, M. Cosson & P. Deruelle. (2013) ?laboration et ?valuation d?un outil d?enseignement de la r?paration des d?chirures p?rin?ales du troisi?me et quatri?me degr?. Journal de Gyn?cologie Obst?trique et Biologie de la Reproduction 42:2, pages 184-190.
Crossref
Ann Morris, Marie Berg & Anna Dencker. (2013) Professional’s skills in assessment of perineal tears after childbirth—A systematic review. Open Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 03:04, pages 7-15.
Crossref
Debra E Bick, Khaled M Ismail, Sue Macdonald, Peter Thomas, Sue Tohill & Christine Kettle. (2012) How good are we at implementing evidence to support the management of birth related perineal trauma? A UK wide survey of midwifery practice. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 12:1.
Crossref
Amanda Wickham. (2012) Management of obstetric anal sphincter injury. British Journal of Midwifery 20:8, pages 540-543.
Crossref
A. Cornet, O. Porta, L. Pi?eiro, E. Ferriols, I. Gich & J. Calaf. (2012) Management of Obstetric Perineal Tears: Do Obstetrics and Gynaecology Residents Receive Adequate Training? Results of an Anonymous Survey. Obstetrics and Gynecology International 2012, pages 1-7.
Crossref
Debra E Bick, Christine Kettle, Sue Macdonald, Peter W Thomas, Robert K Hills & Khaled MK Ismail. (2010) PErineal Assessment and Repair Longitudinal Study (PEARLS): protocol for a matched pair cluster trial. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 10:1.
Crossref
R GUNDRY, D SIASSAKOS, JF CROFTS & TJ DRAYCOTT. (2010) SIMULATION TRAINING FOR OBSTETRIC PROCEDURES AND EMERGENCIES. Fetal and Maternal Medicine Review 21:4, pages 323-345.
Crossref
E. Vintejoux, V. Letouzey, W. Badiou, P. Mar?s & R. De Tayrac. (2010) Int?r?t d?un atelier de r?fection p?rin?ale pour am?liorer les performances de la r?paration du p?rin?e complet. Gyn?cologie Obst?trique & Fertilit? 38:11, pages 714-715.
Crossref
F. J. McNicol, C. A. Bruce, S. Chaudhri, J. Francombe, E. Kozman, B. A. Taylor & M. J. Tighe. (2010) Management of obstetric anal sphincter injuries – a role for the colorectal surgeon. Colorectal Disease 12:9, pages 927-930.
Crossref
Abdul Sultan. 2010. Textbook of Female Urology and Urogynecology, Third Edition. Textbook of Female Urology and Urogynecology, Third Edition 863 870 .
Ranee Thakar & Christine Kettle. 2010. Textbook of Female Urology and Urogynecology, Third Edition. Textbook of Female Urology and Urogynecology, Third Edition 855 862 .
Abdul H. Sultan & Ranee Thakar. 2010. Pelvic Floor Disorders. Pelvic Floor Disorders 143 153 .
Dan Selo-Ojeme, Dale Ojutiku & Amaju Ikomi. (2009) Impact of a structured, hands-on, surgical skills training program for midwives performing perineal repair. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 106:3, pages 239-241.
Crossref
Themos Grigoriadis, Stavros Athanasiou, Antonia Zisou & Aris Antsaklis. (2009) Episiotomy and perineal repair practices among obstetricians in Greece. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 106:1, pages 27-29.
Crossref
Vasanth Andrews, Ranee Thakar & Abdul H. Sultan. (2008) Structured hands-on training in repair of obstetric anal sphincter injuries (OASIS): an audit of clinical practice. International Urogynecology Journal 20:2, pages 193-199.
Crossref
CE Turner, JM Young, MJ Solomon, J Ludlow, C Benness & H Phipps. (2008) Vaginal delivery compared with elective caesarean section: the views of pregnant women and clinicians. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology 115:12, pages 1494-1502.
Crossref
D. N. Samarasekera, M. T. Bekhit, Y. Wright, R. H. Lowndes, K. P. Stanley, J. P. Preston, P. Preston & C. T. M. Speakman. (2008) Long-term anal continence and quality of life following postpartum anal sphincter injury. Colorectal Disease 10:8, pages 793-799.
Crossref
Yoram Abramov, Beni Feiner, Thalma Rosen, Motti Bardichev, Eli Gutterman, Arie Lissak & Ron Auslander. (2008) Primary repair of advanced obstetric anal sphincter tears: should it be performed by the overlapping sphincteroplasty technique?. International Urogynecology Journal 19:8, pages 1071-1074.
