691
Views
167
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

The Metabolism of Morphine and Heroin in Man

, &
Pages 39-73 | Published online: 22 Sep 2008

Keep up to date with the latest research on this topic with citation updates for this article.

Read on this site (11)

Sara N. Davison & Charles J. Ferro. (2009) Management of pain in chronic kidney disease. Progress in Palliative Care 17:4, pages 186-195.
Read now
JorgeM. P. J. Garrido, Cristina Delerue‐Matos, Fernanda Borges, TiceR. A. Macedo & A. M. Oliveira‐Brett. (2004) Electrochemical Analysis of Opiates—An Overview. Analytical Letters 37:5, pages 831-844.
Read now
M. Zheng, K. M. McErlane & M. C. Ong. (2002) Hydromorphone metabolites: isolation and identification from pooled urine samples of a cancer patient. Xenobiotica 32:5, pages 427-439.
Read now
John Strang, Jenny Bearn, Michael Farrell, Emily Finch, Michael Gossop, Paul Griffiths, John Marsden & Kim Wolff. (1998) Route of drug use and its implications for drug effect, risk of dependence and health consequences. Drug and Alcohol Review 17:2, pages 197-211.
Read now
M. Konishi, Y. Shiono, M. Ohno, H. Takahashi & T. Aoki. (1994) Metabolism and pharmacokinetics of dihydrocodeine in dog. Xenobiotica 24:7, pages 591-601.
Read now
Franz-Josef Leinweber. (1987) Possible Physiological Roles of Carboxylic Ester Hydrolases. Drug Metabolism Reviews 18:4, pages 379-439.
Read now
R. M. Freeman, T. A. Moreland & A. W. Blair. (1982) Diamorphine, the obstetric analgesic: a neurobehavioural and pharmacokinetic study in the neonate. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 3:2, pages 102-106.
Read now
George R. Nakamura. (1978) Toxicologic Assessments in Acute Heroin Fatalities. Clinical Toxicology 13:1, pages 75-87.
Read now
Frederick J. Di Carlo. (1975) Nitroglycerin Revisited: Chemistry, Biochemistry, Interactions. Drug Metabolism Reviews 4:1, pages 1-38.
Read now

Articles from other publishers (156)

Emma L. Jaunay, Bradley S. Simpson, Jason M. White & Cobus Gerber. (2023) Using wastewater-based epidemiology to evaluate the relative scale of use of opioids. Science of The Total Environment 897, pages 165148.
Crossref
Qinhong Yin, Xiaolan Yang, Lihua Yang, Dezhi Yang, Yaling Yang & Yanqin Zhu. (2023) Cu, I-doped carbon dots as simulated nanozymes for the colorimetric detection of morphine in biological samples. Analytical Biochemistry, pages 115313.
Crossref
Mark Anthony Leon Duque, Nandini Vallavoju & Christina M. Woo. (2023) Chemical tools for the opioids. Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience 125, pages 103845.
Crossref
Yazan Noufal, Dario Kringel, Stefan W. Toennes, Rafael Dudziak & Jörn Lötsch. (2023) Pharmacological data science perspective on fatal incidents of morphine treatment. Pharmacology & Therapeutics 241, pages 108312.
Crossref
Thomas Gilson, David Dolinak, Susan F. Ely & James R. Gill. 2023. Principles of Forensic Pathology. Principles of Forensic Pathology 339 374 .
Manqing Kang, Jinfeng Xue, Yurong Zhang, Zheng Ouyang & Wenpeng Zhang. (2022) On-site quantitation of morphine in urine by fast derivatization and miniature mass spectrometry analysis. Green Analytical Chemistry 1, pages 100013.
Crossref
E. Andrew Townsend & Matthew L. Banks. (2020) Preclinical Evaluation of Vaccines to Treat Opioid Use Disorders: How Close are We to a Clinically Viable Therapeutic?. CNS Drugs 34:5, pages 449-461.
Crossref
Yousif S. Mahdi & Ahmed A. Moustafa. 2020. Cognitive, Clinical, and Neural Aspects of Drug Addiction. Cognitive, Clinical, and Neural Aspects of Drug Addiction 267 287 .
Tao Liu, Vijay Ivaturi & Jogarao Gobburu. (2019) Integrated Model to Describe Morphine Pharmacokinetics in Humans. The Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 59:8, pages 1070-1077.
Crossref
Peter D. Maskell, Nathan E. Wilson, L. Nitin Seetohul, Megan L. Crichton, Lewis J. Beer, Gail Drummond & Giorgia De Paoli. (2018) Postmortem tissue distribution of morphine and its metabolites in a series of heroin‐related deaths. Drug Testing and Analysis 11:2, pages 292-304.
Crossref
Borong Yu, Meihong Ge, Pan Li, Qiwen Xie & Liangbao Yang. (2019) Development of surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy application for determination of illicit drugs: Towards a practical sensor. Talanta 191, pages 1-10.
Crossref
Shanlin Fu. 2019. Critical Issues in Alcohol and Drugs of Abuse Testing. Critical Issues in Alcohol and Drugs of Abuse Testing 359 389 .
