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Research Article

Disulfiram (Tetraethylthioperoxydicarbonic Diamide): A Reappraisal of Its Toxicity and Therapeutic Application

Thomas J. Haley National Center for Toxicological Research Food and Drug Administration, Department of Health, Education and Welfare Jefferson, Arkansas, 72079
Pages 319-335 | Published online: 22 Sep 2008

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Robert Malcolm, M Foster Olive & William Lechner. (2008) The safety of disulfiram for the treatment of alcohol and cocaine dependence in randomized clinical trials: guidance for clinical practice. Expert Opinion on Drug Safety 7:4, pages 459-472.
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Petros Nikolaos Karamanakos, Periklis Pappas & Marios Marselos. (2008) Disulfiram neuropathy: two cases of distal axonopathy. Clinical Toxicology 46:9, pages 917-918.
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Massimiliano Filosto, Marta Tentorio, Laura Broglio, Serena Buzio, Clara Lazzarini, Maria Pia Pasolini, Maria Sofia Cotelli, Mauro Scarpelli, Michelangelo Mancuso, Anna Choub & Alessandro Padovani. (2008) Disulfiram neuropathy: Two cases of distal axonopathy. Clinical Toxicology 46:4, pages 314-316.
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Peter Banys. (1988) The Clinical Use of Disulfiram (Antabuse®): A Review. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 20:3, pages 243-261.
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James F. Brien & Christopher W. Loomis. (1983) Disposition and Pharmacokinetics of Disulfiram and Calcium Carbimide (Calcium Cyanamide). Drug Metabolism Reviews 14:1, pages 113-126.
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DanielR. Panitz, RichardD. McConchie, S. Richard Sauber & JulioA. Fonseca. (1983) The role of machismo and the hispanic family in the etiology and treatment of alcoholism in hispanic american males. The American Journal of Family Therapy 11:1, pages 31-44.
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Markku Kupari, Matti Hillbom, Kai Lindros & Markku Nieminen. (1982) Possible Cardiovascular Hazards of the Alcohol-Calcium Carbimide Interaction. Journal of Toxicology: Clinical Toxicology 19:1, pages 79-86.
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Articles from other publishers (48)

Avinash De SousaAvinash De Sousa. 2019. Disulfiram. Disulfiram 59 67 .
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Petros N. Karamanakos & Eleftheria S. Panteli. (2017) Comment on: Sensory-motor axonal polyneuropathy involving cranial nerves: An uncommon manifestation of disulfiram toxicity (Santos et al., Clin Neurol Neurosurg, 152:12–15, 2016). Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery 154, pages 109.
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Richard De La GarzaIIII, Marcy J. Bubar, Crystal L. Carbone, F. Gerard Moeller, Thomas F. Newton, Noelle C. Anastasio, Tod A. Harper, David L. Ware, Michael A. Fuller, Gaylyn J. Holstein, Jason B. Jayroe, Stephen I. Bandak, Kirsten Z. Reiman, Ann C. Neale, Lesley B. Pickford & Kathryn A. Cunningham. (2015) Evaluation of the dopamine β-hydroxylase (DβH) inhibitor nepicastat in participants who meet criteria for cocaine use disorder. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry 59, pages 40-48.
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Elena Redondo-Castro, Rafael Romero, Abel Torres-Espín, Juana Utrera, Daniel Duque, Fèlix Junyent & Carme Auladell. (2014) Dithiocarb ( N , N -diethyldithiocarbamate, DEDTC) decreases levels of biogenic monoamines in the adult mouse brain . Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology 40:6, pages 747-758.
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A. M. Spivak, A. Andrade, E. Eisele, R. Hoh, P. Bacchetti, N. N. Bumpus, F. Emad, R. Buckheit, E. F. McCance-Katz, J. Lai, M. Kennedy, G. Chander, R. F. Siliciano, J. D. Siliciano & S. G. Deeks. (2013) A Pilot Study Assessing the Safety and Latency-Reversing Activity of Disulfiram in HIV-1-Infected Adults on Antiretroviral Therapy. Clinical Infectious Diseases 58:6, pages 883-890.
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Michael Palmer. (2013) Combination treatment of epilepsy with ketogenic diet and concurrent pharmacological inhibition of cytochrome P450 2E1. Medical Hypotheses 80:4, pages 481-485.
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Paola Devoto, Giovanna Flore, Pierluigi Saba, Roberto Cadeddu & Gian Luigi Gessa. (2011) Disulfiram stimulates dopamine release from noradrenergic terminals and potentiates cocaine-induced dopamine release in the prefrontal cortex. Psychopharmacology 219:4, pages 1153-1164.
