1,269
Views
88
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Biomechanical and neurophysiological mechanisms related to postural control and efficiency of movement: A review

Biomechanical and neurophysiological mechanisms related to postural control and efficiency of movement: A review

, &
Pages 131-143 | Received 27 Jul 2012, Accepted 15 Aug 2012, Published online: 25 Oct 2012

Keep up to date with the latest research on this topic with citation updates for this article.

Read on this site (12)

Mohamed Alaeddine Guembri, Ghazi Racil, Mohamed Ali Dhouibi, Yosra Houaneb Marghli, Jérémy Coquart, Chirine Aouichaoui & Nizar Souissi. (2023) Assessment of the association between sleep disturbance and physical performance in adolescent girls. Biological Rhythm Research 54:9, pages 535-547.
Read now
Adeolu Ademiluyi, Huaqing Liang & Alexander S. Aruin. (2023) The Effect of Additional Leg Supports in Control of Posture in Sitting. Journal of Motor Behavior 55:3, pages 269-277.
Read now
J. Hausselle, A. G. Haddox, J. Kasitz & A. Azoug. (2021) An interventional exploratory study to assess the effect of footwear on postural stability and strategy during quiet standing. International Biomechanics 8:1, pages 63-74.
Read now
Marc Michielsen, Julie Vaughan-Graham, Ann Holland, Alba Magri & Mitsuo Suzuki. (2019) The Bobath concept – a model to illustrate clinical practice. Disability and Rehabilitation 41:17, pages 2080-2092.
Read now
Augusta Silva, Julie Vaughan-Graham, Claudia Silva, Andreia Sousa, Christine Cunha, Rosália Ferreira & Pedro Maciel Barbosa. (2018) Stroke rehabilitation and research: consideration of the role of the cortico-reticulospinal system. Somatosensory & Motor Research 35:2, pages 148-152.
Read now
Joshua L. Haworth, Adam J. Strang, Mathias Hieronymus & Mark S. Walsh. (2018) Temporal more than spatial regulation of sway is important for posture in response to an ultra-compliant surface. Somatosensory & Motor Research 35:1, pages 45-51.
Read now
Gergely Nagymáté, Mária Takács & Rita M. Kiss. (2018) Does bad posture affect the standing balance?. Cogent Medicine 5:1.
Read now
Zanyar Karimi, Mahmood Reza Azghani & Teimour Allahyari. (2017) Lower leg swelling and muscle co-contraction during prolonged standing: an unstable footwear evaluation. Footwear Science 9:2, pages 103-110.
Read now
A. Siriphorn, D. Chamonchant & S. Boonyong. (2016) Exercise using mung bean bag improves balance in healthy young adults. Physiotherapy Theory and Practice 32:8, pages 603-611.
Read now
Thierry Paillard, Frederic Noé, Noëlle Bru, Martine Couderc & Lola Debove. (2016) The impact of time of day on the gait and balance control of Alzheimer’s patients. Chronobiology International 33:2, pages 161-168.
Read now
V. Nhouvannasak, S. Clément & M. Manto. (2015) Trains of electrical stimulation of the trapezius muscles redistribute the frequencies of body oscillations during stance. Neurological Research 37:9, pages 751-762.
Read now

Articles from other publishers (76)

Elsayed Mehrem, Alaaeldin Khaireldin, Mohamed Essa, Mohamed Gad Allah, Bishoy Lobbos & Roshdy Kamel. (2023) Sensorineural hearing loss imprint on postural control: A pediatric and adolescent innovative study. NeuroRehabilitation 53:3, pages 377-384.
Crossref
A. O’Dowd, R. J. Hirst, A. Setti, R. A. Kenny & F. N. Newell. (2023) Older adults with slow sit to stand times show reduced temporal precision of audio–visual integration. Experimental Brain Research 241:6, pages 1633-1642.
Crossref
Sruthi Ramadurai, Heejin Jeong & Myunghee Kim. (2023) Predicting the metabolic cost of exoskeleton-assisted squatting using foot pressure features and machine learning. Frontiers in Robotics and AI 10.