Kyungbo Kim, Jianzhuang Yao, Zhenyu Jin, Fang Zheng & Chang-Guo Zhan. (2018) Kinetic characterization of cholinesterases and a therapeutically valuable cocaine hydrolase for their catalytic activities against heroin and its metabolite 6-monoacetylmorphine. Chemico-Biological Interactions 293, pages 107-114.
Crossref
Borong Yu, Chentai Cao, Pan Li, Mei Mao, Qiwen Xie & Liangbao Yang. (2018) Sensitive and simple determination of zwitterionic morphine in human urine based on liquid-liquid micro-extraction coupled with surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. Talanta 186, pages 427-432.
Crossref
Stephanie L. Lusk & Addyson Stipp. (2018) Opioid use disorders as an emerging disability. Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation 48:3, pages 345-358.
Crossref
Gabriella Ambrosio, Xavier de la Torre, Monica Mazzarino, Maria K. Parr & Francesco Botrè. (2018) Effect of non‐prohibited drugs on the phase II metabolic profile of morphine. An in vitro investigation for doping control purposes. Drug Testing and Analysis 10:6, pages 984-994.
Crossref
M. Lehtihet, A. Andersson, A. Börjesson, J. Schulze, A. Rane, M. Ericsson & L. Ekström. (2017) Codeine influences the serum and urinary profile of endogenous androgens but does not interact with the excretion rate of administered testosterone. Drug Testing and Analysis 10:4, pages 723-730.
Crossref
Pedram Ramin, Andreas Libonati Brock, Ana Causanilles, Borja Valverde-Pérez, Erik Emke, Pim de Voogt, Fabio Polesel & Benedek Gy. Plósz. (2017) Transformation and Sorption of Illicit Drug Biomarkers in Sewer Biofilms. Environmental Science & Technology 51:18, pages 10572-10584.
Crossref
Pedram Ramin, Borja Valverde-Pérez, Fabio Polesel, Luca Locatelli & Benedek Gy. Plósz. (2017) A systematic model identification method for chemical transformation pathways – the case of heroin biomarkers in wastewater. Scientific Reports 7:1.
Crossref
K. Sandy Pang, Qi Joy Yang & Keumhan Noh. (2017) Unequivocal evidence supporting the segregated flow intestinal model that discriminates intestine versus liver first‐pass removal with PBPK modeling. Biopharmaceutics & Drug Disposition 38:3, pages 231-250.
Crossref
Q. J. Yang, J. Fan, S. Chen, L. Liu, H. Sun & K. S. Pang. (2016) Metabolite Kinetics: The Segregated Flow Model for Intestinal and Whole Body Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling to Describe Intestinal and Hepatic Glucuronidation of Morphine in Rats In Vivo. Drug Metabolism and Disposition 44:7, pages 1123-1138.
Crossref
Takaaki Komatsu, Soh Katsuyama, Hiroshi Nagase, Hirokazu Mizoguchi, Chikai Sakurada, Minoru Tsuzuki, Shinobu Sakurada & Tsukasa Sakurada. (2016) Intrathecal morphine-3-glucuronide-induced nociceptive behavior via Delta-2 opioid receptors in the spinal cord. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 140, pages 68-74.
Crossref
S. Fu. 2016. 123 163 .
Tohid Seif-Barghi, Navid Moghadam & Farzad Kobarfard. (2015) Morphine/Codeine Ratio, a Key in Investigating a Case of Doping. Asian Journal of Sports Medicine 6:4.
Crossref
Morten Karlsen, Huiling Liu, Jon Johansen & Bård Hoff. (2015) Economical Synthesis of 13C-Labeled Opiates, Cocaine Derivatives and Selected Urinary Metabolites by Derivatization of the Natural Products. Molecules 20:4, pages 5329-5345.
Crossref
Mihir Gupta, Lilian Msambichaka, Samir K. Ballas & Kalpna Gupta. (2015) Morphine for the Treatment of Pain in Sickle Cell Disease. The Scientific World Journal 2015, pages 1-10.
Crossref
Yan Ni Annie Soh & Simon Elliott. (2013) An investigation of the stability of emerging new psychoactive substances. Drug Testing and Analysis 6:7-8, pages 696-704.
Crossref
Robert E. Ariano, Peter C. Duke & Daniel S. Sitar. (2012) The Influence of Sparse Data Sampling on Population Pharmacokinetics: A Post Hoc Analysis of a Pharmacokinetic Study of Morphine in Healthy Volunteers. Clinical Therapeutics 34:3, pages 668-676.
Crossref
Elmar Friderichs, Thomas Christoph & Helmut Buschmann. 2003. Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry.
Allan M Evans & Kathryn Shanahan. (1995) The Disposition of Morphine and Its Metabolites in the In-situ Rat Isolated Perfused Liver. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 47:4, pages 333-339.
Crossref
Aston L Symes, Samarthji Lal & Theodore L Sourkes. (1977) Effect of morphine on brain apomorphine concentrations in the rat. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 29:1, pages 44-45.
Crossref
Dhanalakshmi Koyyalagunta & Steven D. Waldman. 2011. Pain Management. Pain Management 890 912 .
