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Inhalation Toxicology
International Forum for Respiratory Research
Volume 23, 2011 - Issue 4
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Research Article

The Air Pollution Exposure Laboratory (APEL) for controlled human exposure to diesel exhaust and other inhalants: characterization and comparison to existing facilities

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Pages 219-225 | Received 11 Jan 2011, Accepted 08 Feb 2011, Published online: 25 Mar 2011

Keep up to date with the latest research on this topic with citation updates for this article.

Read on this site (2)

Rachel Cliff, Jason Curran, Jeremy A. Hirota, Michael Brauer, Howard Feldman & Chris Carlsten. (2016) Effect of diesel exhaust inhalation on blood markers of inflammation and neurotoxicity: a controlled, blinded crossover study. Inhalation Toxicology 28:3, pages 145-153.
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Luisa V. Giles, Christopher Carlsten & Michael S. Koehle. (2012) The effect of pre-exercise diesel exhaust exposure on cycling performance and cardio-respiratory variables. Inhalation Toxicology 24:12, pages 783-789.
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Articles from other publishers (41)

Juma Orach, Mahadevappa Hemshekhar, Christopher Francis Rider, Victor Spicer, Amy H. Lee, Agnes Che Yan Yuen, Neeloffer Mookherjee & Chris Carlsten. (2023) Concentration-dependent alterations in the human plasma proteome following controlled exposure to diesel exhaust. Environmental Pollution, pages 123087.
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Juma Orach, Christopher Francis Rider, Agnes Che Yan Yuen, Carley Schwartz, Neeloffer Mookherjee & Christopher Carlsten. (2023) Controlled Diesel Exhaust Exposure Induces a Concentration-dependent Increase in Airway Inflammation: A Clinical Trial. Annals of the American Thoracic Society 20:6, pages 834-842.
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Jodie R. Gawryluk, Daniela J. Palombo, Jason Curran, Ashleigh Parker & Chris Carlsten. (2023) Brief diesel exhaust exposure acutely impairs functional brain connectivity in humans: a randomized controlled crossover study. Environmental Health 22:1.
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Illiassou Hamidou Soumana, Min Hyung Ryu, Fernando Studart Leitao Filho, Julia Yang, Juma Orach, Corey Nislow, Janice M. Leung, Christopher Francis Rider & Christopher Carlsten. (2023) Exposure to diesel exhaust alters the functional metagenomic composition of the airway microbiome in former smokers. Environmental Research 216, pages 114826.
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Erin Long, Carley Schwartz & Christopher Carlsten. (2022) Controlled human exposure to diesel exhaust: a method for understanding health effects of traffic-related air pollution. Particle and Fibre Toxicology 19:1.
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Juma Orach, Christopher Francis Rider, Agnes Che Yan Yuen & Christopher Carlsten. (2022) Concentration-dependent increase in symptoms due to diesel exhaust in a controlled human exposure study. Particle and Fibre Toxicology 19:1.
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Hang Li, Min Hyung Ryu, Juma Orach, Agnes Yuen, Kevin S.K. Lau, Chantane Yeung, Weiping Wen & Chris Carlsten. (2022) Acute air pollution exposure increases TET enzymes in human PBMCs. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 150:2, pages 477-488.e9.
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Joana Candeias, Elias J. Zimmermann, Christoph Bisig, Nadine Gawlitta, Sebastian Oeder, Thomas Gröger, Ralf Zimmermann, Carsten B. Schmidt-Weber & Jeroen Buters. (2022) The priming effect of diesel exhaust on native pollen exposure at the air-liquid interface. Environmental Research 211, pages 112968.
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Min Hyung Ryu, Cristina Gómez, Agnes C. Y. Yuen, Jeffrey R. Brook, Craig E. Wheelock & Christopher Carlsten. (2022) Urinary Eicosanoid Levels Reflect Allergen and Diesel Exhaust Coexposure and Are Linked to Impaired Lung Function. Environmental Science & Technology 56:11, pages 7107-7118.
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Min Hyung Ryu, Tina Afshar, Hang Li, Denise J. Wooding, Juma Orach, Jin Sheng Zhou, Shane Murphy, Kevin S. K. Lau, Carley Schwartz, Agnes C. Y. Yuen, Christopher F. Rider & Chris Carlsten. (2022) Impact of Exposure to Diesel Exhaust on Inflammation Markers and Proteases in Former Smokers with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Randomized, Double-blinded, Crossover Study. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 205:9, pages 1046-1052.