Crossref
Andrew Quarmby, Mina Khajooei, Philip Kurtz, Jakob Henschke, MyoungHwee Kim, Frank Mayer & Tilman Engel. (2023) Unexpected running perturbations: Reliability and validity of a treadmill running protocol with analysis of provoked reflex activity in the lower extremities. Frontiers in Sports and Active Living 5.
Crossref
Gevorg Eginyan, Xueqing Zhou, Alison M. M. Williams & Tania Lam. (2023) Effects of motor stimulation of the tibial nerve on corticospinal excitability of abductor hallucis and pelvic floor muscles. Frontiers in Rehabilitation Sciences 3.
Crossref
Darren R. Hocking, Adel Ardalan, Hisham M. Abu-Rayya, Hassan Farhat, Anna Andoni, Rhoshel Lenroot & Stan Kachnowski. (2022) Feasibility of a virtual reality-based exercise intervention and low-cost motion tracking method for estimation of motor proficiency in youth with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation 19:1.
Crossref
Rudri Purohit & Tanvi Bhatt. (2022) Mobile Brain Imaging to Examine Task-Related Cortical Correlates of Reactive Balance: A Systematic Review. Brain Sciences 12:11, pages 1487.
Crossref
Josepha Karinne de O. Ferro, Alberto G. de Moura Filho, Keytte Camilla S. de Amorim, Cláudia Regina O. de P. Lima, José Vicente P. Martins, Paulo José M. Barboza, Andrea Lemos & Daniella A. de Oliveira. (2022) Electromyographic analysis of pelvic floor muscles during the execution of pelvic patterns of proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation‐concept: An observational study. Neurourology and Urodynamics 41:6, pages 1458-1467.
Crossref
Meghan T. Ramos & Cynthia M. Otto. (2022) Canine Mobility Maintenance and Promotion of a Healthy Lifestyle. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice 52:4, pages 907-924.
Crossref
Akkradate Siriphorn, Chachane Jarudej, Nuttapong Ochaklin, Sarunyou Nuttawanlop & Theerapan Prasertteerapong. (2022) Effect of optokinetic virtual reality scenes on a sitting-to-stand movement. Human Movement Science 83, pages 102956.
Crossref
Piotr Kurzeja, Bartłomiej Gąsienica-Walczak, Katarzyna Ogrodzka-Ciechanowicz & Jarosław Prusak. (2022) Analysis of the Ability to Tolerate Body Balance Disturbance in Relation to Selected Changes in the Sagittal Plane of the Spine in Early School-Age Children. Journal of Clinical Medicine 11:6, pages 1653.
Crossref
Mustafa Kaya, Serkan Karakuş & Seda Arslan Tuncer. (2022) Detection of ataxia with hybrid convolutional neural network using static plantar pressure distribution model in patients with multiple sclerosis. Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine 214, pages 106525.
Crossref
Pooja, Karan Veer & S.K. Pahuja. (2022) Gender based assessment of gait rhythms during dual-task in Parkinson’s disease and its early detection. Biomedical Signal Processing and Control 72, pages 103346.
Crossref
Adeolu Ademiluyi, Huaqing Liang & Alexander S. Aruin. (2021) Role of angular position of the seat in control of posture in response to external perturbation. Experimental Brain Research 240:2, pages 481-490.
Crossref
Massimo Rossato, Alessandra Nart, Giuseppe Messina, Francesco Favro, Valentina Rossato, Enxhi Rrutja & Vincenzo Biancalana. (2022) The Refraction Assessment and the Electronic Trial Frame Measurement during Standing or Sitting Position Can Affect Postural Stability. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19:3, pages 1558.
Crossref
Daniela De Bartolo, Coen S. Zandvoort, Marije Goudriaan, Jennifer N. Kerkman, Marco Iosa & Nadia Dominici. (2022) The Role of Walking Experience in the Emergence of Gait Harmony in Typically Developing Toddlers. Brain Sciences 12:2, pages 155.
Crossref
Erbay Betul & Balci Nilay Comuk. (2022) Is photographic posture analysis and trunk control different in hemiparetic and diparetic children with cerebral palsy?. Journal of Novel Physiotherapy and Physical Rehabilitation 9:1, pages 001-007.
