1,816
Views
89
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review Article

Synthetic cannabinoids pharmacokinetics and detection methods in biological matrices

, , , , &
Pages 124-174 | Received 01 Feb 2015, Accepted 06 Mar 2015, Published online: 08 Apr 2015

Keep up to date with the latest research on this topic with citation updates for this article.

Read on this site (3)

Vera L. Alves, João L. Gonçalves, Joselin Aguiar, Helena M. Teixeira & José S. Câmara. (2020) The synthetic cannabinoids phenomenon: from structure to toxicological properties. A review. Critical Reviews in Toxicology 50:5, pages 359-382.
Read now
Carmen De Caro, Antonio Leo, Rita Citraro, Caterina De Sarro, Roberto Russo, Antonio Calignano & Emilio Russo. (2017) The potential role of cannabinoids in epilepsy treatment. Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics 17:11, pages 1069-1079.
Read now
Peter B. Chase, Jeff Hawkins, Jarrod Mosier, Ernest Jimenez, Keith Boesen, Barry K. Logan & Frank G. Walter. (2016) Differential physiological and behavioral cues observed in individuals smoking botanical marijuana versus synthetic cannabinoid drugs. Clinical Toxicology 54:1, pages 14-19.
Read now

Articles from other publishers (86)

Andrew M. Brandon, Steven R. Baginski, Caroline Peet, Pat Dugard, Henrik Green, Oliver B. Sutcliffe, Niamh Nic Daéid, Lorna A. Nisbet, Kevin D. Read & Craig McKenzie. (2023) Log D 7.4 and plasma protein binding of synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists and a comparison of experimental and predicted lipophilicity . Drug Testing and Analysis.
Crossref
Yin Zheng, Yu Xu, Yilei Fan, Hao Wu, Huijun Liu, Zhongping Huang & Jian Shen. (2023) Characterization of the pyrolysis patterns of 44 synthetic cannabinoids and their application in illicit drug analysis. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis 176, pages 106251.
Crossref
Caio H. P. Rodrigues, Lívia S. Mariotto, Jade S. Castro, Paulo H. Peruquetti, Newton C. Silva-Junior & Aline T. Bruni. (2023) Acute, chronic, and post-mortem toxicity: a review focused on three different classes of new psychoactive substances. Forensic Toxicology 41:2, pages 187-212.
Crossref
Michelle Jin Yee Neoh, Alessandro Carollo, Mengyu Lim, Ornella Corazza, Aurora Coppola & Gianluca Esposito. (2023) The novel psychoactive substances epidemic: A scientometric perspective. Addiction Neuroscience 5, pages 100060.
Crossref
Bismarck Rezende, Allan Kardec Nogueira Alencar, Graziele Freitas de Bem, Fabrícia Lima Fontes-Dantas & Guilherme Carneiro Montes. (2023) Endocannabinoid System: Chemical Characteristics and Biological Activity. Pharmaceuticals 16:2, pages 148.
Crossref
Ziteng Wang, Eric Yu Quan Leow, Hooi Yan Moy & Eric Chun Yong Chan. 2023.
Alex J. Krotulski. 2023. Methods for Novel Psychoactive Substance Analysis. Methods for Novel Psychoactive Substance Analysis 1 19 .
Xing Ke, Yimei Tian, Dandan He, Pengqian Mu, Xuzhi Wan, Lange Zhang, Wei Jia, Qiao Wang, Yilei Fan & Yu Zhang. (2022) Rapid Simultaneous Determination of Three Synthetic Cannabinoids in Urine and Plasma of Rats Using Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Toxics 10:10, pages 619.
Crossref
Elias Djilali, Lucia Pappalardo, Anna Maria Posadino, Roberta Giordo & Gianfranco Pintus. (2022) Effects of the Storage Conditions on the Stability of Natural and Synthetic Cannabis in Biological Matrices for Forensic Toxicology Analysis: An Update from the Literature. Metabolites 12:9, pages 801.
Crossref
Mihaela Puiu & Camelia Bala. (2022) Affinity Assays for Cannabinoids Detection: Are They Amenable to On-Site Screening?. Biosensors 12:8, pages 608.
