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Research Papers

Combining strength training and botulinum neurotoxin intervention in children with cerebral palsy: the impact on muscle morphology and strength

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Pages 596-605 | Received 26 Apr 2012, Accepted 10 Jul 2012, Published online: 28 Aug 2012

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Edwina Sutherland, Bridget Hill, Barby J. Singer, Stephen Ashford, Brian Hoare, Tandy Hastings-Ison, Klemens Fheodoroff, Steffen Berwick, Fiona Dobson & Gavin Williams. (2022) Do randomised controlled trials evaluating functional outcomes following botulinum neurotoxin-A align with focal spasticity guidelines? A systematic review. Disability and Rehabilitation 44:26, pages 8515-8523.
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Jane Valentine, Sue-Anne Davidson, Natasha Bear, Eve Blair, Roslyn Ward, Ashleigh Thornton, Katherine Stannage, Linda Watson, David Forbes & Catherine Elliott. (2021) Botulinum toxin and surgical intervention in children and adolescents with cerebral palsy: who, when and why do we treat?. Disability and Rehabilitation 43:7, pages 936-943.
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Articles from other publishers (51)

Matteo Cioni, Antonino Casabona, Rosario Ferlito, Mariangela Pisasale, Domenico Marco Romeo, Giulia Messina & Maria Stella Valle. (2024) Time course of surface electromyography during walking of children with spastic cerebral palsy treated with botulinum toxin type A and its rehabilitation implications. