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Original Article

Insulin Binds to Glucagon Forming a Complex that is Hyper-Antigenic and Inducing Complementary Antibodies Having an Idiotype-Antiidiotype Relationship

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Pages 153-169 | Received 29 Mar 2000, Published online: 07 Jul 2009

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Read on this site (2)

Robert Root-Bernstein & Jessica Vonck. (2010) Modularity in receptor evolution: insulin- and glucagon-like peptide modules as binding sites for insulin and glucose in the insulin receptor. Journal of Receptor, Ligand and Channel Research 3, pages 87-96.
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Articles from other publishers (20)

Robert Root-Bernstein, Jack Huber & Alison Ziehl. (2022) Complementary Sets of Autoantibodies Induced by SARS-CoV-2, Adenovirus and Bacterial Antigens Cross-React with Human Blood Protein Antigens in COVID-19 Coagulopathies. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23:19, pages 11500.
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Donard S. Dwyer. (2021) Protein Receptors Evolved from Homologous Cohesion Modules That Self-Associated and Are Encoded by Interactive Networked Genes. Life 11:12, pages 1335.
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Robert Root-Bernstein. (2020) Synergistic Activation of Toll-Like and NOD Receptors by Complementary Antigens as Facilitators of Autoimmune Disease: Review, Model and Novel Predictions. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21:13, pages 4645.
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Robert Root-Bernstein, Miah Turke, Udaya Subhramanyam, Beth Churchill & Joerg Labahn. (2018) Adrenergic Agonists Bind to Adrenergic-Receptor-Like Regions of the Mu Opioid Receptor, Enhancing Morphine and Methionine-Enkephalin Binding: A New Approach to “Biased Opioids”?. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 19:1, pages 272.
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Robert Root-Bernstein & DeLisa Fairweather. (2015) Unresolved issues in theories of autoimmune disease using myocarditis as a framework. Journal of Theoretical Biology 375, pages 101-123.
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Robert Root-Bernstein. (2014) Rethinking Molecular Mimicry in Rheumatic Heart Disease and Autoimmune Myocarditis: Laminin, Collagen IV, CAR, and B1AR as Initial Targets of Disease. Frontiers in Pediatrics 2.
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Robert Root-Bernstein, Abigail Podufaly & Patrick F. Dillon. (2014) Estradiol Binds to Insulin and Insulin Receptor Decreasing Insulin Binding in vitro. Frontiers in Endocrinology 5.
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Robert Root-Bernstein. (2012) A Modular Hierarchy-Based Theory of the Chemical Origins of Life Based on Molecular Complementarity. Accounts of Chemical Research 45:12, pages 2169-2177.
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Patrick F. Dillon. 2012. Biophysics. Biophysics 21 49 .
Robert Root‐Bernstein. (2008) Autoreactive T‐cell receptor (V β /D/J β ) sequences in diabetes are homologous to insulin, glucagon, the insulin receptor, and the glucagon receptor . Journal of Molecular Recognition 22:3, pages 177-187.
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Robert Root-Bernstein. (2007) Antigenic complementarity in the induction of autoimmunity: A general theory and review. Autoimmunity Reviews 6:5, pages 272-277.
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Robert Root-Bernstein. (2017) An Insulin-Like Modular Basis for the Evolution of Glucose Transporters (GLUT) with Implications for Diabetes. Evolutionary Bioinformatics 3, pages 117693430700300.
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Axel Hunding, Francois Kepes, Doron Lancet, Abraham Minsky, Vic Norris, Derek Raine, K. Sriram & Robert Root‐Bernstein. (2006) Compositional complementarity and prebiotic ecology in the origin of life. BioEssays 28:4, pages 399-412.
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Patrick F. Dillon, Robert S. Root-Bernstein & Charles M. Lieder. (2006) Molecular Shielding of Electric Field Complex Dissociation. Biophysical Journal 90:4, pages 1432-1438.
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Robert Root-Bernstein & Jacob Couturier. (2006) Antigenic Complementarity in the Origins of Autoimmunity: A General Theory Illustrated With a Case Study of Idiopathic Thrombocytopenia Purpura. Clinical and Developmental Immunology 13:1, pages 49-65.
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Gloria A Preston, William F PendergraftIIIIII & Ronald J Falk. (2005) New insights that link microbes with the generation of antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies: the theory of autoantigen complementarity. Current Opinion in Nephrology and Hypertension 14:3, pages 217-222.
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Robert S. Root-Bernstein. (2005) Peptide self-aggregation and peptide complementarity as bases for the evolution of peptide receptors: a review. Journal of Molecular Recognition 18:1, pages 40-49.
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Robert S. Root-Bernstein. (2004) Antigenic complementarity among AIDS-associated infectious agents and molecular mimicry of lymphocyte proteins as inducers of lymphocytotoxic antibodies and circulating immune complexes. Journal of Clinical Virology 31, pages 16-25.
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Samuel Edwin Fineberg & James H. AndersonJr.Jr.. 2003. International Textbook of Diabetes Mellitus. International Textbook of Diabetes Mellitus.
ROBERT ROOT-BERNSTEIN. (2002) Molecular Complementarity III. Peptide Complementarity as a Basis for Peptide Receptor Evolution: A Bioinformatic Case Study of Insulin, Glucagon and Gastrin. Journal of Theoretical Biology 218:1, pages 71-84.
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