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Scandinavian Journal of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery and Hand Surgery Volume 26, 1992 - Issue 3
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Original Article

Intercalary Flexor Tendon Grafts: A Morphological Study of Intrasynovial and Extrasynovial Donor Tendons

Richard H. Gelberman the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital Boston, MA, USA
,
John G. Seiler the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital Boston, MA, USA
,
Andrew E. Rosenberg the Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital Boston, MA, USA
,
Philip Heyman the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital Boston, MA, USA
&
David Amiel the Department of Orthopaedics—Connective Tissue Biochemistry, University of California, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
Pages 257-264 | Received 05 Nov 1991, Published online: 08 Jul 2009

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Subhash C. Juneja, Edward M. Schwarz, Regis J. O’Keefe & Hani A. Awad. (2013) Cellular and Molecular Factors in Flexor Tendon Repair and Adhesions: A Histological and Gene Expression Analysis. Connective Tissue Research 54:3, pages 218-226.
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Sven-Olof Abrahamsson & Richard Gelberman. (1994) Maintenance of the gliding surface of tendon autografts in dogs. Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica 65:5, pages 548-552.
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Articles from other publishers (68)

Rituja Kamble, Rushabh Shah, Ailbhe L. Kiely, Grant S. Nolan & Jason Wong. (2022) Secondary Flexor Tendon Reconstruction: Protocol for a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. International Journal of Surgery: Protocols 26:1.
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Kitty Yuechuan WuJoshua A. GillisSteven L. Moran. (2021) Secondary Procedures following Flexor Tendon Reconstruction. Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery 149:1, pages 108e-120e.
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Hua Shen, Susumu Yoneda, Shelly E. Sakiyama-Elbert, Qiang Zhang, Stavros Thomopoulos & Richard H. Gelberman. (2021) Flexor Tendon Injury and Repair. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery 103:9, pages e36.
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Verena J. M. M. Schrier, Alyssa Vrieze & Peter C. Amadio. (2020) Subsynovial connective tissue development in the rabbit carpal tunnel. Veterinary Medicine and Science 6:4, pages 1025-1033.
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Simon Farnebo, Monica Wiig, Björn Holm & Bijar Ghafouri. (2020) Differentially Expressed Proteins in Intra Synovial Compared to Extra Synovial Flexor Tendon Grafts in a Rabbit Tendon Transplantation Model. Biomedicines 8:10, pages 408.
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Verena J.M.M. Schrier, Stefanie Evers, Jennifer R. Geske, Walter K. Kremers, Hector R. Villarraga, Ruud W. Selles, Steven E.R. Hovius, Russell Gelfman & Peter C. Amadio. (2020) Relative Motion of the Connective Tissue in Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: The Relation with Disease Severity and Clinical Outcome. Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology 46:9, pages 2236-2244.
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William J. Weller, Zach Goldstein, Fang Li, Ahmed Aljawad & Jeffery A. Greenberg. (2020) Tendon With Z-Lengthening Technique and Construct Assessment: A Biomechanical Study for Use in Tendon Reconstructions. The Journal of Hand Surgery 45:7, pages 661.e1-661.e10.
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Hongyi Zhu, Yanchun Gao, Yimin Chai & Pei Han. (2019) Clinical Characteristics Associated with the Prognosis of One-Stage Grafting for Flexor Digitorum Profundus Reconstruction in Zones I and II. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 143:3, pages 545e-550e.
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V.J.M.M. Festen-Schrier & P.C. Amadio. (2018) The biomechanics of subsynovial connective tissue in health and its role in carpal tunnel syndrome. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology 38, pages 232-239.
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H. Ohi, S. Uchiyama, T. Kanda, M. Mukoda, M. Hayashi & H. Kato. (2017) Outcomes of grafting intrasynovial tendons of the toes to the hands in 10 patients: a preliminary report. Journal of Hand Surgery (European Volume) 42:5, pages 469-472.
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Tai-Tzung Kuo, Ming-Ru Lee, Yin-Yin Liao, Jiann-Perng Chen, Yen-Wei Hsu & Chih-Kuang Yeh. (2016) Assessment of Median Nerve Mobility by Ultrasound Dynamic Imaging for Diagnosing Carpal Tunnel Syndrome. PLOS ONE 11:1, pages e0147051.
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Julie Balch Samora & Ryan D. Klinefelter. (2016) Flexor Tendon Reconstruction. Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons 24:1, pages 28-36.
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R. Wong, N. Alam, A. D. McGrouther & J. K. F. Wong. (2015) Tendon grafts: their natural history, biology and future development. Journal of Hand Surgery (European Volume) 40:7, pages 669-681.
