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Original Article

Type 1 1/2 Diabetes: Myth or Reality?

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Pages 65-83 | Received 05 Nov 1997, Published online: 07 Jul 2009

Keep up to date with the latest research on this topic with citation updates for this article.

Read on this site (2)

Ida Hansson, Kristian F. Lynch, Göran Hallmans, Å;ke Lernmark & Olov Rolandsson. (2011) High-titer GAD65 autoantibodies detected in adult diabetes patients using a high efficiency expression vector and cold GAD65 displacement. Autoimmunity 44:2, pages 129-136.
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Anabel Villalba, Rubén F. Iacono, Silvina N. Valdez & Edgardo Poskus. (2008) Detection and immunochemical characterization of glutamic acid decarboxylase autoantibodies in patients with autoimmune diabetes mellitus. Autoimmunity 41:2, pages 143-153.
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Articles from other publishers (64)

Rohit Gupta, Srujan Edupuganti, Irma Zamir, Adiraj Singh & Hemant T Thawani. (2023) Latent Autoimmune Diabetes in Adults and a Continuous Glucose Monitoring Device: An Unfortunate Outcome. Cureus.
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Maria J. Redondo & Noel G. Morgan. (2023) Heterogeneity and endotypes in type 1 diabetes mellitus. Nature Reviews Endocrinology 19:9, pages 542-554.
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Artur Rydosz. 2022. Diabetes Without Needles. Diabetes Without Needles 27 92 .
Juan Huang, James Alexander Pearson, F. Susan Wong, Li Wen & Zhiguang Zhou. (2021) Innate immunity in latent autoimmune diabetes in adults. Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews 38:1.
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Diana Catarino, Diana Silva, Joana Guiomar, Cristina Ribeiro, Luísa Ruas, Luís Cardoso & Isabel Paiva. (2020) Non-immune-mediated versus immune-mediated type 1 diabetes: diagnosis and long-term differences—retrospective analysis. Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome 12:1.
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Bingwen Liu, Yufei Xiang, Zhenqi Liu & Zhiguang Zhou. (2019) Past, present and future of latent autoimmune diabetes in adults. Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews 36:1.
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Valentina Guarnotta, Enrica Vigneri, Giuseppe Pillitteri, Alessandro Ciresi, Giuseppe Pizzolanti & Carla Giordano. (2018) Higher cardiometabolic risk in idiopathic versus autoimmune type 1 diabetes: a retrospective analysis. Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome 10:1.
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Can Hou, Yanjun Zhong, Zhen Wang, Zhao Ming, Gan Huang, Lin Ouyang, Yijun Li, Qianjin Lu & Zhiguang Zhou. (2018) STAT3-mediated epigenetic silencing of FOXP3 in LADA T cells is regulated through HDAC5 and DNMT1. Clinical Immunology 191, pages 116-125.
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Simona Zampetti & Raffaella Buzzetti. 2018. Diabetes Epidemiology, Genetics, Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, Prevention, and Treatment. Diabetes Epidemiology, Genetics, Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, Prevention, and Treatment 255 297 .
Simona Zampetti & Raffaella Buzzetti. 2018. Diabetes. Epidemiology, Genetics, Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, Prevention, and Treatment. Diabetes. Epidemiology, Genetics, Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, Prevention, and Treatment 1 43 .
Raffaella Buzzetti, Simona Zampetti & Ernesto Maddaloni. (2017) Adult-onset autoimmune diabetes: current knowledge and implications for management. Nature Reviews Endocrinology 13:11, pages 674-686.
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Nimmy K. Francis, Harpreet S. Pawar, Anirban Mitra & Analava Mitra. (2017) Rising trend of diabetes mellitus amongst the undernourished: State -of- the -art review. Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Reviews 11, pages S169-S174.
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Alice P.S. Kong, Elaine Y.K. Chow & Juliana C.N. Chan. 2017. Textbook of Diabetes. Textbook of Diabetes 154 160 .
Satoshi Numata, Hideki Katakami, Shinobu Inoue, Hirotake Sawada & Seiichi Hashida. (2015) Development of a novel ultrasensitive enzyme immunoassay for human glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 antibody. Annals of Clinical Biochemistry: International Journal of Laboratory Medicine 53:4, pages 495-503.
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Constantin Ionescu-Tîrgovişte, Paul Aurelian Gagniuc & Cristian Guja. (2015) Structural Properties of Gene Promoters Highlight More than Two Phenotypes of Diabetes. PLOS ONE 10:9, pages e0137950.
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Farah Meah & Rattan Juneja. (2015) Insulin Tactics in Type 2 Diabetes. Medical Clinics of North America 99:1, pages 157-186.
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David R. Owens. (2013) Clinical Evidence for the Earlier Initiation of Insulin Therapy in Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics 15:9, pages 776-785.