Takaaki Komatsu, Shinobu Sakurada, Kazuhiro Kohno, Hideo Shiohira, Sou Katsuyama, Chikai Sakurada, Minoru Tsuzuki & Tsukasa Sakurada. (2009) Spinal ERK activation via NO–cGMP pathway contributes to nociceptive behavior induced by morphine-3-glucuronide. Biochemical Pharmacology 78:8, pages 1026-1034.
Crossref
Matthew T. Jordan, Sean M. Bryant, Steven E. Aks & Michael Wahl. (2009) A Five-Year Review of the Medical Outcome of Heroin Body Stuffers. The Journal of Emergency Medicine 36:3, pages 250-256.
Crossref
Takaaki Komatsu, Shinobu Sakurada, Sou Katsuyama, Kengo Sanai & Tsukasa Sakurada. 2009. 207 219 .
Roshan Fernando & Tanya Jones. 2009. Chestnut's Obstetric Anesthesia: Principles and Practice. Chestnut's Obstetric Anesthesia: Principles and Practice 415 427 .
T. HEISKANEN, J. T. BACKMAN, M. NEUVONEN, V. K. KONTINEN, P. J. NEUVONEN & E. KALSO. (2008) Itraconazole, a potent inhibitor of P-glycoprotein, moderately increases plasma concentrations of oral morphine. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 52:10, pages 1319-1326.
Crossref
Marek A. Mirski & Mitzi K. Hemstreet. (2007) Critical care sedation for neuroscience patients. Journal of the Neurological Sciences 261:1-2, pages 16-34.
Crossref
Jorge M. P. J. Garrido, M. Paula M. Marques, Artur M. S. Silva, Tice R. A. Macedo, Ana M. Oliveira-Brett & Fernanda Borges. (2007) Spectroscopic and electrochemical studies of cocaine–opioid interactions. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 388:8, pages 1799-1808.
Crossref
Elmar Friderichs, Thomas Christoph & Helmut Buschmann. 2000. Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry.
N. Rawal, A.J. Tomlinson, G.J. Gibson & T.M.T. Sheehan. (2007) Umbilical cord plasma concentrations of free morphine following single-dose diamorphine analgesia and their relationship to dose-delivery time interval, Apgar scores and neonatal respiration. European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology 133:1, pages 30-33.
Crossref
LUKE YIP, BRUNO MÉGARBANE & STEPHEN W. BORRON. 2007. Haddad and Winchester's Clinical Management of Poisoning and Drug Overdose. Haddad and Winchester's Clinical Management of Poisoning and Drug Overdose 635 658 .
Dhanalakshmi Koyyalagunta. 2007. Pain Management. Pain Management 939 964 .
Greta Palmer & Brian Anderson. 2006. Paediatric Clinical Pharmacology. Paediatric Clinical Pharmacology 589 611 .
Tsukasa Sakurada, Takaaki Komatsu & Shinobu Sakurada. (2005) Mechanisms of Nociception Evoked by Intrathecal High-dose Morphine. NeuroToxicology 26:5, pages 801-809.
Crossref
Vincent Launay-Vacher, Svetlana Karie, Jean-Baptiste Fau, Hassane Izzedine & Gilbert Deray. (2005) Treatment of pain in patients with renal insufficiency: The World Health Organization three-step ladder adapted. The Journal of Pain 6:3, pages 137-148.
Crossref
Lisa Baker, Mark Lee, Claud Regnard, Lindsay Crack & Sarah Callin. (2016) Evolving spinal analgesia practice in palliative care. Palliative Medicine 18:6, pages 507-515.
Crossref
J. M. P. J. Garrido, C. Delerue‐Matos, F. Borges, T. R. A. Macedo & A. M. Oliveira‐Brett. (2004) Voltammetric Oxidation of Drugs of Abuse III. Heroin and Metabolites. Electroanalysis 16:18, pages 1497-1502.
Crossref
Mariona Salvatella, Gemma Arsequell, Gregorio Valencia & Raquel E Rodrı́guez. (2004) A highly toxic morphine-3-glucuronide derivative. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters 14:4, pages 905-908.
Crossref
Mitzi K. Hemstreet, Jose I. Suarez & Marek A. Mirski. 2004. Critical Care Neurology and Neurosurgery. Critical Care Neurology and Neurosurgery 221 245 .
DIANE ARNOLD-REED, GARY HULSE, ROBERT HANSSON, SEAN MURRAY, GEORGE O'NEIL, MARIA BASSO & C D'ARCY J. HOLMAN. (2003) Blood morphine levels in naltrexone-exposed compared to non-naltrexone-exposed fatal heroin overdoses. Addiction Biology 8:3, pages 343-350.
Crossref
X. Y. Chen, L. M. Zhao & D. F. Zhong. (2003) A novel metabolic pathway of morphine: formation of morphine glucosides in cancer patients. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 55:6, pages 570-578.
Crossref
Columba Quigley, Simon Joel, Naina Patel, Amina Baksh & Maurice Slevin. (2016) Plasma concentrations of morphine, morphine-6-glucuronide and morphine-3-glucuronide and their relationship with analgesia and side effects in patients with cancer-related pain. Palliative Medicine 17:2, pages 185-190.
Crossref
Gertrud Andersen, Lona Christrup & Per Sjøgren. (2003) Relationships Among Morphine Metabolism, Pain and Side Effects During Long-Term Treatment. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management 25:1, pages 74-91.