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Gabriella Meier Bürgisser & Johanna Buschmann. (2015) History and performance of implant materials applied as peritendinous antiadhesives. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part B: Applied Biomaterials 103:1, pages 212-228.
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Walaa I. Al-Dubaiban, Abdulaziz O. Al-Abdulkarim, Maha M. Arafah & Mohammad M. Al-Qattan. (2014) Flexor Tendon–to–Volar Plate Repair: An Experimental Study and 3 Case Reports. The Journal of Hand Surgery 39:11, pages 2222-2227.
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Chunfeng Zhao, Zhuang Wei, Ramona L. Reisdorf, Andrew R. Thoreson, Gregory D. Jay, Steven L. Moran, Kai-Nan An & Peter C. Amadio. (2014) The Effects of Biological Lubricating Molecules on Flexor Tendon Reconstruction in a Canine Allograft Model In Vivo. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 133:5, pages 628e-637e.
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Sys Hasslund, Tulin Dadali, Michael Ulrich-Vinther, Kjeld Søballe, Edward M Schwarz & Hani A Awad. (2014) Freeze-dried allograft-mediated gene or protein delivery of growth and differentiation factor 5 reduces reconstructed murine flexor tendon adhesions. Journal of Tissue Engineering 5, pages 204173141452873.
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Yasuhiro Ozasa, Peter C. Amadio, Andrew R. Thoreson, Kai-Nan An & Chunfeng Zhao. (2013) Repopulation of Intrasynovial Flexor Tendon Allograft with Bone Marrow Stromal Cells: An Ex Vivo Model . Tissue Engineering Part A, pages 131121072458005.
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Jun Sasaki, Toshiro Itsubo, Koichi Nakamura, Masanori Hayashi, Shigeharu Uchiyama & Hiroyuki Kato. (2013) Intrasynovial Tendon Graft for Chronic Flexor Tendon Laceration of the Finger: A Case Report. The Open Orthopaedics Journal 7:1, pages 282-285.
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Kieran O’Shea & Scott W. Wolfe. (2013) Two-stage Reconstruction with the Modified Paneva-Holevich Technique. Hand Clinics 29:2, pages 223-233.
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Peter C. Amadio. (2013) Gliding Resistance and Modifications of Gliding Surface of Tendon. Hand Clinics 29:2, pages 159-166.
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Michail N. Kolodzinskyi, Chunfeng Zhao, Yu-Long Sun, Kai-Nan An, Andrew R. Thoreson, Peter C. Amadio & Steven L. Moran. (2013) The Effects of Hylan G-F 20 Surface Modification on Gliding of Extrasynovial Canine Tendon Grafts In Vitro. The Journal of Hand Surgery 38:2, pages 231-236.
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James Chang. (2012) Studies in Flexor Tendon Reconstruction: Biomolecular Modulation of Tendon Repair and Tissue Engineering. The Journal of Hand Surgery 37:3, pages 552-561.
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Masaharu Yagi, Yasuhiro Mitsui, Masafumi Gotoh, Naoto Sato, Kenji Yoshida & Kensei Nagata. (2012) ROLE OF THE HYALURONAN-PRODUCING TENOSYNOVIUM IN PREVENTING ADHESION FORMATION DURING HEALING OF FLEXOR TENDON INJURIES. Hand Surgery 17:01, pages 13-17.
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Yu-Long Sun & Peter C. Amadio. 2012. Tendon Surgery of the Hand. Tendon Surgery of the Hand e1 e10 .
Nash H. Naam & Lori Niemerg. 2012. Tendon Surgery of the Hand. Tendon Surgery of the Hand 314 322 .
Melanie M. Lopes, Wendy Lawson, Ted Scott & Peter J. Keir. (2011) Tendon and nerve excursion in the carpal tunnel in healthy and CTD wrists. Clinical Biomechanics 26:9, pages 930-936.
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Jun Ikeda, Yu-Long Sun, Kai-Nan An, Peter C. Amadio & Chunfeng Zhao. (2011) Application of Carbodiimide Derivatized Synovial Fluid to Enhance Extrasynovial Tendon Gliding Ability. The Journal of Hand Surgery 36:3, pages 456-463.
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Peter C. Amadio. 2011. Rehabilitation of the Hand and Upper Extremity, 2-Volume Set. Rehabilitation of the Hand and Upper Extremity, 2-Volume Set 439 444.e5 .
Manabu Taguchi, Chunfeng Zhao, Yu-Long Sun, Gregory D. Jay, Kai-Nan An & Peter C. Amadio. (2009) The Effect of Surface Treatment Using Hyaluronic Acid and Lubricin on the Gliding Resistance of Human Extrasynovial Tendons In Vitro. The Journal of Hand Surgery 34:7, pages 1276-1281.