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Gary D. Carr. (2011) Alcoholism: A Modern Look at an Ancient Illness. Primary Care: Clinics in Office Practice 38:1, pages 9-21.
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Alison Oliveto, James Poling, Michael J. Mancino, Zachary Feldman, Joseph F. Cubells, Rhonda Pruzinsky, Kishorchandra Gonsai, Christopher Cargile, Mehmet Sofuoglu, Mohit P. Chopra, Gerardo Gonzalez-Haddad, Kathleen M. Carroll & Thomas R. Kosten. (2011) Randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled trial of disulfiram for the treatment of cocaine dependence in methadone-stabilized patients. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 113:2-3, pages 184-191.
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Chiara Dalla Torre, Marta Campagnolo, Annachiara Cagnin & Chiara Briani. (2010) Disulfiram-induced peripheral and central neurotoxicity. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry 34:6, pages 1146-1147.
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Holly L. Valentine, Olga M. Viquez & William M. Valentine. (2010) Peripheral nerve and brain differ in their capacity to resolve N,N-diethyldithiocarbamate-mediated elevations in copper and oxidative injury. Toxicology 274:1-3, pages 10-17.
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Ethan O. Bryson & Jeffrey H. Silverstein. (2008) Addiction and Substance Abuse in Anesthesiology. Anesthesiology 109:5, pages 905-917.
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A. Orakzai, M. Guerin & S. Beatty. (2007) Disulfiram-induced transient optic and peripheral neuropathy: a case report. Irish Journal of Medical Science 176:4, pages 319-321.
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Jennifer R. Baker, Peter Jatlow & Elinore F. McCance-Katz. (2007) Disulfiram effects on responses to intravenous cocaine administration. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 87:2-3, pages 202-209.
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Fèlix Junyent, Juana Utrera & Carme Auladell. (2006) Axonal retraction and regeneration induced by N , N -diethyldithiocarbamate (DEDTC) in the central nervous system . European Journal of Neuroscience 24:11, pages 3163-3173.
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Holly L. Valentine, Kalyani Amarnath, Venkataraman Amarnath & William M. Valentine. (2006) Dietary Copper Enhances the Peripheral Myelinopathy Produced by Oral Pyrrolidine Dithiocarbamate. Toxicological Sciences 89:2, pages 485-494.
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C. Silvain & C. Chagneau-Derrode. (2006) Métabolisme de l'éthanol. EMC - Hépatologie 1:1, pages 1-8.
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Gabriella Calviello, Guido Maria Filippi, Amelia Toesca, Paola Palozza, Nicola Maggiano, Fiorella Di Nicuolo, Simona Serini, Gian Battista Azzena & Tommaso Galeotti. (2005) Repeated exposure to pyrrolidine-dithiocarbamate induces peripheral nerve alterations in rats. Toxicology Letters 158:1, pages 61-71.
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Charla Nich, Elinore F McCance-Katz, Ismene L Petrakis, Joseph F Cubells, Bruce J Rounsaville & Kathleen M Carroll. (2004) Sex differences in cocaine-dependent individuals' response to disulfiram treatment. Addictive Behaviors 29:6, pages 1123-1128.
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Elizabeth G Tonkin, Holly L Valentine, Lisa J Zimmerman & William M Valentine. (2003) Parenteral N,N-diethyldithiocarbamate produces segmental demyelination in the rat that is not dependent on cysteine carbamylation. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 189:2, pages 139-150.
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Moshe Marikovsky, Vered Ziv, Nava Nevo, Catherine Harris-Cerruti & Ori Mahler. (2003) Cu/Zn Superoxide Dismutase Plays Important Role in Immune Response. The Journal of Immunology 170:6, pages 2993-3001.
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Moshe Marikovsky, Nava Nevo, Ezra Vadai & Catherine Harris-Cerruti. (2002) Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase plays a role in angiogenesis. International Journal of Cancer 97:1, pages 34-41.
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Elizabeth G. Tonkin, John C. L. Erve & William M. Valentine. (2000) Disulfiram Produces a Non-Carbon Disulfide-Dependent Schwannopathy in the Rat. Journal of Neuropathology & Experimental Neurology 59:9, pages 786-797.
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Elinore F McCance-Katz, Thomas R Kosten & Peter Jatlow. (1998) Disulfiram effects on acute cocaine administration. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 52:1, pages 27-39.