Crossref
T. D. Moran. (2002) Morphine-3beta -D-glucuronide Suppresses Inhibitory Synaptic Transmission in Rat Substantia Gelatinosa. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 302:2, pages 568-576.
Crossref
H. J. Leis, W. Windischhofer & G. Fauler. (2002) Gas chromatography/negative-ion chemical ionisation mass spectrometry for the quantitative analysis of morphine in human plasma using pentafluorobenzyl carbonate derivatives. Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry 16:7, pages 646-649.
Crossref
Richard T. Penson, Simon P. Joel, Michael Roberts, Anna Gloyne, Stephen Beckwith & Maurice L. Slevin. (2002) The bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of subcutaneous, nebulized and oral morphine‐6‐glucuronide. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 53:4, pages 347-354.
Crossref
Peter G. Lawlor. (2002) The panorama of opioid-related cognitive dysfunction in patients with cancer. Cancer 94:6, pages 1836-1853.
Crossref
Lanning Baker & Anna Ratka. (2002) Sex-specific differences in levels of morphine, morphine-3-glucuronide, and morphine antinociception in rats. Pain 95:1, pages 65-74.
Crossref
Gunnel Ceder & Alan Wayne Jones. (2001) Concentration Ratios of Morphine to Codeine in Blood of Impaired Drivers as Evidence of Heroin Use and not Medication with Codeine. Clinical Chemistry 47:11, pages 1980-1984.
Crossref
Ingela Sundstr?m, Ulf Bondesson & Mikael Hedeland. (2001) Identification of phase I and phase II metabolites of ketobemidone in patient urine using liquid chromatography?electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography B: Biomedical Sciences and Applications 763:1-2, pages 121-131.
Crossref
Richard T. Penson, Simon P. Joel, Simon Clark, Anna Gloyne & Maurice L. Slevin. (2001) Limited Phase I Study of Morphine-3-Glucuronide. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 90:11, pages 1810-1816.
Crossref
Martha J. BurtJulie KlossFred S. Apple. (2001) Postmortem Blood Free and Total Morphine Concentrations in Medical Examiner Cases. Journal of Forensic Sciences 46:5, pages 15112J.
Crossref
CARLA IDA RIPAMONTI & CLAUDIA BAREGGI. 2010. Cancer Pain. Cancer Pain 195 229 .
Ross D MacPherson. (2000) The pharmacological basis of contemporary pain management. Pharmacology & Therapeutics 88:2, pages 163-185.
Crossref
Gary Bennett, Mario Serafini, Kim Burchiel, Eric Buchser, Ashley Classen, Tim Deer, Stuart Du Pen, F.Michael Ferrante, Samuel J Hassenbusch, Leland Lou, Jan Maeyaert, Richard Penn, Russell K Portenoy, Richard Rauck, K.Dean Willis & Tony Yaksh. (2000) Evidence-Based Review of the Literature on Intrathecal Delivery of Pain Medication. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management 20:2, pages S12-S36.
Crossref
Hans J?rg Leis, G?nter Fauler, G?nther Raspotnig & Werner Windischhofer. (2000) Quantitative analysis of morphine in human plasma by gas chromatography?negative ion chemical ionization mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography B: Biomedical Sciences and Applications 744:1, pages 113-119.
Crossref
Asher Y Salmon, Zafrir Goren, Yaniv Avissar & Hermona Soreq. (2002) HUMAN ERYTHROCYTE BUT NOT BRAIN ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE HYDROLYSES HEROIN TO MORPHINE. Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology 26:8, pages 596-600.
Crossref
Agnes Dienes-Nagy, Laurent Rivier, Christian Giroud, Marc Augsburger & Patrice Mangin. (1999) Method for quantification of morphine and its 3- and 6-glucuronides, codeine, codeine glucuronide and 6-monoacetylmorphine in human blood by liquid chromatography?electrospray mass spectrometry for routine analysis in forensic toxicology. Journal of Chromatography A 854:1-2, pages 109-118.
Crossref
Rolf E. Aderjan & G. Skopp. (1998) Formation and Clearance of Active and Inactive Metabolites of Opiates in Humans. Therapeutic Drug Monitoring 20:5, pages 561-569.
Crossref
Guillermo Vanegas, Carla Ripamonti, Alberto Sbanotto & Franco De Conno. (1998) Side effects of morphine administration in cancer patients. Cancer Nursing 21:4, pages 289-297.
Crossref
Detpon Preechagoon, Maree T Smith & Richard J Prankerd. (1998) Investigation of the antinociceptive efficacy and relative potency of extended duration injectable 3-acylmorphine-6-sulfate prodrugs in rats. International Journal of Pharmaceutics 163:1-2, pages 191-201.
Crossref
Y. Kuroiwa & T. Yoshida. 1997. Analytical Toxicology for Clinical, Forensic and Pharmaceutical Chemists. Analytical Toxicology for Clinical, Forensic and Pharmaceutical Chemists 621 662 .
Piotr K. Janicki. (1997) Pharmacology of morphine metabolites. Current Review of Pain 1:4, pages 264-270.