Crossref
Xiaoxue Zhao, Meizi Wang, Gusztáv Fekete, Julien S. Baker, Huw Wiltshire & Yaodong Gu. (2021) Analyzing the effect of an arch support functional insole on walking and jogging in young, healthy females. Technology and Health Care 29:6, pages 1141-1151.
Crossref
Janini CHEN, Hsin Fen CHIEN, Debora Cristina Valente FRANCATO, Alessandra Ferreira BARBOSA, Carolina de Oliveira SOUZA, Mariana Callil VOOS, Julia Maria D'Andréa GREVE & Egberto Reis BARBOSA. (2021) Effects of resistance training on postural control in Parkinson’s disease: a randomized controlled trial. Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria 79:6, pages 511-520.
Crossref
Clark F. Bailey, Gretchen K. Cagle, Corey D. Grozier, Krystin N. Lehtola, Jesse F. Weaver, Samuel J. Wilson, Harish Chander, Nicole K. Rendos & Jeffrey D. Simpson. (2021) Gathering your ‘sea legs’: Extended durations in an offshore environment increases postural sway excursions. Gait & Posture 86, pages 45-50.
Crossref
Xinyan Jiang, Xiaoyi Yang, Huiyu Zhou, Julien S. Baker & Yaodong Gu. (2021) Prolonged Running Using Bionic Footwear Influences Lower Limb Biomechanics. Healthcare 9:2, pages 236.
Crossref
Kuang Li, Si Qin Shen, Ee Chon Teo & Min Jun Liang. (2020) Bionic Footwear Effect to Lower Limb Locomotion in Biomechanical Analysis. Journal of Biomimetics, Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering 47, pages 105-115.
Crossref
C. Beyaert, J. Pierret, R. Vasa, J. Paysant & S. Caudron. (2020) Toe walking in children with cerebral palsy: a possible functional role for the plantar flexors. Journal of Neurophysiology 124:4, pages 1257-1269.
Crossref
Oliver Ludwig, Jens Kelm, Annette Hammes, Eduard Schmitt & Michael Fröhlich. (2020) Neuromuscular performance of balance and posture control in childhood and adolescence. Heliyon 6:7, pages e04541.
Crossref
Genyu Yu, Yuzhou Fan, Yuxuan Fan, Ruining Li, Yaming Liu, Djordje Antonijevic, Petar Milovanovic, Bo Zhang, Zhiyu Li, Marija Djuric & Yifang Fan. (2020) The Role of Footwear in the Pathogenesis of Hallux Valgus: A Proof-of-Concept Finite Element Analysis in Recent Humans and Homo naledi. Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology 8.
Crossref
Mozhgan Faraji Aylar, Valdeci Carlos Dionisio, AmirAli Jafarnezhadgero & Ali Zolfaghari Parikhani. (2020) Body coordination during sit-to-stand in blind and sighted female children. Journal of Biomechanics 104, pages 109708.
Crossref
David Engel, Adrian Schütz, Milosz Krala, Jakob C. B. Schwenk, Adam P. Morris & Frank Bremmer. (2020) Inter-trial phase coherence of visually evoked postural responses in virtual reality. Experimental Brain Research 238:5, pages 1177-1189.
Crossref
Andrew Quarmby, Mina Khajooei, Tilman Engel, Hannes Kaplick & Frank Mayer. (2020) The feasibility of a split-belt instrumented treadmill running protocol with perturbations. Journal of Biomechanics 98, pages 109493.
Crossref
Andras Kemeny, Jean-Rémy Chardonnet & Florent ColombetAndras Kemeny, Jean-Rémy Chardonnet & Florent Colombet. 2020. Getting Rid of Cybersickness. Getting Rid of Cybersickness 31 62 .
Jie Yao, Ning Guo, Yanqiu Xiao, Zhili Li, Yinghui Li, Fang Pu & Yubo Fan. (2019) Lower limb joint motion and muscle force in treadmill and over-ground exercise. BioMedical Engineering OnLine 18:1.
Crossref
Giovanni Barassi, Rosa G. Bellomo, Annamaria Porreca, Giuseppe Giannuzzo, Niki Giannandrea, Letizia Pezzi, Matteo Crudeli, Christianpasquale Visciano & Raoul Saggini. (2019) The use of adaptive neuro-stimulation for rebalancing posture and muscular tone in a soccer team. The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness 59:10.
