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Physiotherapy Theory and Practice
An International Journal of Physical Therapy
Volume 8, 1992 - Issue 3
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Original Article

Reorganisation of Postural Control Following Lower Limb Amputation: Theoretical Considerations and Implications for Rehabilitation

Alexander C. H. Geurts Departments of Research and Development and of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
&
Theo W. Mulder Department of Research and Development, University of Nijmegen, St. Maartenskliniek, PO Box 9011, 6500, GM, Nijmegen; Nijmegen Institute for Cognition and Information, University of Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
Pages 145-157 | Accepted 01 Apr 1992, Published online: 10 Jul 2009

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Marie Thomas-Pohl, C. Villa, J. Davot, X. Bonnet, J. Facione, E. Lapeyre, J. Bascou & H. Pillet. (2021) Microprocessor prosthetic ankles: comparative biomechanical evaluation of people with transtibial traumatic amputation during standing on level ground and slope. Disability and Rehabilitation: Assistive Technology 16:1, pages 17-26.
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Anne Cowley & Kate Kerr. (2001) Amputees and Tightropes: A Pilot Study to Measure Postural Control Post-Amputation. Physical Therapy Reviews 6:1, pages 5-15.
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E. Isakov, O. Keren & N. Benjuya. (2000) Trans‐tibial amputee gait: Time‐distance parameters and EMG activity. Prosthetics and Orthotics International 24:3, pages 216-220.
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Keith Davids, Damian Kingsbury, Keith George, Mary O'Connell & David Stock. (1999) Interacting Constraints and the Emergence of Postural Behavior in ACL-Deficient Subjects. Journal of Motor Behavior 31:4, pages 358-366.
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E. Isakov, H. Burger, M. Gregorič & Č. Marinčcek. (1996) Stump length as related to atrophy and strength of the thigh muscles in trans-tibial amputees. Prosthetics and Orthotics International 20:2, pages 96-100.
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Articles from other publishers (62)