Crossref
Abdallah Salem & Wendy Hope. (1997) Role of Morphine Glucuronide Metabolites in Morphine Dependence in the Rat. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 57:4, pages 801-807.
Crossref
Fumio MoriyaYoshiaki Hashimoto. (1997) Distribution of Free and Conjugated Morphine in Body Fluids and Tissues in a Fatal Heroin Overdose: Is Conjugated Morphine Stable in Postmortem Specimens?. Journal of Forensic Sciences 42:4, pages 14195J.
Crossref
Susan S. -C. Tai, Richard G. Christensen, Lane C. Sander & Michael J. Welch. (1997) Certification of morphine-3-β-D-glucuronide in a human urine standard reference material. Fresenius Journal of Analytical Chemistry 357:4, pages 373-378.
Crossref
H. J. MCQUAY. (2008) Opioid use in chronic pain. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 41:1, pages 175-183.
Crossref
L. L. CHRISTRUP. (2008) Morphine metabolites. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 41:1, pages 116-122.
Crossref
H. J. McQuay & R. A. Moore. 1997. The Pharmacology of Pain. The Pharmacology of Pain 335 360 .
Jörn Lötsch, Anne Stockmann, Gerd Kobal, Kay Brune, Rainer Waibel, Norbert Schmidt & Gerd Geisslinger. (1996) Pharmacokinetics of morphine and its glucuronides after intravenous infusion of morphine and morphine-6-glucuronide in healthy volunteers*. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics 60:3, pages 316-325.
Crossref
Niklas Tyrefors, Benita Hyllbrant, Lena Ekman, Monika Johansson & Bengt L?ngstr?m. (1996) Determination of morphine, morphine-3-glucuronide and morphine-6-glucuronide in human serum by solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry with electrospray ionisation. Journal of Chromatography A 729:1-2, pages 279-285.
Crossref
G. Kunst, S. Chrubasik, A. M. S. Black, J. Chrubasik, J. Schulte-Mönting & J. I. Alexander. (1996) Patient-controlled epidural diamorphine for post-operative pain: verbal rating and visual analogue assessments of pain. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 13:2, pages 117-129.
Crossref
Jim Gerostamoulos & Olaf H Drummer. (1996) Solid phase extraction of morphine and its metabolites from postmortem blood. Forensic Science International 77:1-2, pages 53-63.
Crossref
Linda R. Bressler. (2016) Cancer Pain Management in Ambulatory Patients. Journal of Pharmacy Practice 8:6, pages 260-268.
Crossref
Yojiro Hashiguchi, Patricia E. Molina & Naji N. Abumrad. (1995) Morphine-3-glucuronide: hyperglycemic and neuroendocrine potentiating effects. Brain Research 694:1-2, pages 13-20.
Crossref
Tomas Wolff, H?kan Samuelsson & Thomas Hedner. (1995) Morphine and morphine metabolite concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid and plasma in cancer pain patients after slow-release oral morphine administration. Pain 62:2, pages 147-154.
Crossref
Petronella M. Koopman‐Kimenai, Tom B. Vree, Leo H. D. J. Booij & Marcel A. W. M. Hasenbos. (2006) Pharmacokinetics of epidurally administered nicomorphine with its metabolites and glucuronide conjugates in patients undergoing pulmonary surgery during combined epidural local anaesthetic block and general anaesthesia. Biopharmaceutics & Drug Disposition 16:6, pages 507-520.
Crossref
Gregg D. Smith & Maree T. Smith. (1995) Morphine-3-glucuronide: evidence to support its putative role in the development of tolerance to the antinociceptive effects of morphine in the rat. Pain 62:1, pages 51-60.
Crossref
R A Braithwaite, D R Jarvie, P S B Minty, D Simpson & B Widdop. (2016) Screening for Drugs of Abuse. I: Opiates, Amphetamines and Cocaine. Annals of Clinical Biochemistry: International Journal of Laboratory Medicine 32:2, pages 123-153.
Crossref
Yojiro Hashiguchi, Patricia E. Molina & Naji N. Abumrad. (1995) Modulation of metabolic effects of morphine-6-glucuronide by morphine-3-glucuronide. Brain Research Bulletin 38:4, pages 325-329.
Crossref
P. M. Koopman-Kimenai, T. B. Vree, L. H. D. J. Booij & R. Dirksen. (1994) Rectal administration of nicomorphine in patients improves biological availability of morphine and its glucuronide conjugates. Pharmacy World & Science 16:6, pages 348-353.
Crossref
S.D. Roy, S‐Y. E. Hou, S.L. Witham & G.L. Flynn. (1994) Transdermal Delivery of Narcotic Analgesics: Comparative Metabolism and Permeability of Human Cadaver Skin and Hairless Mouse Skin. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 83:12, pages 1723-1728.
Crossref
Richard Wasels & Francine Belleville. (1994) Gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric procedures used for the identification and determination of morphine, codeine and 6-monoacetylmorphine. Journal of Chromatography A 674:1-2, pages 225-234.
Crossref
D Westerling, P Hoglund, S Lundin & P Svedman. (2012) Transdermal administration of morphine to healthy subjects.. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 37:6, pages 571-576.