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Tomohisa Aoyama, Hiroki Ikeda, Yoshiyuki Hamamoto, Sachiko Honjo, Kazuhiro Nomura, Yoshiharu Wada, Jun Fujikawa, Yasuaki Hayashino, Shunichi Fukuhara & Hiroyuki Koshiyama. (2012) Clinical heterogeneity of adult Japanese diabetes depending on titers of glutamic acid decarboxylase autoantibodies. Journal of Diabetes Investigation 3:3, pages 266-270.
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TJ Wilkin. (2012) The convergence of type 1 and type 2 diabetes in childhood. Pediatric Diabetes 13:4, pages 334-339.
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Yul HwangboJin Taek KimEun Ky KimAh Reum KhangTae Jung OhHak Chul JangKyong Soo ParkSeong Yeon KimHong Kyu LeeYoung Min Cho. (2012) Prevalence and Clinical Characteristics of Recently Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes Patients with Positive Anti-Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase Antibody. Diabetes & Metabolism Journal 36:2, pages 136.
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Wonjin KimJung Ho KimYoungsook KimJi Hye HuhSu Jin LeeMi Sung ParkEun Yeong ChoeJeong Kyung ParkMyung Won LeeJae Won HongByung Wan LeeEun Seok KangBong Soo ChaEun Jig LeeHyun Chul Lee. (2012) A Case of Latent Autoimmune Diabetes in Adults Developed after Surgical Cure of Growth Hormone Secreting Pituitary Tumor. Endocrinology and Metabolism 27:4, pages 318.
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Olufunmilayo O Adeleye, Anthonia O Ogbera, Olufemi Fasanmade, Olayinka O Ogunleye, Akinola O Dada, Ayotunde O Ale & Femi M Abatan. (2012) Latent Autoimmune Diabetes Mellitus in Adults (LADA) and it’s characteristics in a subset of Nigerians initially managed for type 2 diabetes. International Archives of Medicine 5:1, pages 23.
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Rachael R. Irving, Rosemarie Wright-Pascoe, James L. Mills, Eric G. Choo-Kang, Wayne A. Mclaughlin, Anthony A. Mullings & Donovan McGrowder. (2011) Mosaic pancreas or type 3 diabetes: how do we define it?. International Journal of Diabetes in Developing Countries 31:3, pages 133-137.
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Barbara M. Brooks-Worrell & Jerry P. Palmer. 2011. Immunoendocrinology: Scientific and Clinical Aspects. Immunoendocrinology: Scientific and Clinical Aspects 315 329 .
Ahmed J. Delli, Helena Elding Larsson, Sten‐A. Ivarsson, A˚ke Lernmark, Alice P. S. Kong & Juliana C. N. Chan. 2010. Textbook of Diabetes. Textbook of Diabetes 139 159 .
Ramachandra G. Naik, Barbara M. Brooks-Worrell & Jerry P. Palmer. (2009) Latent Autoimmune Diabetes in Adults. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 94:12, pages 4635-4644.
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T J Wilkin. (2009) The accelerator hypothesis: a review of the evidence for insulin resistance as the basis for type I as well as type II diabetes. International Journal of Obesity 33:7, pages 716-726.
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Michael Gottschalk, Thomas Danne & Sabine Fuerst-Recktenwald. (2009) Ethnic origin is unrelated to autoimmunity and residual pancreatic function in 471 youth with clinically diagnosed type 2 diabetes. Pediatric Diabetes 10:4, pages 240-247.
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M. Desai & A. Clark. (2008) Autoimmune diabetes in adults: lessons from the UKPDS. Diabetic Medicine 25, pages 30-34.
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Terence J Wilkin. (2008) Diabetes: 1 and 2, or one and the same? Progress with the accelerator hypothesis. Pediatric Diabetes 9:3pt2, pages 23-32.
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Claudio Tiberti, Carla Giordano, Mattia Locatelli, Emanuele Bosi, Gian Franco Bottazzo, Raffaella Buzzetti, Domenico Cucinotta, Aldo Galluzzo, Alberto Falorni & Francesco Dotta. (2008) Identification of Tyrosine Phosphatase 2(256–760) Construct as a New, Sensitive Marker for the Detection of Islet Autoimmunity in Type 2 Diabetic Patients. Diabetes 57:5, pages 1276-1283.
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Maria Regina Calsolari, Pedro W. Souza do Rosário, Janice Sepúlveda Reis, Saulo Cavalcanti da Silva & Saulo Purisch. (2008) Diabetes auto-imune latente do adulto ou diabetes melito tipo 2 magro?. Arquivos Brasileiros de Endocrinologia & Metabologia 52:2, pages 315-321.
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Terence Wilkin. 2008. Epidemiology of Pediatric and Adolescent Diabetes. Epidemiology of Pediatric and Adolescent Diabetes 85 102 .