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S. Ningaraj Nagendra, Morris D. Faiman, Kathleen Davis, Jang-Yen Wu, Xiangyue Newby & John V. Schloss. (1997) Carbamoylation of Brain Glutamate Receptors by a Disulfiram Metabolite. Journal of Biological Chemistry 272:39, pages 24247-24251.
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Xavier Forns, Joan Caballería, Miquel Bruguera, Joan Manuel Salmerón, Angels Vilella, Antoni Mas, Albert Parés & Joan Rodés. (1994) Disulfiram-induced hepatitis. Report of four cases and review of the literature. Journal of Hepatology 21:5, pages 853-857.
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Veronique V.M. Lauriault & Peter J. O'Brien. (1991) Disulfiram may mediate erythrocyte hemolysis induced by diethyldithiocarbamate and 1,4-naphthoquinone-2-sulfonate. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 284:1, pages 207-214.
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Joachim K. Krauss, Mohsen Mohadjer, Ajay K. Wakhloo & Fritz Mundinger. (2004) Dystonia and akinesia due to pallidoputaminal lesions after disulfiram intoxication. Movement Disorders 6:2, pages 166-170.
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JOHN E. PEACHEY, HELEN M. ANNIS, EVELYN R. BORNSTEIN, KATHY SYKORA, SILVERIA M. MAGLANA & SHMUEL SHAMAI. (2010) Calcium Carbimide in Alcoholism Treatment. Part 1: a placebo‐controlled, double‐blind clinical trial of short‐term efficacy ⋆ . British Journal of Addiction 84:8, pages 877-887.
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Emilio Perucca & Luigi Manzo. 1988. Recent Advances in Nervous System Toxicology. Recent Advances in Nervous System Toxicology 67 86 .
Hardy M. EdwardsJr.Jr.. (1987) Effects of Thiuram, Disulfiram and a Trace Element Mixture on the Incidence of Tibial Dyschondroplasia in Chickens. The Journal of Nutrition 117:5, pages 964-969.
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R. R. Dalvi & D. P. Deoras. (2009) Metabolism of a Dithiocarbamate Fungicide Thiram to Carbon Disulfide in the Rat and its Hepatotoxic Implications. Acta Pharmacologica et Toxicologica 58:1, pages 38-42.
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M. Salaspuro & K. Lindros. 1985. Alcohol Related Diseases in Gastroenterology. Alcohol Related Diseases in Gastroenterology 106 123 .
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Agneta Rannug & Ule Rannug. (1984) Enzyme inhibition as a possible mechanism of the mutagenicity of dithiocarbamic acid derivatives in Salmonella typhimurium. Chemico-Biological Interactions 49:3, pages 329-340.
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Ronald L. Misiorowski, Milos Chvapil, Betty J. Snider, Philip R. Weinstein & Jaroslav J. Vostal. (1983) Inhibition of lipid peroxidation in spinal cord homogenates by various drugs. Experimental Neurology 81:3, pages 714-721.
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Markku Kupari, Kai Lindros, Matti Hillbom, Juhani Heikkila & Reino Ylikahri. (1983) Cardiovascular Effects of Acetaldehyde Accumulation after Ethanol Ingestion: Their Modification by β-Adrenergic Blockade and Alcohol Dehydrogenase Inhibition. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 7:3, pages 283-288.
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J. F. Brien & C. W. Loomis. (1983) Chemical Assays for Disulfiram and Carbimide (Cyanamide) in Biological Fluids. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 7:3, pages 256-263.
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T.M. Worner. (1982) Peripheral neuropathy after disulfiram administration: Reversibility despite continued therapy. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 10:2-3, pages 199-201.
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R. Van Doorn, CH.-M. Leijdekkers, S.M. Nossent & P.TH. Henderson. (1982) Excretion of ttca in human umne after administration of disulfiram. Toxicology Letters 12:1, pages 59-64.
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JOSEPH C. ARCOS, YIN-TAK WOO & MARY F. ARGUS. 1982. Aliphatic Carcinogens. Aliphatic Carcinogens 1 681 .
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Kai O. Lindros, Allan Stowell, Pekka Pikkarainen & Mikko Salaspuro. (2008) The Disulfiram (Antabuse)‐Alcohol Reaction in Male Alcoholics: Its Efficient Management by 4‐Methylpyrazole. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 5:4, pages 528-530.
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Ewa Hellström, Olof Tottmar & Rainer Fried. (1980) Implantation of disulfiram in rats. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 13, pages 73-82.
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