Crossref
Evrim ÜNVER, Necip DEMİRCİ, Dr.hande KONŞUK ÜNLÜ & Doç. Dr. Şükrü Alpan CİNEMRE. (2019) Erkek Çocuklarda Denge Düzeyi, Biyomotor Beceriler ve Fiziksel Aktivite İlişkisiThe Relationship of Balance Among Biomotor Skills and Physical Activity in Boys. Spor Bilimleri Dergisi 30:2, pages 53-62.
Crossref
Fernanda Freitag, Sonia Maria Dozzi Brucki, Alessandra Ferreira Barbosa, Janini Chen, Carolina de Oliveira Souza, Débora Francato Valente, Hsin Fen Chien, Cynthia Bedeschi & Mariana Callil Voos. (2019) Is virtual reality beneficial for dual-task gait training in patients with Parkinson's disease? A systematic review. Dementia & Neuropsychologia 13:3, pages 259-267.
Crossref
Carla Porto, Thiago Lemos & Arthur Sá Ferreira. (2019) Analysis of the postural stabilization in the upright stance using optimization properties. Biomedical Signal Processing and Control 52, pages 171-178.
Crossref
Sho Kunimune & Shuichi Okada. (2019) Contribution of vision and its age-related changes to postural stability in obstacle crossing during locomotion. Gait & Posture 70, pages 284-288.
Crossref
Zi Xiang Gao, Yang Song, Pei Min Yu, Yan Zhang & Shu Dong Li. (2019) Acute Effects of Different Stretching Techniques on Lower Limb Kinematics, Kinetics and Muscle Activities during Vertical Jump. Journal of Biomimetics, Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering 40, pages 1-15.
Crossref
Tyler D. Chuang & Stacey M. Acker. (2019) Comparing functional dynamic normalization methods to maximal voluntary isometric contractions for lower limb EMG from walking, cycling and running. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology 44, pages 86-93.
Crossref
Mozhgan Faraji Aylar, Valdeci Carlos Dionisio & AmirAli Jafarnezhadgero. (2019) Do the center of mass strategies change with restricted vision during the sit-to-stand task?. Clinical Biomechanics 62, pages 104-112.
Crossref
Sugalya Amatachaya, Kitiyawadee Srisim, Thiwabhorn Thaweewannakij, Preeda Arrayawichanon, Pipatana Amatachaya & Lugkana Mato. (2018) Failures in dual-task obstacle crossing could predict risk of future fall in independent ambulatory individuals with spinal cord injury. Clinical Rehabilitation 33:1, pages 120-127.
Crossref
Aitor Fernández Menéndez, Mathieu Saubade, Didier Hans, Grégoire P. Millet & Davide Malatesta. (2019) The Determinants of the Preferred Walking Speed in Individuals with Obesity. Obesity Facts 12:5, pages 543-553.
Crossref
Nicole Dawson, Darcy Dzurino, Melissa Karleskint & Jennifer Tucker. (2018) Examining the reliability, correlation, and validity of commonly used assessment tools to measure balance. Health Science Reports 1:12.
Crossref
Oliver Ludwig, Jens Kelm, Annette Hammes, Eduard Schmitt & Michael Fröhlich. (2018) Targeted Athletic Training Improves the Neuromuscular Performance in Terms of Body Posture From Adolescence to Adulthood – Long-Term Study Over 6 Years. Frontiers in Physiology 9.
Crossref
Chien-Hung Lin, Zeng-Hui Qiu & Chan-Chia Yeh. (2018) Image processing for rear foot image evaluating leg and foot angles. Measurement 126, pages 168-183.
Crossref
Christopher M. Hill, Sam Wilson, J. Grant Mouser, Paul T. Donahue & Harish Chander. (2018) Motor adaption during repeated motor control testing: Attenuated muscle activation without changes in response latencies. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology 41, pages 96-102.
Crossref
Andreia S. P. Sousa, Isabel Valente, Ana Pinto, Tiago Soutelo & Márcia Silva. (2018) Short and Medium Latency Responses in Participants With Chronic Ankle Instability. Journal of Athletic Training 53:7, pages 679-686.