Crossref
J Nordenstam, A Mellgren, D Altman, A López, C Johansson, B Anzén, Zhong-ze Li & J Zetterström. (2008) Immediate or delayed repair of obstetric anal sphincter tears-a randomised controlled trial. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology 115:7, pages 857-865.
Crossref
Hannah G. Dahlen & Caroline S.E. Homer. (2008) What are the views of midwives in relation to perineal repair?. Women and Birth 21:1, pages 27-35.
Crossref
. 2008. Family Medicine Obstetrics. Family Medicine Obstetrics 523 571 .
Abdul H. Sultan & Ranee Thakar. 2007. Perineal and Anal Sphincter Trauma. Perineal and Anal Sphincter Trauma 33 51 .
Christine Kettle & Dee E. Fenner. 2007. Perineal and Anal Sphincter Trauma. Perineal and Anal Sphincter Trauma 20 32 .
Abdul H. Sultan & Christine Kettle. 2007. Perineal and Anal Sphincter Trauma. Perineal and Anal Sphincter Trauma 13 19 .
Sandra Morano, Emanuela Mistrangelo, Daniela Pastorino, Davide Lijoi, Sergio Costantini & Nicola Ragni. (2006) A randomized comparison of suturing techniques for episiotomy and laceration repair after spontaneous vaginal birth. Journal of Minimally Invasive Gynecology 13:5, pages 457-462.
Crossref
Ruwan J Fernando, Abdul H H Sultan, Christine Kettle, Ranee Thakar & Simon Radley. 1996. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews.
Vasanth Andrews, Abdul H Sultan, Ranee Thakar & Peter W. Jones. (2006) Risk Factors for Obstetric Anal Sphincter Injury: A Prospective Study. Birth 33:2, pages 117-122.
Crossref
Abimbola Williams, Elisabeth J Adams, Douglas G Tincello, Zarko Alfirevic, Stephen A Walkinshaw & David H Richmond. (2006) How to repair an anal sphincter injury after vaginal delivery: results of a randomised controlled trial. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 113:2, pages 201-207.
Crossref
Vasanth Andrews, Abdul H Sultan, Ranee Thakar & Peter W Jones. (2006) Occult anal sphincter injuries-myth or reality?. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 113:2, pages 195-200.
Crossref
Kevin J. Stepp, Nazema Y. Siddiqui, Stephen P. Emery & Matthew D. Barber. (2006) Textbook Recommendations for Preventing and Treating Perineal Injury at Vaginal Delivery. Obstetrics & Gynecology 107:2, Part 1, pages 361-366.
Crossref
Rebecca G. Rogers. 2006. Vaginal Surgery for Incontinence and Prolapse. Vaginal Surgery for Incontinence and Prolapse 185 195 .
Myra Fitzpatrick & Colm O'Herlihy. (2005) Short-term and long-term effects of obstetric anal sphincter injury and their management. Current Opinion in Obstetrics & Gynecology 17:6, pages 605-610.
Crossref
. (2016) British Medical Ultrasound Society 37th Annual Scientific Meeting 13—15 December 2005, Manchester International Convention Centre Abstracts. Ultrasound 13:4, pages 259-278.
Crossref
Vasanth Andrews, Ranee Thankar, Abdul H SultanChris Kettle. (2005) Can hands-on perineal repair courses affect clinical practice?. British Journal of Midwifery 13:9, pages 562-566.
Crossref
Vasanth Andrews, Ranee Thakar, Abdul H. Sultan & Peter W. Jones. (2005) Are mediolateral episiotomies actually mediolateral?. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology 112:8, pages 1156-1158.
Crossref
Victoria Garcia, Rebecca G. Rogers, Suzy S. Kim, Rebecca J. Hall & Dorothy N. Kammerer-Doak. (2005) Primary repair of obstetric anal sphincter laceration: A randomized trial of two surgical techniques. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 192:5, pages 1697-1701.
Crossref
Christian Phillips & Ash Monga. (2005) Childbirth and the pelvic floor: “the gynaecological consequences”. Reviews in Gynaecological Practice 5:1, pages 15-22.
Crossref
Tara L. Hicks, Susan Forester Goodall, Evelyn M. Quattrone & Mona T. Lydon-Rochelle. (2004) Postpartum Sexual Functioning and Method of Delivery: Summary of the Evidence. Journal of Midwifery & Women's Health 49:5, pages 430-436.
Crossref
Vasanth Andrews, Ranee Thakar & Abdul H Sultan. (2003) Management of third and fourth degree tears. Reviews in Gynaecological Practice 3:4, pages 188-195.
Crossref
Jan Zetterström, Annika López, Bo Holmström, Bengt Y. Nilsson, Åke Tisell, Bo Anzén & Anders Mellgren. (2003) Obstetric sphincter tears and anal incontinence: an observational follow-up study. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica 82:10, pages 921-928.