Crossref
D.J. Chapman, S.P. Joel & G.W. Aherne. (1994) Evaluation of a differential radioimmunoassay technique for the determination of morphine and morphine-6-glucuronide in human plasma. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis 12:3, pages 353-360.
Crossref
Roger C. Goucke, Peter L. Hackett & Kenneth F. Ilett. (1994) Concentrations of morphine, morphine-6-glucuronide and morphine-3-glucuronide in serum and cerebrospinal fluid following morphine administration to patients with morphine-resistant pain. Pain 56:2, pages 145-149.
Crossref
P. M. Koopman-Kimenai, T. B. Vree, L. H. D. J. Booij & R. Dirksen. (2012) Pharmacokinetics of Intravenously Administered Nicomorphine and its Metabolites and Glucuronide Conjugates in Surgical Patients. Drug Investigation 7:2, pages 63-73.
Crossref
Frank Breheny, Thomas McDonagh, L. Peter Hackett & Kenneth F. Ilett. (2012) Disposition and Clinical Effects of Morphine, Morphine-6-Glucuronide and Morphine-3-Glucuronide Following an Intentional Overdose of Slow Release Oral Morphine in a Patient with Renal Failure. Drug Investigation 6:5, pages 291-295.
Crossref
Yasuhiko Igawa, Dagmar Westerling, Anders Mattiasson & Karl-Erik Andersson. (1993) Effects of morphine metabolites on micturition in normal, unanaesthetized rats. British Journal of Pharmacology 110:1, pages 257-262.
Crossref
F. De Conno, C. Ripamonti, L. Saita, E. Zecca, V. Ventafridda & A. Sbanotto. (1993) The pharmacological management of cancer pain. Annals of Oncology 4:4, pages 267-276.
Crossref
Maria Pawula, David A. Barrett & P.Nicholas Shaw. (1993) An improved extraction method for the HPLC determination of morphine and its metabolites in plasma. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis 11:4-5, pages 401-406.
Crossref
Karen Hewett, Anthony H. Dickenson & Henry J. McQuay. (1993) Lack of effect of morphine-3-glucuronide on the spinal antinociceptive actions of morphine in the rat: an electrophysiological study. Pain 53:1, pages 59-63.
Crossref
H?kan Samuelsson, Thomas Hedner, Richard Venn & Andrew Michalkiewicz. (1993) CSF and plasma concentrations of morphine and morphine glucuronides in cancer patients receiving epidural morphine. Pain 52:2, pages 179-185.
Crossref
R. Hartley, M. Green, M. Quinn & M. I. Levene. (2005) Analysis of morphine and its 3‐ and 6‐glucuronides by high performance liquid chromatography with fluorimetric detection following solid phase extraction from neonatal plasma. Biomedical Chromatography 7:1, pages 34-37.
Crossref
R Osborne, P Thompson, S Joel, D Trew, N Patel & M Slevin. (2012) The analgesic activity of morphine‐6‐glucuronide.. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 34:2, pages 130-138.
Crossref
Rama Bhat, Mohamad Abu-Harb, Gopal Chari & Anil Gulati. (1992) Morphine metabolism in acutely ill preterm newborn infants. The Journal of Pediatrics 120:5, pages 795-799.
Crossref
Gong Qian-Ling, Jan Hedner, Roland Björkman & Thomas Hedner. (1992) Morphine-3-glucuronide may functionally antagonize morphine-6-glucuronide induced antinociception and ventilatory depression in the rat. Pain 48:2, pages 249-255.
Crossref
A C Elias-Jones, D A Barrett, N Rutter, P N Shaw & S S Davis. (1991) Diamorphine infusion in the preterm neonate.. Archives of Disease in Childhood 66:10 Spec No, pages 1155-1157.
Crossref
P. M. Koopman-Kimenai, T. B. Vree, L. H. D. J. Booij, R. Dirksen & G. M. M. Nijhuis. (1991) Pharmacokinetics of intramuscular nicomorphine and its metabolites in man. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 41:4, pages 375-378.
Crossref
Eva Gerdin, David Spalding, Bo Lindberg & Anders Rane. (2009) Glucuronidation of Morphine and some Drug Oxidation Reactions in Liver Microsomes from Pregnant and Non‐Pregnant Rhesus Monkeys. Pharmacology & Toxicology 69:1, pages 78-80.
Crossref
DA Barrett, AC Elias‐Jones, N. Rutter, PN Shaw & SS Davis. (2012) Morphine kinetics after diamorphine infusion in premature neonates.. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 32:1, pages 31-37.
Crossref
R.W. Milne, R.L. Nation, G.D. Reynolds, A.A. Somogyi & J.T. van Crugten. (1991) High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of morphine and its 3- and 6-glucuronide metabolites: improvements to the method and application to stability studies. Journal of Chromatography B: Biomedical Sciences and Applications 565:1-2, pages 457-464.
Crossref
Gerd Mikus, Andrew A. Somogyi, Felix Bochner & Michel Elchelbaum. (1991) Codeine o-demethylation: Rat strain differences and the effects of inhibitors. Biochemical Pharmacology 41:5, pages 757-762.
