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Original Article

The Chloroethylnitrosoureas: Sensitivity and Resistance to Cancer Chemotherapy at the Molecular Level

Pages 588-598 | Published online: 11 Jun 2009

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Lajos Haracska, Satya Prakash & Louise Prakash. (2000) Replication past O6-Methylguanine by Yeast and Human DNA Polymerase η. Molecular and Cellular Biology 20:21, pages 8001-8007.
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Nathalie Berthet, Didier Boturyn & Jean-François Constant. (1999) DNA repair inhibitors. Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Patents 9:4, pages 401-415.
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Philip G. Penketh, Hugh S Williamson, Raymond P. Baumann & Krishnamurthy Shyam. (2021) Design Strategy for the EPR Tumor-Targeting of 1,2-Bis(sulfonyl)-1-alkylhydrazines. Molecules 26:2, pages 259.
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Philip G. Penketh, Richard A. Finch, Rachel Sauro, Raymond P. Baumann, Elena S. Ratner & Krishnamurthy Shyam. (2018) pH-dependent general base catalyzed activation rather than isocyanate liberation may explain the superior anticancer efficacy of laromustine compared to related 1,2-bis(methylsulfonyl)-1-(2-chloroethyl)hydrazine prodrugs. Chemical Biology & Drug Design 91:1, pages 62-74.
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Philip G. Penketh, Krishnamurthy Shyam, Raymond P. Baumann, Rui Zhu, Kimiko Ishiguro, Alan C. Sartorelli & Elena S. Ratner. (2016) When alcohol is the answer: Trapping, identifying and quantifying simple alkylating species in aqueous environments. Analytical Biochemistry 508, pages 34-37.
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Maja T. Tomicic, Ruth Meise, Dorthe Aasland, Nancy Berte, Rebekka Kitzinger, Oliver H. Krämer, Bernd Kaina & Markus Christmann. (2015) Apoptosis induced by temozolomide and nimustine in glioblastoma cells is supported by JNK/c-Jun-mediated induction of the BH3-only protein BIM. Oncotarget 6:32, pages 33755-33768.
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Krishnamurthy Shyam, Philip G. Penketh, Raymond P. Baumann, Rick A. Finch, Rui Zhu, Yong-Lian Zhu & Alan C. Sartorelli. (2015) Antitumor Sulfonylhydrazines: Design, Structure–Activity Relationships, Resistance Mechanisms, and Strategies for Improving Therapeutic Utility. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 58:9, pages 3639-3671.
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Philip G. Penketh, Eric Patridge, Krishnamurthy Shyam, Raymond P. Baumann, Rui Zhu, Kimiko Ishiguro & Alan C. Sartorelli. (2014) Influence of Glutathione and Glutathione S -transferases on DNA Interstrand Cross-Link Formation by 1,2-Bis(methylsulfonyl)-1-(2-chloroethyl)hydrazine, the Active Anticancer Moiety Generated by Laromustine . Chemical Research in Toxicology 27:8, pages 1440-1449.
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Philip G. Penketh, Krishnamurthy Shyam, Rui Zhu, Raymond P. Baumann, Kimiko Ishiguro & Alan C. Sartorelli. (2014) Influence of Phosphate and Phosphoesters on the Decomposition Pathway of 1,2-Bis(methylsulfonyl)-1-(2-chloroethyhydrazine (90CE), the Active Anticancer Moiety Generated by Laromustine, KS119, and KS119W. Chemical Research in Toxicology 27:5, pages 818-833.
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Rui Zhu, Raymond P. Baumann, Eric Patridge, Philip G. Penketh, Krishnamurthy Shyam, Kimiko Ishiguro & Alan C. Sartorelli. (2013) Chloroethylating and methylating dual function antineoplastic agents display superior cytotoxicity against repair proficient tumor cells. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters 23:6, pages 1853-1859.
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John R. Silber, Michael S. Bobola, A. Blank & Marc C. Chamberlain. (2012) O6-Methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase in glioma therapy: Promise and problems. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Reviews on Cancer 1826:1, pages 71-82.