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Alphonsus K. S. Chong, Jonathan Riboh, R Lane Smith, Derek P. Lindsey, Hung M. Pham & James Chang. (2009) Flexor Tendon Tissue Engineering: Acellularized and Reseeded Tendon Constructs. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 123:6, pages 1759-1766.
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Yulong Sun, Meng‐Yi Chen, Chunfeng Zhao, Kai‐Nan An & Peter C. Amadio. (2008) The effect of hyaluronidase, phospholipase, lipid solvent and trypsin on the lubrication of canine flexor digitorum profundus tendon. Journal of Orthopaedic Research 26:9, pages 1225-1229.
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Sys Hasslund, Justin A. Jacobson, Tulin Dadali, Patrick Basile, Michael Ulrich‐Vinther, Kjeld Søballe, Edward M. Schwarz, Regis J. O'Keefe, David J. Mitten & Hani A. Awad. (2008) Adhesions in a murine flexor tendon graft model: Autograft versus allograft reconstruction. Journal of Orthopaedic Research 26:6, pages 824-833.
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Richard H. Shin, Chunfeng Zhao, Mark E. Zobitz, Peter C. Amadio & Kai-Nan An. (2008) Mechanical properties of intrasynovial and extrasynovial tendon fascicles. Clinical Biomechanics 23:2, pages 236-241.
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Manabu Taguchi, Yu-Long Sun, Chunfeng Zhao, Mark E Zobitz, Chung-Ja Cha, Gregory D Jay, Kai-Nan An & Peter C Amadio. (2008) Lubricin Surface Modification Improves Extrasynovial Tendon Gliding in a Canine Model in Vitro. The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery-American Volume 90:1, pages 129-135.
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Naoki Osamura, Chunfeng Zhao, Mark E. Zobitz, Kai-Nan An & Peter C. Amadio. (2007) Permeability of the subsynovial connective tissue in the human carpal tunnel: A cadaver study. Clinical Biomechanics 22:5, pages 524-528.
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Anke M. Ettema, Chunfeng Zhao, Peter C. Amadio, Megan M. O'Byrne & Kai‐Nan An. (2006) Gliding characteristics of flexor tendon and tenosynovium in carpal tunnel syndrome: A pilot study. Clinical Anatomy 20:3, pages 292-299.
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Sangho Oh, Marek Belohlavek, Chunfeng Zhao, Naoki Osamura, Mark E. Zobitz, Kai-Nan An & Peter C. Amadio. (2007) Detection of Differential Gliding Characteristics of the Flexor Digitorum Superficialis Tendon and Subsynovial Connective Tissue Using Color Doppler Sonographic Imaging. Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine 26:2, pages 149-155.
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Toshikazu Tanaka, Yu-Long Sun, Chunfeng Zhao, Mark E. Zobitz, Kai-Nan An & Peter C. Amadio. (2006) Effect of curing time and concentration for a chemical treatment that improves surface gliding for extrasynovial tendon graftsin vitro. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A 79A:3, pages 451-455.
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Anke M. Ettema, Peter C. Amadio, Chunfeng Zhao, Lester E. Wold, Megan M. O??Byrne, Steven L. Moran & Kai-Nan An. (2006) Changes in the Functional Structure of the Tenosynovium in Idiopathic Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: A Scanning Electron Microscope Study. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 118:6, pages 1413-1422.
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CHUNFENG ZHAO, YU-LONG SUN, PETER C. AMADIO, TOSHIKAZU TANAKA, ANKE M. ETTEMA & KAI-NAN AN. (2006) SURFACE TREATMENT OF FLEXOR TENDON AUTOGRAFTS WITH CARBODIIMIDE-DERIVATIZED HYALURONIC ACID. The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery-American Volume 88:10, pages 2181-2191.
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Toshiki Akasaka, Jun Nishida, Toshihiko Imaeda, Tadashi Shimamura, Peter C. Amadio & Kai-Nan An. (2006) Effect of hyaluronic acid on the excursion resistance of tendon graft: A biomechanical in vitro study in a modified human model. Clinical Biomechanics 21:8, pages 810-815.
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Wadi Gomero-Cure, Yulong Sun, Meng-Yi Chen, Chunfeng Zhao, Kai-Nan An & Peter C. Amadio. (2006) The Wettability of Intrasynovial and Extrasynovial Tendons. The Journal of Hand Surgery 31:7, pages 1136-1141.
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Yulong Sun, Chunfeng Zhao, Peter C. Amadio & Kai-Nan An. (2006) Biomimetic modification of the gliding surface of extrasynovial tendon. Journal of Materials Research 21:8, pages 2079-2083.