Crossref
Naceur Hedjazi, Abderraouf Benali, Mourad Bouzit & Zohir Dibi. (2018) Model identification and evaluation of postural dynamics of healthy and post-stroke individuals under unidirectional perturbations. Biomedical Signal Processing and Control 43, pages 75-85.
Crossref
David Silva, Ronaldo Gabriel, Helena Moreira, João Abrantes & Aurélio Faria. (2018) Foot Rollover Temporal Parameters During Walking Straight Ahead and Stepping Over Obstacles: Obese and Non-Obese Postmenopausal Women. Journal of Aging and Physical Activity 26:2, pages 227-234.
Crossref
Chongsheng ChengZhigang Shen. (2018) Mechanism and Measurements of Fall Due to Loss-of-Balance for Construction Workers. Mechanism and Measurements of Fall Due to Loss-of-Balance for Construction Workers.
Marlene Goncalves Da Silva, Sergio Albiol-Pérez, Javier López Lombano, Sonsoles Valdivia Salas, Sandra Cano, Erika Giselle Gutierrez, Nancy Jacho-Guanoluisa & Cesar A. Collazos. 2018. Trends and Advances in Information Systems and Technologies. Trends and Advances in Information Systems and Technologies 1251 1261 .
Kohei Kaminishi, Ping Jiang, Ryosuke Chiba, Kaoru Takakusaki & Jun Ota. (2017) Proprioceptive postural control of a musculoskeletal model against horizontal disturbances. Proprioceptive postural control of a musculoskeletal model against horizontal disturbances.
Pouya Amiri & Robert E. Kearney. (2017) Ankle intrinsic stiffness is modulated by postural sway. Ankle intrinsic stiffness is modulated by postural sway.
Chandramouli Krishnan, Rajiv Ranganathan & Manik Tetarbe. (2017) Interlimb transfer of motor skill learning during walking: No evidence for asymmetric transfer. Gait & Posture 56, pages 24-30.
Crossref
Michał Staniszewski, Przemysław Zybko & Ida Wiszomirska. (2017) Evaluation of Changes in the Parameters of Body Stability in the Participants of a Nine-Day Snowboarding Course. Polish Journal of Sport and Tourism 24:2, pages 97-101.
Crossref
Yoichiro Sato & Norimasa Yamada. (2017) Temporal coordination between ground reaction forces generated by leading and trailing limbs for propulsion during double stance phase in human walking. Gait & Posture 54, pages 295-299.
Crossref
Andreia S. P. Sousa, João Leite, Bianca Costa & Rubim Santos. (2017) Bilateral Proprioceptive Evaluation in Individuals With Unilateral Chronic Ankle Instability. Journal of Athletic Training 52:4, pages 360-367.
Crossref
Li-Jun Zuo, Ying-Shan Piao, Li-Xia Li, Shu-Yang Yu, Peng Guo, Yang Hu, Teng-Hong Lian, Rui-Dan Wang, Qiu-Jin Yu, Zhao Jin, Ya-Jie Wang, Xiao-Min Wang, Piu Chan, Sheng-Di Chen, Yong-Jun Wang & Wei Zhang. (2017) Phenotype of postural instability/gait difficulty in Parkinson disease: relevance to cognitive impairment and mechanism relating pathological proteins and neurotransmitters. Scientific Reports 7:1.
Crossref
Oliver Ludwig, Jens Kelm & Michael Fröhlich. (2017) Effekte einer sportlichen Intervention auf die Haltungsentwicklung vom Jugend- zum Erwachsenenalter. Sports Orthopaedics and Traumatology 33:1, pages 65-72.
Crossref
Hao Meng, Daniel P. O’Connor, Beom-Chan Lee, Charles S. Layne & Stacey L. Gorniak. (2017) Alterations in over-ground walking patterns in obese and overweight adults. Gait & Posture 53, pages 145-150.
Crossref
Isis da Silva Costa, Antoni Gamundí, José G. Vivas Miranda, Lucas G. Souza França, Charles Novaes De Santana & Pedro Montoya. (2017) Altered Functional Performance in Patients with Fibromyalgia. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 11.
Crossref
Oliver Ludwig. (2017) Interrelationship between postural balance and body posture in children and adolescents. Journal of Physical Therapy Science 29:7, pages 1154-1158.