Crossref
Elisabet Navarro-Tapia, Jana Codina, Víctor José Villanueva-Blasco, Óscar García-Algar & Vicente Andreu-Fernández. (2022) Detection of the Synthetic Cannabinoids AB-CHMINACA, ADB-CHMINACA, MDMB-CHMICA, and 5F-MDMB-PINACA in Biological Matrices: A Systematic Review. Biology 11:5, pages 796.
Crossref
María Teresa García-Valverde, Verónica Sánchez de Medina, Verónica Codesido, Jesús Hidalgo-García & Carlos Ferreiro-Vera. 2022. Recent Advances in Gas Chromatography. Recent Advances in Gas Chromatography.
Simone Milan, Filomena Lelario, Laura Scrano, Chiara Ottati, Sabino Aurelio Bufo & Maria de Fátima Alpendurada. (2022) Detection of Eight Cannabinoids and One Tracer in Wastewater and River Water by SPE-UPLC–ESI-MS/MS. Water 14:4, pages 588.
Crossref
Ruben Goncalves, Romain Pelletier, Aurélien Couette, Thomas Gicquel & Brendan Le Daré. (2022) Suitability of high-resolution mass spectrometry in analytical toxicology: Focus on drugs of abuse. Toxicologie Analytique et Clinique 34:1, pages 29-41.
Crossref
Frank T. Peters & Markus R. Meyer. 2022. Novel Psychoactive Substances. Novel Psychoactive Substances 225 244 .
Claude Cyr, Mellar P. Davis, Danial Schecter & Paul DaeninckMellar P. Davis. 2022. Cannabis and Cannabinoid-Based Medicines in Cancer Care. Cannabis and Cannabinoid-Based Medicines in Cancer Care 91 115 .
Arianna Giorgetti, Rossella Barone, Guido Pelletti, Marco Garagnani, Jennifer Pascali, Belal Haschimi & Volker Auwärter. (2021) Development and validation of a rapid LC‐MS/MS method for the detection of 182 novel psychoactive substances in whole blood. Drug Testing and Analysis.
Crossref
A Bakarr Kanu. (2021) Recent developments in sample preparation techniques combined with high-performance liquid chromatography: A critical review. Journal of Chromatography A 1654, pages 462444.
Crossref
Lea Wagmann, Tanja M. Gampfer & Markus R. Meyer. (2021) Recent trends in drugs of abuse metabolism studies for mass spectrometry–based analytical screening procedures. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 413:22, pages 5551-5559.
Crossref
Ishtiaq Ahmed, Saif Ur Rehman, Shiva Shahmohamadnejad, Muhammad Anjum Zia, Muhammad Ahmad, Muhammad Muzammal Saeed, Zain Akram, Hafiz M. N. Iqbal & Qingyou Liu. (2021) Therapeutic Attributes of Endocannabinoid System against Neuro-Inflammatory Autoimmune Disorders. Molecules 26:11, pages 3389.
Crossref
Aldo E Polettini, Johannes Kutzler, Christoph Sauer, Susanne Guber & Wolfgang Schultis. (2021) LC–QTOF-MS Presumptive Identification of Synthetic Cannabinoids without Reference Chromatographic Retention/Mass Spectral Information. II. Evaluation of a Computational Approach for Predicting and Identifying Unknown High-Resolution Product Ion Mass Spectra. Journal of Analytical Toxicology 45:5, pages 440-461.
Crossref
Andrew M. Brandon, Lysbeth H. Antonides, Jennifer Riley, Ola Epemolu, Denise A. McKeown, Kevin D. Read & Craig McKenzie. (2021) A Systematic Study of the In Vitro Pharmacokinetics and Estimated Human In Vivo Clearance of Indole and Indazole-3-Carboxamide Synthetic Cannabinoid Receptor Agonists Detected on the Illicit Drug Market. Molecules 26:5, pages 1396.
Crossref
Eef L. Theunissen, Johannes T. Reckweg, Nadia R.P.W. Hutten, Kim P.C. Kuypers, Stefan W. Toennes, Merja A. Neukamm, Sebastian Halter & Johannes G. Ramaekers. (2021) Intoxication by a synthetic cannabinoid (JWH-018) causes cognitive and psychomotor impairment in recreational cannabis users. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 202, pages 173118.