A. W. van Deutekom, R. J. Heine & S. Simsek. (2008) The islet autoantibody titres: their clinical relevance in latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA) and the classification of diabetes mellitus. Diabetic Medicine 25:2, pages 117-125.
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R Naik & J Palmer. 2007. Type 1 Diabetes in Adults. Type 1 Diabetes in Adults 17 32 .
Paul Kuo, Christopher K. Rayner & Michael Horowitz. (2007) Gastric Emptying, Diabetes, and Aging. Clinics in Geriatric Medicine 23:4, pages 785-808.
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Amit Goel, Harvey Chiu, Jamie Felton, Jerry P. Palmer & Barbara Brooks-Worrell. (2007) T-Cell Responses to Islet Antigens Improves Detection of Autoimmune Diabetes and Identifies Patients With More Severe β-Cell Lesions in Phenotypic Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes 56:8, pages 2110-2115.
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T. J. Wilkin. (2007) Changing perspectives in diabetes: their impact on its classification. Diabetologia 50:8, pages 1587-1592.
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Richard A. Jensen, Lisa K. Gilliam, Carina Törn, Mona Landin-Olsson, F. Anders Karlsson, Jerry P. Palmer, Ingrid Kockum, Karin Åkesson, Barbro Lernmark, Kristian Lynch, Norman Breslow & Åke Lernmark. (2007) Multiple factors affect the loss of measurable C-peptide over 6 years in newly diagnosed 15- to 35-year-old diabetic subjects. Journal of Diabetes and its Complications 21:4, pages 205-213.
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N Soltani, M Kumar, Y Glinka, G J Prud'Homme & Q Wang. (2007) In vivo expression of GLP-1/IgG-Fc fusion protein enhances beta-cell mass and protects against streptozotocin-induced diabetes. Gene Therapy 14:12, pages 981-988.
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Raffaella Buzzetti, Sergio Di Pietro, Andrea Giaccari, Antonio Petrone, Mattia Locatelli, Concetta Suraci, Marco Capizzi, Maria Luisa Arpi, Elena Bazzigaluppi, Francesco Dotta & Emanuele Bosi. (2007) High Titer of Autoantibodies to GAD Identifies a Specific Phenotype of Adult-Onset Autoimmune Diabetes. Diabetes Care 30:4, pages 932-938.
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R. Purushothaman, N. Ramchandani, I. Kazachkova & S. Ten. (2007) Prevalence and Clinical Features of Type 1.5 Diabetes Mellitus in Children. Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism 20:9.
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Lisa K. Gilliam & Jerry P Palmer. (2006) Latent autoimmune diabetes in adults. Insulin 1:3, pages 122-127.
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Gunnar Stenström, Anders Gottsäter, Ekaterine Bakhtadze, Bo Berger & Göran Sundkvist. (2005) Latent Autoimmune Diabetes in Adults. Diabetes 54:suppl_2, pages S68-S72.
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Jerry P. Palmer, Christiane S. Hampe, Harvey Chiu, Amit Goel & Barbara M. Brooks-Worrell. (2005) Is Latent Autoimmune Diabetes in Adults Distinct From Type 1 Diabetes or Just Type 1 Diabetes at an Older Age?. Diabetes 54:suppl_2, pages S62-S67.
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Shigeyuki Ohtsu, Noriyuki Takubo, Mayumi Kazahari, Keiko Nomoto, Fumiyuki Yokota, Nobuyuki Kikuchi, Akemi Koike & Nobuo Matsuura. (2005) Slowly progressing form of type 1 diabetes mellitus in children: genetic analysis compared with other forms of diabetes mellitus in Japanese children. Pediatric Diabetes 6:4, pages 221-229.
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S. Fourlanos, F. Dotta, C. J. Greenbaum, J. P. Palmer, O. Rolandsson, P. G. Colman & L. C. Harrison. (2005) Latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA) should be less latent. Diabetologia 48:11, pages 2206-2212.
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Byung-Wan Lee, Sang-Yong Kim, Ji-Youn Kim, Kyun-Yung Cho, Yun-Jae Chung, Yong-Ki Min, Jae-Hoon Chung, Moon-Kyu Lee, Myung-Shik Lee & Kwang-Won Kim. (2005) Heterogeneity of early-onset and ketosis-resistant diabetes in Korean subjects—is it possible to determine cut-off age of early-onset type 2 diabetes?. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice 70:1, pages 38-45.
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Ilkka Vauhkonen, Leo Niskanen, Mikael Knip, Leena Moilanen Mykkänen, Steven Haffner, Matti Uusitupa & Markku Laakso. (2005) Subtle hyperproinsulinaemia characterises the defective insulin secretory capacity in offspring of glutamic acid decarboxylase antibody-positive patients with latent autoimmune diabetes mellitus in adults. European Journal of Endocrinology 153:2, pages 265-273.