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Nafeez Syed, Min Hyung Ryu, Satvir Dhillon, Michele R. Schaeffer, Andrew H. Ramsook, Janice M. Leung, Christopher J. Ryerson, Christopher Carlsten, Jordan A. Guenette, Shawn Aaron, James Martin, Peter Paré, James Hogg, Christopher Carlsten, Jonathon Leipsic, Don Sin, Wan Tan, Jordan Guenette, Mark FitzGerald, Harvey Coxson, Mohsen Sadatsafavi, Carlo Marra, John Mayo, David Proud, Richard Leigh, Anita Kozyrskyj, Jacqueline Quail, Andrew Halayko, Marni Brownell, Grace Parraga, Parameswaran Nair, Martin Stampfli, Paul O’Byrne, Samir Gupta, Noe Zamel, Felix Ratjen, Dina Brooks, Andrea Gershon, Teresa To, Wendy Ungar, Diane Lougheed, Denis O’Donnell, Bernard Thebaud, Smita Pakhale, Dean Fergusson, Ian Graham, Jeremy Grimshaw, Katherine Vandemheen, Anne Van Dam, Andrea Benedetti, Jean Bourbeau, Larry Lands, Dennis Jensen, Jennifer Landry, Lucie Blais, Francine Ducharme, Catherine Lemière, Anne-Monique Nuyt, Yohan Bossé, Louis-Philippe Boulet, Francois Maltais, Marieve Doucet & Paul Hernandez. (2022) Effects of Traffic-Related Air Pollution on Exercise Endurance, Dyspnea, and Cardiorespiratory Responses in Health and COPD. Chest 161:3, pages 662-675.
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Jenny P. Nguyen, Ryan D. Huff, Quynh T. Cao, Nicholas Tiessen, Christopher Carlsten & Jeremy A. Hirota. (2021) Effects of environmental air pollutants on CFTR expression and function in human airway epithelial cells. Toxicology in Vitro 77, pages 105253.
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Juma Orach, Christopher F. Rider & Christopher Carlsten. (2021) Concentration-dependent health effects of air pollution in controlled human exposures. Environment International 150, pages 106424.
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Sarah Koch, Joseph F. Welch, Raymond Tran, Andrew H. Ramsook, Andy Hung, Christopher Carlsten, Jordan A. Guenette & Michael S. Koehle. (2021) Ventilatory responses to constant load exercise following the inhalation of a short-acting ß2-agonist in a laboratory-controlled diesel exhaust exposure study in individuals with exercise-induced bronchoconstriction. Environment International 146, pages 106182.
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Min Hyung Ryu, Kevin Soon-Keen Lau, Denise Jill Wooding, Shuyu Fan, Don D Sin & Christopher Carlsten. (2020) Particle depletion of diesel exhaust restores allergen-induced lung-protective surfactant protein D in human lungs. Thorax 75:8, pages 640-647.
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Denise J. Wooding, Min Hyung Ryu, Hang Li, Neil E. Alexis, Olga Pena & Chris Carlsten. (2020) Acute air pollution exposure alters neutrophils in never-smokers and at-risk humans. European Respiratory Journal 55:4, pages 1901495.
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Sarah Koch, Ana Zelembaba, Raymond Tran, Michelle Laeremans, Benjamin Hives, Christopher Carlsten, Patrick De Boever & Michael Stephen Koehle. (2020) Vascular effects of physical activity are not modified by short-term inhaled diesel exhaust: Results of a controlled human exposure study. Environmental Research 183, pages 109270.
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Christopher F. Rider & Chris Carlsten. (2019) Air pollution and DNA methylation: effects of exposure in humans. Clinical Epigenetics 11:1.
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Denise J. Wooding, Min Hyung Ryu, Anke Hüls, Andrew D. Lee, David T. S. Lin, Christopher F. Rider, Agnes C. Y. Yuen & Chris Carlsten. (2019) Particle Depletion Does Not Remediate Acute Effects of Traffic-related Air Pollution and Allergen. A Randomized, Double-Blind Crossover Study. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 200:5, pages 565-574.