Crossref
Tomoko Fukuuchi, Shun-suke Moriya, Toru Sugiyama, Hidetsugu Tabata & Kiyoko Kaneko. (2020) Differentiation of Positional Isomers of Halogenated Benzoylindole Synthetic Cannabinoid Derivatives in Serum by Hybrid Quadrupole/Orbitrap Mass Spectrometry. Analytical Sciences 37:2, pages 329-335.
Crossref
Wen Lie, Eleanor Jing Yi Cheong, Evelyn Mei Ling Goh, Hooi Yan Moy, Annelies Cannaert, Christophe P. Stove & Eric Chun Yong Chan. (2020) Diagnosing intake and rationalizing toxicities associated with 5F-MDMB-PINACA and 4F-MDMB-BINACA abuse. Archives of Toxicology 95:2, pages 489-508.
Crossref
Nunzia La Maida, Manuela Pellegrini, Esther Papaseit, Clara Pérez-Mañá, Lourdes Poyatos, Mireia Ventura, Liliana Galindo, Francesco Paolo Busardò, Simona Pichini, Magí Farré & Emilia Marchei. (2020) Determination of the Synthetic Cannabinoids JWH-122, JWH-210, UR-144 in Oral Fluid of Consumers by GC-MS and Quantification of Parent Compounds and Metabolites by UHPLC-MS/MS. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21:24, pages 9414.
Crossref
Adam Worob & Cody Wenthur. (2019) DARK Classics in Chemical Neuroscience: Synthetic Cannabinoids (Spice/K2). ACS Chemical Neuroscience 11:23, pages 3881-3892.
Crossref
Dennis J. Sholler, Marilyn A. Huestis, Benjamin Amendolara, Ryan Vandrey & Ziva D. Cooper. (2020) Therapeutic potential and safety considerations for the clinical use of synthetic cannabinoids. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 199, pages 173059.
Crossref
Francesc A. Esteve-Turrillas, Sergio Armenta & Miguel de la Guardia. (2020) Sample preparation strategies for the determination of psychoactive substances in biological fluids. Journal of Chromatography A 1633, pages 461615.
Crossref
John Howard & Jamie Osborne. (2020) Cannabis and work: Need for more research. American Journal of Industrial Medicine 63:11, pages 963-972.
Crossref
Nadine Schaefer, Frederike Nordmeier, Ann-Katrin Kröll, Christina Körbel, Matthias W. Laschke, Michael D. Menger, Hans H. Maurer, Markus R. Meyer & Peter H. Schmidt. (2020) Is adipose tissue suitable for detection of (synthetic) cannabinoids? A comparative study analyzing antemortem and postmortem specimens following pulmonary administration of JWH-210, RCS-4, as well as ∆9-tetrahydrocannabinol to pigs. Archives of Toxicology 94:10, pages 3421-3431.
Crossref
Shimpei Watanabe, Xiongyu Wu, Johan Dahlen, Peter Konradsson, Svante Vikingsson, Robert Kronstrand & Henrik Gréen. (2020) Metabolism of MMB022 and identification of dihydrodiol formation in vitro using synthesized standards. Drug Testing and Analysis 12:10, pages 1432-1441.
Crossref
Manuela Pellegrini, Emilia Marchei, Esther Papaseit, Magí Farré & Simona Zaami. (2020) UHPLC-HRMS and GC-MS Screening of a Selection of Synthetic Cannabinoids and Metabolites in Urine of Consumers. Medicina 56:8, pages 408.
Crossref
Nadine Schaefer, Ann-Katrin Kröll, Christina Körbel, Matthias W. Laschke, Michael D. Menger, Hans H. Maurer, Markus R. Meyer & Peter H. Schmidt. (2020) Time- and temperature-dependent postmortem concentration changes of the (synthetic) cannabinoids JWH-210, RCS-4, as well as ∆9-tetrahydrocannabinol following pulmonary administration to pigs. Archives of Toxicology 94:5, pages 1585-1599.