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Harvey K. Chiu & J. P. Palmer. (2014) Autoimmune diabetes: More than just one flavor?. Journal of Endocrinological Investigation 27:5, pages 480-484.
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Z. Aycan, M. Berberoglu, P. Adiyaman, A. Törel Ergür, A. Ensari, O. Evliyaoglu, Z. Siklar & G. Ocal. (2004) Latent Autoimmune Diabetes Mellitus in Children (LADC) with Autoimmune Thyroiditis and Celiac Disease. Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism 17:11.
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David S.H Bell & Fernando Ovalle. (2004) The Role of C-Peptide Levels in Screening for Latent Autoimmune Diabetes in Adults. American Journal of Therapeutics 11:4, pages 308-311.
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M. KibirigeB. MetcalfR. RenukaT. J. Wilkin. (2003) Testing the Accelerator Hypothesis. Diabetes Care 26:10, pages 2865-2870.
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Ingrid M. Libman & Dorothy J. Becker. (2003) Coexistence of type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus: “double” diabetes?. Pediatric Diabetes 4:2, pages 110-113.
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P Home. (2003) The challenge of poorly controlled diabetes mellitus. Diabetes & Metabolism 29:2, pages 101-109.
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Jerry P. Palmer & Irl B. Hirsch. (2003) What’s in a Name. Diabetes Care 26:2, pages 536-538.
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James A. Stoever & Jerry P. Palmer. (2002) Clinical Relevance of Identifying Type 1.5 Diabetes Mellitus. The Endocrinologist 12:5, pages 465-469.
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Christiane S. Hampe, Ingrid Kockum, Mona Landin-Olsson, Carina Törn, Eva Örtqvist, Bengt Persson, Olov Rolandsson, Jerry Palmer & Åke Lernmark. (2002) GAD65 Antibody Epitope Patterns of Type 1.5 Diabetic Patients Are Consistent With Slow-Onset Autoimmune Diabetes. Diabetes Care 25:8, pages 1481-1482.
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JERRY P. PALMER. (2006) Beta Cell Rest and Recovery-Does It Bring Patients with Latent Autoimmune Diabetes in Adults to Euglycemia?. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 958:1, pages 89-98.
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Nobuo Matsuura, Yukifumi Yokota, Kouji Kazahari, Nozomu Sasaki, Shin Amemiya, Yoshiya Ito, Naoki Fukushima, Akemi Koike, Yutaka Igarashi, Takeki Hirano, Shigetaka Sugihara, Yuko Miki, Tatsuhiko Urakami, Yasuko Uchigata, Sachiko Kanematsu, Yukashi Ohki, Masaro Takesue, Yukihiro Hasegawa, Shigeki Miyamoto, Masatoshi Fujimoto, Satoshi Fujitsuka, Tetsuo Mori, Haruo Ogawa, Makoto Uchiyama, Kazumichi Onigata, Katsuhiko Tachibana, Nobuyuki Kikuchi, Tokuo Taketani, Hitoshi Kohno, Yoshihito Kasahara, Gen Isshiki, Masakuni Tokuda, Toshikazu Takahashi, Susumu Kanzaki, Ichiro Yokota, Kaichi Kida, Taisuke Okada, Soroku Nishiyama, Hidenari Masuda, Akihiko Kinugasa & Osamu Nukada. (2001) The Japanese Study Group of Insulin Therapy for Childhood and Adolescent Diabetes (JSGIT): initial aims and impact of the family history of type 1 diabetes mellitus in Japanese children. Pediatric Diabetes 2:4, pages 160-169.
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Paolo Pozzilli & Umberto Di Mario. (2001) Autoimmune Diabetes Not Requiring Insulin at Diagnosis (Latent Autoimmune Diabetes of the Adult). Diabetes Care 24:8, pages 1460-1467.
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Jerry P. Palmer. (2001) Immunomodulatory therapy of human type 1 diabetes: lessons from the mouse. Journal of Clinical Investigation 108:1, pages 31-33.
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Jerry P. Palmer. (2001) Immunomodulatory therapy of human type 1 diabetes: lessons from the mouse. Journal of Clinical Investigation 108:1, pages 31-33.
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Javier Santos, Erica A. Antón, Cristina Marino‐ Buslje, Silvina N. Valdez, Ana L. Villanueva, Mauricio Sica, Rubén Iacono, Paulo Maffia, Edgardo Poskus & Mario R. Ermácora. (2010) Replacement of methionine‐161 with threonine eliminates a major by‐product of human glutamate decarboxylase 65‐kDa variant expression in Escherichia coli . Biotechnology and Applied Biochemistry 31:3, pages 205-212.
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