Crossref
Marie-Claire Smith, James W. Stinear, P. Alan Barber & Cathy M. Stinear. (2017) Effects of non-target leg activation, TMS coil orientation, and limb dominance on lower limb motor cortex excitability. Brain Research 1655, pages 10-16.
Crossref
Reinhard Hilbig, Albert Gollhofer, Otmar Bock & Dietrich ManzeyR. Ritzmann, A. Gollhofer & K. Freyler. 2017. Sensory Motor and Behavioral Research in Space. Sensory Motor and Behavioral Research in Space 1 35 .
B. N. Smetanin, G. V. Kozhina, A. K. Popov & Y. S. Levik. (2017) Spectral analysis of the human body sway during standing on firm and compliant surfaces under different visual conditions. Human Physiology 42:6, pages 626-633.
Crossref
Ping Jiang, Ryosuke Chiba, Kaoru Takakusaki & Jun Ota. (2016) Generation of the Human Biped Stance by a Neural Controller Able to Compensate Neurological Time Delay. PLOS ONE 11:9, pages e0163212.
Crossref
Uffe Laessoe, Bo Grarup & Jette Bangshaab. (2016) The Use of Cognitive Cues for Anticipatory Strategies in a Dynamic Postural Control Task - Validation of a Novel Approach to Dual-Task Testing. PLOS ONE 11:8, pages e0157421.
Crossref
Pouya Amiri, Luke J. MacLean & Robert E. Kearney. (2016) Measurement of shank angle during stance using laser range finders. Measurement of shank angle during stance using laser range finders.
Vinzenz von Tscharner, Payam Zandiyeh & Peter Federolf. (2016) Is sample entropy based entropic half-life and de-trended fluctuation analysis correlated and do they reflect phase regularity of center of pressure measurements?. Biomedical Signal Processing and Control 24, pages 103-108.
Crossref
Akkradate Siriphorn, Dannaovarat Chamonchant & Sujitra Boonyong. (2016) Comparisons of the effects of a foam pad, mung bean bag, and plastic bead bag on postural stability disturbance in healthy young adults. Journal of Physical Therapy Science 28:2, pages 530-534.
Crossref
Mozhgan Faraji Aylar, Faramarz Firouzi & Mandana Rahnama Araghi. (2016) Influence of time restriction, 20 minutes and 94.6 months, of visual information on angular displacement during the sit-to-stand (STS) task in three planes. Journal of Physical Therapy Science 28:12, pages 3330-3336.
Crossref
Oliver Ludwig, Carola Mazet, Dirk Mazet, Annette Hammes & Eduard Schmitt. (2016) Age-dependency of posture parameters in children and adolescents. Journal of Physical Therapy Science 28:5, pages 1607-1610.
Crossref
Joo H. Kim & Dustyn Roberts. (2015) A joint-space numerical model of metabolic energy expenditure for human multibody dynamic system. International Journal for Numerical Methods in Biomedical Engineering 31:9, pages e02721.
Crossref
Yan Zhang, Julien S. Baker, Xuejun Ren, Neng Feng & Yaodong Gu. (2015) Metatarsal strapping tightness effect to vertical jump performance. Human Movement Science 41, pages 255-264.
Crossref
QICHANG MEI, NENG FENG, XUEJUN REN, MAK LAKE & YAODONG GU. (2015) FOOT LOADING PATTERNS WITH DIFFERENT UNSTABLE SOLES STRUCTURE. Journal of Mechanics in Medicine and Biology 15:01, pages 1550014.
Crossref
Akkradate Siriphorn, Dannaovarat Chamonchant & Sujitra Boonyong. (2015) The effects of vision on sit-to-stand movement. Journal of Physical Therapy Science 27:1, pages 83-86.
Crossref
Yaodong Gu, Yong Lu, Qichang Mei, Jianshe Li & James Ren. (2014) Effects of different unstable sole construction on kinematics and muscle activity of lower limb. Human Movement Science 36, pages 46-57.
Crossref
Juan Fang, Sujay Galen, Aleksandra Vuckovic, Bernard A. Conway & Kenneth J Hunt. (2014) Kinetic analysis of supine stepping for early rehabilitation of walking. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part H: Journal of Engineering in Medicine 228:5, pages 456-464.
Crossref

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.