Crossref
Jeremy CarlierMarilyn A. HuestisSimona ZaamiSimona Pichini & Francesco P. Busardò. (2020) Monitoring Perinatal Exposure to Cannabis and Synthetic Cannabinoids. Therapeutic Drug Monitoring 42:2, pages 194-204.
Crossref
Marilyn A. Huestis. 2020. Principles of Forensic Toxicology. Principles of Forensic Toxicology 389 448 .
Arianna Giorgetti, Lukas Mogler, Belal Haschimi, Sebastian Halter, Florian Franz, Folker Westphal, Svenja Fischmann, Jan Riedel, Michael Pütz & Volker Auwärter. (2019) Detection and phase I metabolism of the 7‐azaindole‐derived synthetic cannabinoid 5F‐AB‐P7AICA including a preliminary pharmacokinetic evaluation. Drug Testing and Analysis 12:1, pages 78-91.
Crossref
Franziska Gaunitz, Tobias Kieliba, Mario Thevis & Katja Mercer‐Chalmers‐Bender. (2019) Solid‐phase extraction–liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method for the qualitative analysis of 61 synthetic cannabinoid metabolites in urine. Drug Testing and Analysis 12:1, pages 27-40.
Crossref
Sandra N. Staeheli, Veronica P. Veloso, Michael Bovens, Christian Bissig, Thomas Kraemer & Michael Poetzsch. (2019) Liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry screening method using information‐dependent acquisition of enhanced product ion mass spectra for synthetic cannabinoids including metabolites in urine. Drug Testing and Analysis 11:9, pages 1369-1376.
Crossref
Franziska Gaunitz, Andreas Thomas, Mathias Fietzke, Florian Franz, Volker Auwärter, Mario Thevis & Katja Mercer-Chalmers-Bender. (2018) Phase I metabolic profiling of the synthetic cannabinoids THJ-018 and THJ-2201 in human urine in comparison to human liver microsome and cytochrome P450 isoenzyme incubation. International Journal of Legal Medicine 133:4, pages 1049-1064.
Crossref
Nadine Schaefer, Ann-Katrin Kröll, Christina Körbel, Matthias W. Laschke, Michael D. Menger, Hans H. Maurer, Markus R. Meyer & Peter H. Schmidt. (2019) Distribution of the (synthetic) cannabinoids JWH-210, RCS-4, as well as ∆9-tetrahydrocannabinol following pulmonary administration to pigs. Archives of Toxicology.
Crossref
Franziska Gaunitz, Patrick Dahm, Lukas Mogler, Andreas Thomas, Mario Thevis & Katja Mercer-Chalmers-Bender. (2019) In vitro metabolic profiling of synthetic cannabinoids by pooled human liver microsomes, cytochrome P450 isoenzymes, and Cunninghamella elegans and their detection in urine samples. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 411:16, pages 3561-3579.
Crossref
Melanie N Eckberg, Luis E Arroyo-Mora, Dwight R Stoll & Anthony P DeCaprio. (2019) Separation and Identification of Isomeric and Structurally Related Synthetic Cannabinoids Using 2D Liquid Chromatography and High Resolution Mass Spectrometry. Journal of Analytical Toxicology 43:3, pages 170-178.
Crossref
Per Ole M. Gundersen, Olav Spigset & Martin Josefsson. (2019) Screening, quantification, and confirmation of synthetic cannabinoid metabolites in urine by UHPLC-QTOF-MS. Drug Testing and Analysis 11:1, pages 51-67.
Crossref
Alys H Hunter, T Ayres, N Moreland & A Cox. (2018) Phantom menace: novel psychoactive substances and the UK Armed Forces. Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps 164:6, pages 450-457.
Crossref
Libor Uttl, Ewa Szczurowska, Kateřina Hájková, Rachel R. Horsley, Kristýna Štefková, Tomáš Hložek, Klára Šíchová, Marie Balíková, Martin Kuchař, Vincenzo Micale & Tomáš Páleníček. (2018) Behavioral and Pharmacokinetic Profile of Indole-Derived Synthetic Cannabinoids JWH-073 and JWH-210 as Compared to the Phytocannabinoid Δ9-THC in Rats. Frontiers in Neuroscience 12.
Crossref
Nadine Schaefer, Jan-Georg Wojtyniak, Ann-Katrin Kroell, Christina Koerbel, Matthias W. Laschke, Thorsten Lehr, Michael D. Menger, Hans H. Maurer, Markus R. Meyer & Peter H. Schmidt. (2018) Can toxicokinetics of (synthetic) cannabinoids in pigs after pulmonary administration be upscaled to humans by allometric techniques?. Biochemical Pharmacology 155, pages 403-418.
Crossref
Anna Åstrand, Svante Vikingsson, Daniel Lindstedt, Gunilla Thelander, Henrik Gréen, Robert Kronstrand & Ariane Wohlfarth. (2018) Metabolism study for CUMYL-4CN-BINACA in human hepatocytes and authentic urine specimens: Free cyanide is formed during the main metabolic pathway. Drug Testing and Analysis 10:8, pages 1270-1279.
Crossref
Tae Yeon Kong, Ju-Hyun Kim, Dong Kyun Kim & Hye Suk Lee. (2018) Synthetic cannabinoids are substrates and inhibitors of multiple drug-metabolizing enzymes. Archives of Pharmacal Research 41:7, pages 691-710.
Crossref
Xingxing Diao, Jeremy Carlier, Mingshe Zhu & Marilyn A. Huestis. (2018) Metabolism of the new synthetic cannabinoid EG-018 in human hepatocytes by high-resolution mass spectrometry. Forensic Toxicology 36:2, pages 304-312.
Crossref
Katarzyna Ambroziak & Piotr Adamowicz. (2018) Simple screening procedure for 72 synthetic cannabinoids in whole blood by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Forensic Toxicology 36:2, pages 280-290.
Crossref
Annelies Cannaert, Jolien Storme, Cornelius Hess, Volker Auwärter, Sarah M R Wille & Christophe P Stove. (2018) Activity-Based Detection of Cannabinoids in Serum and Plasma Samples. Clinical Chemistry 64:6, pages 918-926.
Crossref
Kristin Kelly & Suzanne Bell. (2018) Evaluation of the reproducibility and repeatability of GCMS retention indices and mass spectra of novel psychoactive substances. Forensic Chemistry 7, pages 10-18.
Crossref
Simon L Hill, Michael Dunn, Céline Cano, Suzannah J Harnor, Ian R Hardcastle, Johann Grundlingh, Paul I Dargan, David M Wood, Simon Tucker, Thomas Bartram & Simon H L Thomas. (2018) Human Toxicity Caused by Indole and Indazole Carboxylate Synthetic Cannabinoid Receptor Agonists: From Horizon Scanning to Notification. Clinical Chemistry 64:2, pages 346-354.
Crossref
Marie Mardal, Pieter Annaert, Carolina Noble, Marlies Oorts & Kristian Linnet. (2018) Metabolism of the synthetic cannabinoid 5F-PY-PICA by human and rat hepatocytes and identification of biliary analytical targets by directional efflux in sandwich-cultured rat hepatocytes using UHPLC-HR-MS/MS. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis 149, pages 296-307.
Crossref
Robert M. WhiteSr.Sr. & Christine M. Moore. 2018. Detection of Drugs and Their Metabolites in Oral Fluid. Detection of Drugs and Their Metabolites in Oral Fluid 79 96 .
Lea Wagmann & Hans H. Maurer. 2018. New Psychoactive Substances. New Psychoactive Substances 413 439 .
Brandon J. Warrick, Anita Paula Tataru & Roy Gerona. (2017) New Psychoactive Substances in Pediatric Patients. Pediatric Clinics of North America 64:6, pages 1223-1241.
Crossref
Nicholas Pintori, Barbara Loi & Maddalena Mereu. (2017) Synthetic cannabinoids: the hidden side of Spice drugs. Behavioural Pharmacology 28:6, pages 409-419.
Crossref
María Jesús Andrés-Costa, Vicente Andreu & Yolanda Picó. (2017) Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry as a tool for wastewater-based epidemiology: Assessing new psychoactive substances and other human biomarkers. TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry 94, pages 21-38.