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Anthony E. Pegg. (2011) Multifaceted Roles of Alkyltransferase and Related Proteins in DNA Repair, DNA Damage, Resistance to Chemotherapy, and Research Tools. Chemical Research in Toxicology 24:5, pages 618-639.
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Laurent Gate & Kenneth D. Tew. 2011. Cancer Management in Man: Chemotherapy, Biological Therapy, Hyperthermia and Supporting Measures. Cancer Management in Man: Chemotherapy, Biological Therapy, Hyperthermia and Supporting Measures 61 85 .
Kimiko Ishiguro, Yong-Lian Zhu, Krishnamurthy Shyam, Philip G. Penketh, Raymond P. Baumann & Alan C. Sartorelli. (2010) Quantitative relationship between guanine O6-alkyl lesions produced by Onrigin™ and tumor resistance by O6-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase. Biochemical Pharmacology 80:9, pages 1317-1325.
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Angelo Guainazzi & Orlando D. Schärer. (2010) Using synthetic DNA interstrand crosslinks to elucidate repair pathways and identify new therapeutic targets for cancer chemotherapy. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences 67:21, pages 3683-3697.
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Kimiko Ishiguro, Krishnamurthy Shyam, Philip G. Penketh & Alan C. Sartorelli. (2008) Development of an O6-alkylguanine–DNA alkyltransferase assay based on covalent transfer of the benzyl moiety from [benzene-3H]O6-benzylguanine to the protein. Analytical Biochemistry 383:1, pages 44-51.
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Qingming FangAnne M. NoronhaSebastian P. MurphyChristopher J. WildsJulie L. TubbsJohn A. TainerGoutam ChowdhuryF. Peter GuengerichAnthony E. Pegg. (2008) Repair of O 6 -G-Alkyl- O 6 -G Interstrand Cross-Links by Human O 6 -Alkylguanine-DNA Alkyltransferase . Biochemistry 47:41, pages 10892-10903.
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Philip G. Penketh, Raymond P. Baumann, Kimiko Ishiguro, Krishnamurthy Shyam, Helen A. Seow & Alan C. Sartorelli. (2008) Lethality to leukemia cell lines of DNA interstrand cross-links generated by Cloretazine derived alkylating species. Leukemia Research 32:10, pages 1546-1553.
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Luís F.Z. Batista, Wynand P. Roos, Markus Christmann, Carlos F.M. Menck & Bernd Kaina. (2007) Differential Sensitivity of Malignant Glioma Cells to Methylating and Chloroethylating Anticancer Drugs: p53 Determines the Switch by Regulating xpc, ddb2 , and DNA Double-Strand Breaks . Cancer Research 67:24, pages 11886-11895.
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LIJIAO ZHAO, RUGANG ZHONG & YAN ZHEN. (2011) AN ONIOM STUDY ON THE CROSSLINKED BASE PAIRS IN DNA REACTED WITH CHLOROETHYLNITROSOUREAS. Journal of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry 06:03, pages 631-639.
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Julie L. Tubbs, Anthony E. Pegg & John A. Tainer. (2007) DNA binding, nucleotide flipping, and the helix-turn-helix motif in base repair by O6-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase and its implications for cancer chemotherapy. DNA Repair 6:8, pages 1100-1115.
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Li-Jiao Zhao, Ru-Gang Zhong & Yan Zhen. (2007) ONIOM Study on the DNA Interstrand Crosslinks by the Chloroethylnitrosoureas. ONIOM Study on the DNA Interstrand Crosslinks by the Chloroethylnitrosoureas.
Jawad Alzeer & Orlando D. Schärer. (2006) A modified thymine for the synthesis of site-specific thymine-guanine DNA interstrand crosslinks. Nucleic Acids Research 34:16, pages 4458-4466.
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Achour Seridi, Jean‐Yves Winum, Mekki Kadri, Mohamed Abdaoui & Jean‐Louis Montero. (2006) Study on the Decomposition of 2‐Chloroethylnitro‐ sosulfamides (CENS) in Serum Using HPLC On‐line Solid Phase Extraction. Archiv der Pharmazie 339:9, pages 521-526.
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