Laura A Chicos, D Rangaprakash, Robert L Barry & Hugh M Herr. (2023) Resting State Neurophysiology of Agonist Antagonist Myoneural Interface in Transtibial Amputees. Resting State Neurophysiology of Agonist Antagonist Myoneural Interface in Transtibial Amputees.
T Krauskopf, T B Lauck, L Klein, M Beusterien, M Mueller, V Von Tscharner, C Mehring, G W Herget, T Stieglitz & C Pasluosta. (2022) Unilateral transfemoral amputees exhibit altered strength and dynamics of muscular co-activation modulated by visual feedback. Journal of Neural Engineering 19:1, pages 016024.
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David P. Henson, Caitlin Edgar, Ziyun Ding, Biranavan Sivapuratharasu, Peter Le Feuvre, Mary E. Finnegan, Rebecca Quest, Alison H. McGregor & Anthony M.J. Bull. (2021) Understanding lower limb muscle volume adaptations to amputation. Journal of Biomechanics 125, pages 110599.
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Ludivine Deschaume, Claude Bouscavert, Éric Pantera & Laetitia Fradet. (2021) Objet connecté pour la rééducation de l’équilibre de l’amputé transtibial : utilisation de plateformes low cost mais high-tech. Revue du Podologue 17:97, pages 19-22.
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Hamid Charkhkar, Breanne P. Christie & Ronald J. Triolo. (2020) Sensory neuroprosthesis improves postural stability during Sensory Organization Test in lower-limb amputees. Scientific Reports 10:1.
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Rafael Escamilla-Nunez, Alexandria Michelini & Jan Andrysek. (2020) Biofeedback Systems for Gait Rehabilitation of Individuals with Lower-Limb Amputation: A Systematic Review. Sensors 20:6, pages 1628.
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NOORANIDA ARIFIN, NOOR AZUAN ABU OSMAN & SADEEQ ALI. (2020) POSTURAL STABILITY STRATEGIES IN TRANSTIBIAL AMPUTEES DURING QUIET STANDING IN ALTERED SENSORY CONDITIONS WEARING THREE TYPES OF PROSTHETIC FEET. Journal of Mechanics in Medicine and Biology 20:02, pages 1950071.
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S.A. Ghassemi, N. Rahnama & H. Daneshmandi. (2019) Effect of Core Stability Training on Static and Dynamic Balance and Strength in Disabled Veterans with Unilateral Below Knee Amputation. Iranian Journal of War and Public Health 11:4, pages 189-196.
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Nataliya Rokhmanova & Eric Rombokas. (2019) Vibrotactile Feedback Improves Foot Placement Perception on Stairs for Lower-Limb Prosthesis Users. Vibrotactile Feedback Improves Foot Placement Perception on Stairs for Lower-Limb Prosthesis Users.
Anna Pagel, Raffaele Ranzani, Robert Riener & Heike Vallery. (2017) Bio-Inspired Adaptive Control for Active Knee Exoprosthetics. IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering 25:12, pages 2355-2364.
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Coralie Villa, Isabelle Loiret, Karine Langlois, Xavier Bonnet, François Lavaste, Pascale Fodé & Hélène Pillet. (2017) Cross-Slope and Level Walking Strategies During Swing in Individuals With Lower Limb Amputation. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 98:6, pages 1149-1157.
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Anna Pagel, Alejandro Hernandez Arieta, Robert Riener & Heike Vallery. (2015) Effects of sensory augmentation on postural control and gait symmetry of transfemoral amputees: a case description. Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing 54:10, pages 1579-1589.
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Nooranida Arifin, Noor Azuan Abu Osman, Sadeeq Ali, Hossein Gholizadeh & Wan Abu Bakar Wan Abas. (2015) Evaluation of postural steadiness in below-knee amputees when wearing different prosthetic feet during various sensory conditions using the Biodex ® Stability System . Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part H: Journal of Engineering in Medicine 229:7, pages 491-498.
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Prasath Jayakaran, Gillian M. Johnson & S. John Sullivan. (2015) Postural Control in Response to Altered Sensory Conditions in Persons With Dysvascular and Traumatic Transtibial Amputation. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 96:2, pages 331-339.
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Nooranida Arifin, Noor Azuan Abu Osman & Wan Abu Bakar Wan Abas. (2014) Postural movement strategies during sensory alterations in transtibial amputees: A comparative study with able-bodied subjects. Postural movement strategies during sensory alterations in transtibial amputees: A comparative study with able-bodied subjects.
Nooranida Arifin, Noor Azuan Abu Osman, Sadeeq Ali, Hossein Gholizadeh & Wan Abu Bakar Wan Abas. (2014) Postural Stability Characteristics of Transtibial Amputees Wearing Different Prosthetic Foot Types When Standing on Various Support Surfaces. The Scientific World Journal 2014, pages 1-6.
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Barbora Kolarova, Miroslav Janura, Zdenek Svoboda & Milan Elfmark. (2013) Limits of Stability in Persons With Transtibial Amputation With Respect to Prosthetic Alignment Alterations. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 94:11, pages 2234-2240.
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C.T. Barnett, N. Vanicek & R.C.J. Polman. (2013) Postural responses during volitional and perturbed dynamic balance tasks in new lower limb amputees: A longitudinal study. Gait & Posture 37:3, pages 319-325.
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Prasath Jayakaran, Gillian M. Johnson & S. John Sullivan. (2011) Reliability and Concurrent Validity of the Step Quick Turn Test in Older Persons with a Unilateral Transtibial Amputation. American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation 90:10, pages 798-804.
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Prasath Jayakaran, Gillian M. Johnson & S. John Sullivan. (2011) Test-Retest Reliability of the Sensory Organization Test in Older Persons With a Transtibial Amputation. PM&R 3:8, pages 723-729.
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Cyril Duclos, Régine Roll, Anne Kavounoudias, Jean-Philippe Mongeau, Jean-Pierre Roll & Robert Forget. (2009) Postural changes after sustained neck muscle contraction in persons with a lower leg amputation. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology 19:4, pages e214-e222.
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Linda C. Anker, Vivian Weerdesteyn, Ilse J.W. van Nes, Bart Nienhuis, Huub Straatman & Alexander C.H. Geurts. (2008) The relation between postural stability and weight distribution in healthy subjects. Gait & Posture 27:3, pages 471-477.
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C. Duclos, R. Roll, A. Kavounoudias, J.-P. Roll & R. Forget. (2007) Vibration-induced post-effects: A means to improve postural asymmetry in lower leg amputees?. Gait & Posture 26:4, pages 595-602.
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Mark JC Smeulders, Michiel Kreulen & Kurt E Bos. (2016) Fine motor assessment in chronic wrist pain: the role of adapted motor control. Clinical Rehabilitation 15:2, pages 133-141.
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Hsiang-Ju Huang & Vicki Stemmons Mercer. (2001) Dual-Task Methodology: Applications in Studies of Cognitive and Motor Performance in Adults and Children. Pediatric Physical Therapy 13:3, pages 133-140.
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B W Heller, D Datta & J Howitt. (2016) A pilot study comparing the cognitive demand of walking for transfemoral amputees using the Intelligent Prosthesis with that using conventionally damped knees. Clinical Rehabilitation 14:5, pages 518-522.
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AS Aruin, JJ Nicholas & ML Latash. (1997) Anticipatory postural adjustments during standing in below-the-knee amputees. Clinical Biomechanics 12:1, pages 52-59.
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E Isakov, H Burger, M Gregorič & C Marinček. (1996) Isokinetic and isometric strength of the thigh muscles in below-knee amputees. Clinical Biomechanics 11:4, pages 233-235.