Crossref
Mitchell Longworth, Mark Connor, Samuel D. Banister & Michael Kassiou. (2017) Synthesis and Pharmacological Profiling of the Metabolites of Synthetic Cannabinoid Drugs APICA, STS-135, ADB-PINACA, and 5F-ADB-PINACA. ACS Chemical Neuroscience 8:8, pages 1673-1680.
Crossref
Shimpei Watanabe, Svante Vikingsson, Markus Roman, Henrik Green, Robert Kronstrand & Ariane Wohlfarth. (2017) In Vitro and In Vivo Metabolite Identification Studies for the New Synthetic Opioids Acetylfentanyl, Acrylfentanyl, Furanylfentanyl, and 4-Fluoro-Isobutyrylfentanyl. The AAPS Journal 19:4, pages 1102-1122.
Crossref
Andrew A. Monte, Diane P. Calello, Roy R. Gerona, Eike Hamad, Sharan L. Campleman, Jeffery Brent, Paul Wax & Robert G. Carlson. (2017) Characteristics and Treatment of Patients with Clinical Illness Due to Synthetic Cannabinoid Inhalation Reported by Medical Toxicologists: A ToxIC Database Study. Journal of Medical Toxicology 13:2, pages 146-152.
Crossref
G Dignam & C Bigham. (2017) Novel psychoactive substances: a practical approach to dealing with toxicity from legal highs. BJA Education 17:5, pages 172-177.
Crossref
Isabella Canazza, Andrea Ossato, Fabrizio Vincenzi, Adolfo Gregori, Fabiana Di Rosa, Federica Nigro, Alessandro Rimessi, Paolo Pinton, Katia Varani, Pier Andrea Borea & Matteo Marti. (2017) Pharmaco-toxicological effects of the novel third-generation fluorinate synthetic cannabinoids, 5F-ADBINACA, AB-FUBINACA, and STS-135 in mice. In vitro and in vivo studies. Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental 32:3, pages e2601.
Crossref
Ariane Wohlfarth, Markus Roman, Mikael Andersson, Fredrik C. Kugelberg, Xingxing Diao, Jeremy Carlier, Caroline Eriksson, Xiongyu Wu, Peter Konradsson, Martin Josefsson, Marilyn A. Huestis & Robert Kronstrand. (2017) 25C-NBOMe and 25I-NBOMe metabolite studies in human hepatocytes, in vivo mouse and human urine with high-resolution mass spectrometry . Drug Testing and Analysis 9:5, pages 680-698.
Crossref
Nadine Schaefer, Andreas G. Helfer, Mattias Kettner, Matthias W. Laschke, Julia Schlote, Andreas H. Ewald, Markus R. Meyer, Michael D. Menger, Hans H. Maurer & Peter H. Schmidt. (2017) Metabolic patterns of JWH-210, RCS-4, and THC in pig urine elucidated using LC-HR-MS/MS: Do they reflect patterns in humans?. Drug Testing and Analysis 9:4, pages 613-625.
Crossref
Nathalie Allibe, Camille Richeval, Théo Willeman, Luc Humbert, Delphine Allorge, Maxime Maignan, Hélène Eysseric-Guerin, Françoise Stanke-Labesque & Jean-Michel Gaulier. (2017) Case reports: Four concomitant non-fatal intoxications with AB-FUBINACA and MDMA. Toxicologie Analytique et Clinique 29:1, pages 101-110.
Crossref
Sarah M.R. Wille, Joy Eliaerts, Vincent Di Fazio & Nele Samyn. (2017) Challenges concerning new psychoactive substance detection in oral fluid. Toxicologie Analytique et Clinique 29:1, pages 11-17.
Crossref
X Diao & MA Huestis. (2017) Approaches, Challenges, and Advances in Metabolism of New Synthetic Cannabinoids and Identification of Optimal Urinary Marker Metabolites. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics 101:2, pages 239-253.
Crossref
Chris Kostakis, Peter Harpas & Peter C. Stockham. 2017. Liquid Chromatography. Liquid Chromatography 301 358 .
Marie Mardal, Juliet Kinyua, Pedram Ramin, Bram Miserez, Alexander L. N. Van Nuijs, Adrian Covaci & Markus R. Meyer. (2017) Screening for illicit drugs in pooled human urine and urinated soil samples and studies on the stability of urinary excretion products of cocaine, MDMA, and MDEA in wastewater by hyphenated mass spectrometry techniques. Drug Testing and Analysis 9:1, pages 106-114.