Crossref
Mira Lal, Christopher H. Mann, Roger Callender & Simon Radley. (2003) Does Cesarean Delivery Prevent Anal Incontinence?. Obstetrics & Gynecology 101:2, pages 305-312.
Crossref
Isabelle Etienney, V. De Parades & P. Atienza. (2003) Apports de l’échographie endoanale dans l’exploration de l’incontinence analeValue of anal endosonography in the exploration of anal incontinence. Acta Endoscopica 33:1, pages 71-84.
Crossref
Abdul H. Sultan. 2002. Female Pelvic Reconstructive Surgery. Female Pelvic Reconstructive Surgery 149 157 .
Ruwan J Fernando, Abdul H Sultan, Simon Radley, Peter W Jones & Richard B Johanson. (2002) Management of obstetric anal sphincter injury: a systematic review & national practice survey. BMC Health Services Research 2:1.
Crossref
Patrick J. Woodman & Daniel O. Graney. (2002) Anatomy and physiology of the female perineal body with relevance to obstetrical injury and repair. Clinical Anatomy 15:5, pages 321-334.
Crossref
A.B. Williams, J.A. Spencer & C.I. Bartram. (2003) Assessment of third degree tears using three‐dimensional anal endosonography with combined anal manometry: a novel technique. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology 109:7, pages 833-835.
Crossref
Abdul H. Sultan & Ranee Thakar. (2002) Lower genital tract and anal sphincter trauma. Best Practice & Research Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology 16:1, pages 99-115.
Crossref
Katie M. Groom & Sara Paterson-Brown. (2002) Can we improve on the diagnosis of third degree tears?. European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology 101:1, pages 19-21.
Crossref
V. De Parades, Isabelle Etienney & P. Atienza. (2002) Les défects sphinctériens anaux en endosonographieEndosonography of anal sphincter disruptions. Acta Endoscopica 32:1, pages 15-29.
Crossref
James Clarkson, Cindy Newton, Debra Bick, Gill Gyte, Chris Kettle, Mary Newburn, Jane Radford & Richard Johanson. (2001) Achieving sustainable quality in maternity services – using audit of incontinence and dyspareunia to identify shortfalls in meeting standards. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 1:1.
Crossref
Tracey Harris. (2001) Suitable suture material for perineal repair. British Journal of Midwifery 9:11, pages 678-681.
Crossref
Charlotte Chaliha, Abdul H. Sultan, J.Martin Bland, Ash K. Monga & Stuart L. Stanton. (2001) Anal function: Effect of pregnancy and delivery. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 185:2, pages 427-432.
Crossref
Daniel L. Faltin, Michel R. Sangalli, Bruno Roche, Lucia Floris, Michel Boulvain & Antoine Weil. (2003) Does a second delivery increase the risk of anal incontinence?. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology 108:7, pages 684-688.
Crossref
Mona T. Lydon‐Rochelle, Victoria L. Holt & Diane P. Martin. (2001) Delivery method and self‐reported postpartum general health status among primiparous women. Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology 15:3, pages 232-240.
Crossref
Daniel L Faltin, Michel R Sangalli, Bruno Roche, Lucia Floris, Michel Boulvain & Antoine Weil. (2001) Does a second delivery increase the risk of anal incontinence?. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 108:7, pages 684-688.
Crossref
R Fernando, R Johanson, C Kettle, A Sultan & S Radley. 1996. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews.
Olujimi Jibodu & Sabaratnam Arulkumaran. (2000) Caesarean Section on Request. Journal SOGC 22:9, pages 684-689.
Crossref
P. F. Schofield. 2000. Recent Advances in Coloproctology. Recent Advances in Coloproctology 135 153 .
Abdul H. Sultan. (2016) Editorial: Obstetrical Perineal Injury and Anal Incontinence. Clinical Risk 5:6, pages 193-196.
Crossref
Abdul H. Sultan, Ash K. Monga, Devinder Kumar & Stuart L. Stanton. (2005) Primary repair of obstetric anal sphincter rupture using the overlap technique. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology 106:4, pages 318-323.
Crossref
K.J. Erskine. (1999) It is every woman's right to choose to be delivered by elective caesarean section. International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 8:1, pages 43-48.
Crossref
C Kettle & RB Johanson. 1996. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews.
. (1997) Faecal incontinence after childbirth. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 104:9, pages 979-982.
Crossref
Abdul H. Sultan & Stuart L. Stanton. (1996) Preserving the pelvic floor and perineum during childbirth-elective caesarean section?. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 103:8, pages 731-734.
Crossref

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.