Crossref
Qian-Ling Gong, Thomas Hedner, Jan Hedner, Roland Bj?rkman & Gunnar Nordberg. (1991) Antinociceptive and ventilatory effects of the morphine metabolites: morphine-6-glucuronide and morphine-3-glucuronide. European Journal of Pharmacology 193:1, pages 47-56.
Crossref
Günter SeyffartGünter Seyffart. 1991. Drug Dosage in Renal Insufficiency. Drug Dosage in Renal Insufficiency 347 401 .
I. Choonara, Y. Ekbom, B. Lindstrom & A. Rane. (2012) Morphine sulphation in children.. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 30:6, pages 897-900.
Crossref
Peter Langguth, Patricia J. Khan & Edward R. Garrett. (2006) Pharmacokinetics of morphine and its surrogates XI: Effect of simultaneously administered naltrexone and morphine on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of each in the dog. Biopharmaceutics & Drug Disposition 11:5, pages 419-444.
Crossref
Masaharu Konishi & Hiroshi Hashimoto. (1990) On-line Clean-up System of Plasma Sample for Simultaneous Determination of Morphine and Its Metabolites in Cancer Patients by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 79:5, pages 379-383.
Crossref
Eva Gerdin, Johan Gabrielsson, Bo Lindberg & Anders Rane. (2009) Disposition of Morphine‐3‐Glucuronide in the Pregnant Rhesus Monkey. Pharmacology & Toxicology 66:3, pages 185-189.
Crossref
Eva Gerdin, Tomas Salmonson, Bo Lindberg & Anders Rane. (1990) Maternal kinetics of morphine during labour. Journal of Perinatal Medicine 18:6, pages 479-487.
Crossref
Karl-Heinz BeyerKarl-Heinz Beyer. 1990. Biotransformation der Arzneimittel. Biotransformation der Arzneimittel 375 376 .
J. Elks & C. R. Ganellin. 1990. Dictionary of Drugs. Dictionary of Drugs 617 672 .
David Laurie, Andrew J. Manson, Frederick J. Rowell & John Seviour. (1989) A rapid, qualitative ELISA test for the specific detection of morphine in serum or urine. Clinica Chimica Acta 183:2, pages 183-195.
Crossref
F. Tagliaro, D. Franchi, R. Dorizzi & M. Marigo. (1989) High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of morphine in biological samples: An overview of separation methods and detection techniques. Journal of Chromatography B: Biomedical Sciences and Applications 488:1, pages 215-228.
Crossref
A.F. Sullivan, H.J. McQuay, D. Bailey & A.H. Dickenson. (1989) The spinal antinociceptive actions of morphine metabolites morphine-6-glucuronide and normorphine in the rat. Brain Research 482:2, pages 219-224.
Crossref
J.O. Miners, K.J. Lillywhite & D.J. Birkett. (1988) In vitro evidence for the involvement of at least two forms of human liver UDP-glucuronosyltransferase in morphine 3-glucuronidation. Biochemical Pharmacology 37:14, pages 2839-2845.
Crossref
Robert G. Twycross. (2019) The Therapeutic Equivalence of Oral and Subcutaneous/Intramuscular Morphine Sulphate in Cancer Patients. Journal of Palliative Care 4:1-2, pages 67-68.
Crossref
J. Wolff, D. Bigler, C. Broen Christensen, S. N. Rasmussen, H. B. Andersen & K. H. T�nnesen. (1988) Influence of renal function on the elimination of morphine and morphine glucuronides. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 34:4, pages 353-357.
Crossref
R.A. Moore, C.W. Hand & H.J. McQuay. (1987) Opiate metabolism and excretion. Baillière's Clinical Anaesthesiology 1:4, pages 829-858.
Crossref
Gary L.C. Chan & Gary R. Matzke. (2017) Effects of Renal Insufficiency on the Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Opioid Analgesics. Drug Intelligence & Clinical Pharmacy 21:10, pages 773-783.
Crossref
G.W. Hanks, G.W. Aherne, P.J. Hoskin, P. Turner & P. Poulain. (1987) EXPLANATION FOR POTENCY OF REPEATED ORAL DOSES OF MORPHINE?. The Lancet 330:8561, pages 723-725.
Crossref
C W Hand, R A Moore, H J McQuay, M C Allen & J W Sear. (2016) Analysis of Morphine and its Major Metabolites by Differential Radioimmunoassay. Annals of Clinical Biochemistry: International Journal of Laboratory Medicine 24:2, pages 153-160.
Crossref
GW Hanks & PJ Hoskin. (2016) Review article : Opioid analgesics in the management of pain in patients with cancer. A review. Palliative Medicine 1:1, pages 1-25.
Crossref
J. S�we & I. Odar-Cederl�f. (1987) Kinetics of morphine in patients with renal failure. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 32:4, pages 377-382.
Crossref
D. Tsang, K.P. Ho & H.L. Wen. (1986) Effect of maternal methadone administration on the development of multiple forms of monoamine oxidase in rat brain and liver. Developmental Brain Research 26:2, pages 187-192.
Crossref
Daniel S. Sitar, Peter C. Duke, James A. Owen, Lisa Berger & Paul A. Mitenko. (1986) Kinetic disposition of morphine in young males after intravenous loading and maintenance infusions. Canadian Anaesthetists’ Society Journal 33:2, pages 145-149.