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Cristina Gómez, Carolina Gonzalez-Riano, Coral Barbas, Johan Kolmert, Min Hyung Ryu, Christopher Carlsten, Sven-Erik Dahlén & Craig E. Wheelock. (2019) Quantitative metabolic profiling of urinary eicosanoids for clinical phenotyping. Journal of Lipid Research 60:6, pages 1164-1173.
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Christopher F. Rider & Chris Carlsten. (2019) Air pollution and resistance to inhaled glucocorticoids: Evidence, mechanisms and gaps to fill. Pharmacology & Therapeutics 194, pages 1-21.
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Jason Curran, Rachel Cliff, Nadine Sinnen, Michael Koehle & Chris Carlsten. (2018) Acute diesel exhaust exposure and postural stability: a controlled crossover experiment. Journal of Occupational Medicine and Toxicology 13:1.
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Luisa V. Giles, Christopher Carlsten & Michael S. Koehle. (2018) The pulmonary and autonomic effects of high-intensity and low-intensity exercise in diesel exhaust. Environmental Health 17:1.
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Xu Jia, Xuan Yang, Dayu Hu, Wei Dong, Fan Yang, Qi Liu, Hongyu Li, Lu Pan, Jiao Shan, Wei Niu, Shaowei Wu, Furong Deng & Xinbiao Guo. (2018) Short-term effects of particulate matter in metro cabin on heart rate variability in young healthy adults: Impacts of particle size and source. Environmental Research 167, pages 292-298.
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Ryan K. Robinson, Mark A. Birrell, John J. Adcock, Michael A. Wortley, Eric D. Dubuis, Shu Chen, Catriona M. McGilvery, Sheng Hu, Milo S.P. Shaffer, Sara J. Bonvini, Sarah A. Maher, Ian S. Mudway, Alexandra E. Porter, Chris Carlsten, Teresa D. Tetley & Maria G. Belvisi. (2018) Mechanistic link between diesel exhaust particles and respiratory reflexes. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 141:3, pages 1074-1084.e9.
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Luisa V. Giles, Scott J. Tebbutt, Christopher Carlsten & Michael S. Koehle. (2018) The effect of low and high-intensity cycling in diesel exhaust on flow-mediated dilation, circulating NOx, endothelin-1 and blood pressure. PLOS ONE 13:2, pages e0192419.
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Neeloffer Mookherjee, Hadeesha Piyadasa, Min Hyung Ryu, Christopher Francis Rider, Peyman Ezzati, Victor Spicer & Christopher Carlsten. (2018) Inhaled diesel exhaust alters the allergen-induced bronchial secretome in humans. European Respiratory Journal 51:1, pages 1701385.
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Philip M. Hansbro, Richard Y. Kim, Malcolm R. Starkey, Chantal Donovan, Kamal Dua, Jemma R. Mayall, Gang Liu, Nicole G. Hansbro, Jodie L. Simpson, Lisa G. Wood, Jeremy A. Hirota, Darryl A. Knight, Paul S. Foster & Jay C. Horvat. (2017) Mechanisms and treatments for severe, steroid‐resistant allergic airway disease and asthma. Immunological Reviews 278:1, pages 41-62.
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Anna Gref, Simon K. Merid, Olena Gruzieva, Stéphane Ballereau, Allan Becker, Tom Bellander, Anna Bergström, Yohan Bossé, Matteo Bottai, Moira Chan-Yeung, Elaine Fuertes, Despo Ierodiakonou, Ruiwei Jiang, Stéphane Joly, Meaghan Jones, Michael S. Kobor, Michal Korek, Anita L. Kozyrskyj, Ashish Kumar, Nathanaël Lemonnier, Elaina MacIntyre, Camille Ménard, David Nickle, Ma'en Obeidat, Johann Pellet, Marie Standl, Annika Sääf, Cilla Söderhäll, Carla M. T. Tiesler, Maarten van den Berge, Judith M. Vonk, Hita Vora, Cheng-Jian Xu, Josep M. Antó, Charles Auffray, Michael Brauer, Jean Bousquet, Bert Brunekreef, W. James Gauderman, Joachim Heinrich, Juha Kere, Gerard H. Koppelman, Dirkje Postma, Christopher Carlsten, Göran Pershagen & Erik Melén. (2017) Genome-Wide Interaction Analysis of Air Pollution Exposure and Childhood Asthma with Functional Follow-up. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 195:10, pages 1373-1383.