Crossref
Meinolf Blaszkewicz. (2016) Highlight report: high-resolution mass spectrometry. Archives of Toxicology 90:12, pages 3149-3150.
Crossref
Mario Thevis, Hans Geyer, Laura Tretzel & Wilhelm Schänzer. (2016) Sports drug testing using complementary matrices: Advantages and limitations. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis 130, pages 220-230.
Crossref
Markus R. Meyer. (2016) New psychoactive substances: an overview on recent publications on their toxicodynamics and toxicokinetics. Archives of Toxicology 90:10, pages 2421-2444.
Crossref
H. H. Maurer & Markus R. Meyer. (2016) High-resolution mass spectrometry in toxicology: current status and future perspectives. Archives of Toxicology 90:9, pages 2161-2172.
Crossref
Anne M. Riederer, Sharan L. Campleman, Robert G. Carlson, Edward W. Boyer, Alex F. Manini, Paul M. Wax & Jeffrey A. Brent. (2016) Acute Poisonings from Synthetic Cannabinoids ? 50 U.S. Toxicology Investigators Consortium Registry Sites, 2010?2015. MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 65:27, pages 692-695.
Crossref
Howard S. Kim & Andrew A. Monte. (2016) Colorado Cannabis Legalization and Its Effect on Emergency Care. Annals of Emergency Medicine 68:1, pages 71-75.
Crossref
Markus R. Meyer & Hans H. Maurer. (2016) Review: LC coupled to low- and high-resolution mass spectrometry for new psychoactive substance screening in biological matrices – Where do we stand today?. Analytica Chimica Acta 927, pages 13-20.
Crossref
Abdulaziz A. Aldlgan & Hazel J. Torrance.. (2016) Bioanalytical methods for the determination of synthetic cannabinoids and metabolites in biological specimens. TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry 80, pages 444-457.
Crossref
Maria Antonietta De Luca, M. Paola Castelli, Barbara Loi, Alessandra Porcu, Mariella Martorelli, Cristina Miliano, Kathryn Kellett, Colin Davidson, Jacqueline L. Stair, Fabrizio Schifano & Gaetano Di Chiara. (2016) Native CB1 receptor affinity, intrinsic activity and accumbens shell dopamine stimulant properties of third generation SPICE/K2 cannabinoids: BB-22, 5F-PB-22, 5F-AKB-48 and STS-135. Neuropharmacology 105, pages 630-638.
Crossref
Jeremy Carlier, Karl B. Scheidweiler, Ariane Wohlfarth, Bonita D. Salmeron, Michael H. Baumann & Marilyn A. Huestis. (2016) Quantification of [1-(5-fluoropentyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](naphthalene-1-yl)methanone (AM-2201) and 13 metabolites in human and rat plasma by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography A 1451, pages 97-106.
Crossref
Antonio Leo, Emilio Russo & Maurizio Elia. (2016) Cannabidiol and epilepsy: Rationale and therapeutic potential. Pharmacological Research 107, pages 85-92.
Crossref
Maria Andersson, Xingxing Diao, Ariane Wohlfarth, Karl B. Scheidweiler & Marilyn A. Huestis. (2016) Metabolic profiling of new synthetic cannabinoids AMB and 5F-AMB by human hepatocyte and liver microsome incubations and high-resolution mass spectrometry. Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry 30:8, pages 1067-1078.
Crossref
Michael H. Baumann, Mohammad O. Bukhari, Kurt R. Lehner, Sebastien Anizan, Kenner C. Rice, Marta Concheiro & Marilyn A. Huestis. 2017. Neuropharmacology of New Psychoactive Substances (NPS). Neuropharmacology of New Psychoactive Substances (NPS) 93 117 .
Mario Thevis, Tiia Kuuranne, Katja Walpurgis, Hans Geyer & Wilhelm Schänzer. (2016) Annual banned-substance review: analytical approaches in human sports drug testing. Drug Testing and Analysis 8:1, pages 7-29.
Crossref

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.