Crossref
H.J.G.M. Derks, K. Van Twillert, D.P.K.H. Pereboom-De Fauw, G. Zomer & J.G. Loeber. (1986) Determination of the heroin metabolite 6-acetylmorphine by high-performance liquid chromatography using automated pre-column derivatization and fluorescence detection. Journal of Chromatography A 370, pages 173-178.
Crossref
H. Quiding, P. Anderson, U. Bondesson, L. O. Bor�us & P. -�. Hynning. (1986) Plasma concentrations of codeine and its metabolite, morphine, after single and repeated oral administration. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 30:6, pages 673-677.
Crossref
Charles Eric Brown, Sandra C. Roerig, Vern T. Burger, Robert B. CodyJr.Jr. & James M. Fujimoto. (1985) Analgesic Potencies of Morphine 3- and 6-Sulfates After Intracerebroventricular Administration in Mice: Relationship to Structural Characteristics Defined by Mass Spectrometry and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 74:8, pages 821-824.
Crossref
R A Moore, H J McQuay, R E S Bullingham, D Baldwin & M C Allen. (2016) Systemic Availability of Oral Slow-Release Morphine in Man. Annals of Clinical Biochemistry: International Journal of Laboratory Medicine 22:3, pages 226-231.
Crossref
S Yamano, E Kageura, T Ishida & S Toki. (1985) Purification and characterization of guinea pig liver morphine 6-dehydrogenase.. Journal of Biological Chemistry 260:9, pages 5259-5264.
Crossref
J Sawe, L Kager, JO Svensson Eng & A Rane. (2012) Oral morphine in cancer patients: in vivo kinetics and in vitro hepatic glucuronidation.. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 19:4, pages 495-501.
Crossref
Madeleine Ball, R.A. Moore, A. Fisher, H.J. Mcquay, M.C. Allen & J. Sear. (1985) RENAL FAILURE AND THE USE OF MORPHINE IN INTENSIVE CARE. The Lancet 325:8432, pages 784-786.
Crossref
Elliot F. Hahn. (2006) The role of brain metabolism in the action of opiates. Medicinal Research Reviews 5:2, pages 255-272.
Crossref
R A Moore, D Baldwin, M C Allen, P J Q Watson, R E S Bullingham & H J McQuay. (2016) Sensitive and Specific Morphine Radioimmunoassay with Iodine Label: Pharmacokinetics of Morphine in Man after Intravenous Administration. Annals of Clinical Biochemistry: International Journal of Laboratory Medicine 21:4, pages 318-325.
Crossref
Roy E.S. Bullingham, Robert A. Moore, Herbert W. Symonds, Michael C. Allen, Dean Baldwin & Henry J. McQuay. (1984) A novel form of dependency of hepatic extraction ratio of opioids in vivo upon the portal vein concentration of drug: Comparison of morphine, diamorphine, fentanyl, methadone and buprenorphine in the chronically cannulated cow. Life Sciences 34:21, pages 2047-2056.
Crossref
R A Moore, D Baldwin, H J McQuay & R E S Bullingham. (2016) HPLC of Morphine with Electrochemical Detection: Analysis in Human Plasma. Annals of Clinical Biochemistry: International Journal of Laboratory Medicine 21:2, pages 125-130.
Crossref
William M. Bennett, George R. Aronoff, Gail Morrison, Thomas A. Golper, Joseph Pulliam, Marsha Wolfson & Irwin Singer. (1983) Drug Prescribing in Renal Failure: Dosing Guidelines for Adults. American Journal of Kidney Diseases 3:3, pages 155-193.
Crossref
J.A. Owen & D.S. Sitar. (1983) Morphine analysis by high-performance liquid chromatography. Journal of Chromatography B: Biomedical Sciences and Applications 276, pages 202-207.
Crossref
J. Säwe, G. M. Pacifici, L. Kager, C. Bahr & A. Rane. (1982) Glucuronidation of Morphine in Human Liver and Interaction with Oxazepam. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 26, pages 47-51.
Crossref
Jan-Olof Svensson, Anders Rane, Juliette S?we & Folke Sj?qvist. (1982) Determination of morphine, morphine-3-glucuronide and (tentatively) morphine-6-glucuronide in plasma and urine using ion-pair high-performance liquid chromatography. Journal of Chromatography B: Biomedical Sciences and Applications 230:2, pages 427-432.
Crossref
James V. Evans, Jerry L. Leeling & Richard J. Helms. (1982) Methodology for the identification of the urinary metabolites of the analgesic-narcotic antagonist, codorphone, by gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Biological Mass Spectrometry 9:5, pages 191-200.
Crossref
J.P. Colombo & Jacqueline Colombo. (1979) Plasma gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase in heroin addicts. Clinica Chimica Acta 95:3, pages 483-486.
Crossref
Jean‐Paul G. Théanot & Klaus D. Haegele. 1977. Methods of Biochemical Analysis. Methods of Biochemical Analysis 1 38 .
John W.A. Findlay, Robert F. Butz & Richard M. Welch. (1976) A codeine radioimmunoassay exhibiting insignificant cross-reactivity with morphine. Life Sciences 19:3, pages 389-393.
Crossref

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.