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Toshikazu Tanaka, Yu-Long Sun, Chunfeng Zhao, Mark E. Zobitz, Kai-Nan An & Peter C. Amadio. (2006) Optimization of surface modifications of extrasynovial tendon to improve its gliding ability in a canine model in vitro. Journal of Orthopaedic Research 24:7, pages 1555-1561.
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M. Pajares-López & P. Hernández-Cortés. (2005) Aplicación de periostio en un modelo experimental de cicatrización tendinosa en conejo. Revista de Ortopedia y Traumatología 49:5, pages 377-389.
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M. Pajares-López & P. Hernández-Cortés. (2005) Aplicación de periostio en un modelo experimental de cicatrización tendinosa en conejo. Revista Española de Cirugía Ortopédica y Traumatología 49:5, pages 377-389.
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Yu‐Long Sun, Chao Yang, Peter C. Amadio, Chunfeng Zhao, Mark E. Zobitz & Kai‐Nan An. (2006) Reducing friction by chemically modifying the surface of extrasynovial tendon grafts. Journal of Orthopaedic Research 22:5, pages 984-989.
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K Derwin, C Androjna, E Spencer, O Safran, T W Bauer, T Hunt, A Caplan & J Iannotti. (2004) Porcine Small Intestine Submucosa as a Flexor Tendon Graft. Clinical Orthopaedics & Related Research 423, pages 245-252.
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Toshimitsu Momose, Peter C. Amadio, Mark E. Zobitz, Chunfeng Zhao & Kai‐Nan An. (2002) Effect of paratenon and repetitive motion on the gliding resistance of tendon of extrasynovial origin. Clinical Anatomy 15:3, pages 199-205.
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M. WIIG & S.-O. ABRAHAMSSON. (2016) Hyaluronic Acid Modulates Cell Proliferation Unequally in Intrasynovial and Extrasynovial Rabbit Tendons In Vitro. Journal of Hand Surgery 25:2, pages 183-187.
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Jun Nishida, Peter C. Amadio, Paul C. Bettinger & Kai-Nan An. (1999) Flexor tendon-tendon sheath interaction after tendon grafting: A biomechanical study in a human model in vitro. The Journal of Hand Surgery 24:5, pages 1097-1102.
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Jun Nishida, Peter C. Amadio, Paul C. Bettinger & Kai-Nan An. (1998) Flexor tendon-pulley interaction after pulley reconstruction: A biomechanical study in a human model in vitro. The Journal of Hand Surgery 23:4, pages 665-672.
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J. G. SEILER, S. UCHIYAMA, F. ELLIS, P. C. AMADIO, R. H. GELBERMAN & K. N. AN. (1998) Reconstruction of the Flexor Pulley. The Effect of the Tension and Source of the Graft in an in Vitro Dog Model*. The Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery 80:5, pages 699-703.
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Robert J. Bischoff, Shuhei Morifusa, Richard H. Gelberman, Steven C. Winters, Savio L-Y. Woo & John Gray SeillerIIIIII. (1998) The effects of proximal load on the excursion of autogenous flexor tendon grafts. The Journal of Hand Surgery 23:2, pages 285-289.
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Jun Nishida, John G. Seiler, Peter C. Amadio & Kai-Nan An. (1998) Flexor tendon-pulley interaction after annular pulley reconstruction: A biomechanical study in a dog model In vivo. The Journal of Hand Surgery 23:2, pages 279-284.
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John Gray SeilerIIIIII, Constance R. Chu, David Amiel, Savio L.Y. Woo & Richard H. Gelberman. (1997) The Marshall R. Urist Young Investigator Award. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research 345, pages 239???247.
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M. Noguchi, J.G. SeilerIIIIII, N.D. BoardmanIIIIII, D.M. Tramaglini, R.H. Gelberman & S.L-Y. Woo. (1997) Tensile properties of canine intrasynovial and extrasynovial flexor tendon autografts. The Journal of Hand Surgery 22:3, pages 457-463.
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SHIGEHARU UCHIYAMA, PETER C. AMADIO, JUN-ICHI ISHIKAWA & KAI-NAN AN. (1997) Boundary Lubrication between the Tendon and the Pulley in the Finger*. The Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery 79:2, pages 213-8.
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John Gray SeilerIIIIII, Ashok S. Reddy, Lawrence E. Simpson, Craig S. Williams, Karlene Hewan-Lowe & Richard H. Gelberman. (1995) The flexor digitorum longus: An anatomic and microscopic study for use as a tendon graft. The Journal of Hand Surgery 20:3, pages 492-495.
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