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Marabeth M. Kramer, Jeremy A. Hirota, Akshay Sood, Kay Teschke & Christopher Carlsten. (2017) Airway and serum adipokines after allergen and diesel exposure in a controlled human crossover study of atopic adults. Translational Research 182, pages 49-60.
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Rachel L. Clifford, Meaghan J. Jones, Julia L. MacIsaac, Lisa M. McEwen, Sarah J. Goodman, Sara Mostafavi, Michael S. Kobor & Chris Carlsten. (2017) Inhalation of diesel exhaust and allergen alters human bronchial epithelium DNA methylation. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 139:1, pages 112-121.
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Christopher F. Rider, Masatsugu Yamamoto, Oliver P. Günther, Jeremy A. Hirota, Amrit Singh, Scott J. Tebbutt & Chris Carlsten. (2016) Controlled diesel exhaust and allergen coexposure modulates microRNA and gene expression in humans: Effects on inflammatory lung markers. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 138:6, pages 1690-1700.
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B. J. Biagioni, S. Tam, Y.-W. R. Chen, D. D. Sin & C. Carlsten. (2016) Effect of controlled human exposure to diesel exhaust and allergen on airway surfactant protein D, myeloperoxidase and club (Clara) cell secretory protein 16. Clinical & Experimental Allergy 46:9, pages 1206-1213.
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Xin Zhang, Jeremy A. Hirota, Chenxi Yang & Chris Carlsten. (2016) Effect of GST variants on lung function following diesel exhaust and allergen co-exposure in a controlled human crossover study. Free Radical Biology and Medicine 96, pages 385-391.
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Julie Richman Fox, David P. Cox, Bertram E. Drury, Timothy R. Gould, Terrance J. Kavanagh, Michael H. Paulsen, Lianne Sheppard, Christopher D. Simpson, James A. Stewart, Timothy V. Larson & Joel D. Kaufman. (2014) Chemical characterization and in vitro toxicity of diesel exhaust particulate matter generated under varying conditions. Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health 8:5, pages 507-519.
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Jeremy A. Hirota, Chris Carlsten, Mohsen Sadatsafavi, Gilaad Kaplan & Simon A. Hirota. (2015) Airway diseases and inflammatory bowel diseases: is it something in the air (pollution)?. European Respiratory Journal 46:1, pages 287-288.
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Jeremy A. Hirota, Matthew J. Gold, Paul R. Hiebert, Leigh G. Parkinson, Tracee Wee, Dirk Smith, Phil M. Hansbro, Chris Carlsten, Stephan VanEeden, Don D. Sin, Kelly M. McNagny & Darryl A. Knight. (2015) The Nucleotide-Binding Domain, Leucine-Rich Repeat Protein 3 Inflammasome/IL-1 Receptor I Axis Mediates Innate, but Not Adaptive, Immune Responses after Exposure to Particulate Matter under 10 μm. American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology 52:1, pages 96-105.
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Ruiwei Jiang, Meaghan J Jones, Francesco Sava, Michael S Kobor & Christopher Carlsten. (2014) Short-term diesel exhaust inhalation in a controlled human crossover study is associated with changes in DNA methylation of circulating mononuclear cells in asthmatics. Particle and Fibre Toxicology 11:1.
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Chris Carlsten, Meaghan J. MacNutt, Zhihong Zhang, Francesco Sava & Mandy M. Pui. (2014) Anti-Oxidant N-Acetylcysteine Diminishes Diesel Exhaust-Induced Increased Airway Responsiveness in Person with Airway Hyper-Reactivity. Toxicological Sciences 139:2, pages 479-487.
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Sandro Steiner, Jan Czerwinski, Pierre Comte, Loretta L. Müller, Norbert V. Heeb, Andreas Mayer, Alke Petri-Fink & Barbara Rothen-Rutishauser. (2013) Reduction in (pro-)inflammatory responses of lung cells exposed in vitro to diesel exhaust treated with a non-catalyzed diesel particle filter. Atmospheric Environment 81, pages 117-124.
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Masatsugu Yamamoto, Amrit Singh, Francesco Sava, Mandy Pui, Scott J. Tebbutt & Christopher Carlsten. (2013) MicroRNA Expression in Response to Controlled Exposure to Diesel Exhaust: Attenuation by the Antioxidant N -Acetylcysteine in a Randomized Crossover Study . Environmental Health Perspectives 121:6, pages 670-675.
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