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J. Greg Anson & Mark L. Latash. (2010) Toward peaceful coexistence of adaptive central strategies and medical professionals. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 19:1, pages 94-106.
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C. J. Worringham, G. K. Kerr & C. O'Brien. (2010) Towards functional movement: Implications for research and therapy. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 19:1, pages 92-94.
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Alan M. Wing, Stephen Kirker & John R. Jenner. (2010) Altered bilateral muscle synergies after stroke. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 19:1, pages 92-92.
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C. B. Walter & K. Kamm. (2010) Optimal search strategies for optimal motor solutions: Self-determination or informed guidance?. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 19:1, pages 91-92.
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Michael G. Wade & Jinhua Guan. (2010) Anthropomorphizing the CNS: Is it what or who you know?. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 19:1, pages 90-91.
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R. E. A. van Emmerik & R. C. Wagenaar. (2010) On optimality and movement disorders: A dynamic systems perspective. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 19:1, pages 90-90.
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Paul J. Treffner & J. A. Scott Kelso. (2010) Generic mechanisms of coordination in special populations. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 19:1, pages 89-89.
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Esther Thelen. (2010) Developmental “movement disorders” and problem solving. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 19:1, pages 88-89.
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Stephan P. Swinnen, Sabine M. P. Verschueren & Natalia Dounskaia. (2010) Is motor pathology associated with setting new CNS priorities or with increased difficulty in overcoming or suppressing preexisting CNS priorities?. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 19:1, pages 87-88.
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Jeffery J. Summers & Julie Thomas. (2010) When are adaptive motor patterns nonadaptive?. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 19:1, pages 87-87.
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W. A. Sparrow. (2010) What is the appropriate criterion for therapeutic intervention in the motor domain?. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 19:1, pages 86-86.
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John P. Scholz. (2010) How functional are atypical motor patterns?. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 19:1, pages 85-86.
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J. G. Phillips, J. L. Bradshaw, M. J. Slavin & C. Pantelis. (2010) Abnormal movements can be identified in “atypical” populations. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 19:1, pages 84-85.
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Karl M. Newell & Steven Morrison. (2010) Frames of reference and normal movement. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 19:1, pages 83-84.
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Meg Morris, Thomas Matyas, Robert Iansek & Ross Cunnington. (2010) Rehabilitation promotes functional movement in atypical populations. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 19:1, pages 82-83.
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R. S. W. Masters & R. C. J. Polman. (2010) What are “normal movements” in any population? . Behavioral and Brain Sciences 19:1, pages 81-82.
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Mathew T. Martin-Iverson. (2010) Theories need data and patients need treatment: Where's the beef?. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 19:1, pages 80-81.
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Mindy F. Levin. (2010) Should stereotypic movement synergies in hemiparetic patients be considered adaptive?. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 19:1, pages 79-80.
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Jürgen Konczak & Johannes Dichgans. (2010) The concept of “normal” movement and its consequences for therapy. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 19:1, pages 79-79.
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Roberta L. Klatzky. (2010) What makes a population atypical–priorities or constraints?. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 19:1, pages 78-78.
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Tatsuya Kasai. (2010) Anticipatory postural mechanisms: Some evidence and methodological implications. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 19:1, pages 77-78.
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Kenneth G. Holt. (2010) “Constraint” versus “choice” in preferred movement patterns. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 19:1, pages 76-77.
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Jennifer M. Gurd. (2010) Thought is action. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 19:1, pages 76-76.
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Gary Goldberg & Nathaniel H. Mayer. (2010) The goal of treatment for motor impairment is not to “normalize” but to “functionalize” through facilitative modulation and enabling context. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 19:1, pages 75-76.
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C. C. A. M. Gielen. (2010) “Abnormal” movements: What are they reflections of?. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 19:1, pages 74-75.
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Daniel M. Corcos, Kerstin D. Pfann & Aron S. Buchman. (2010) Defective preprogramming does not account for the clinical deficits of Parkinson's disease. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 19:1, pages 73-74.
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J. H. Carr & R. B. Shepherd. (2010) “Normal” is not the issue: It is “effective” goal attainment that counts. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 19:1, pages 72-73.
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Allen W. Burton. (2010) Dynamic similarities in action systems. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 19:1, pages 71-72.
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Simon Bouisset. (2010) Posturo-kinetic capacity in the disabled. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 19:1, pages 71-71.
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Elena V. Biryukova, Alexandrez A. Frolov, Yves Burnod & Agnès Roby-Brami. (2010) Evaluation of central commands: Toward a theoretical basis for rehabilitation. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 19:1, pages 69-71.
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A. Berardelli, R. Agostino, A. Currà & M. Manfredi. (2010) Bradykinesia in Parkinson's disease and cocontraction activity in dystonia are unlikely to be due to adaptive changes in the CNS. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 19:1, pages 69-69.
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Alexander S. Aruin. (2010) Adaptive changes in postural reactions after unilateral leg amputation. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 19:1, pages 68-69.
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Mark L. Latash & J. Greg Anson. (2010) What are “normal movements” in atypical populations?. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 19:1, pages 55-68.
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Theo Mulder, Herman Berndt, John Pauwels & Bart Nienhuis. 1993. Sensorimotor Impairment in the Elderly. Sensorimotor Impairment in the Elderly 413 426 .

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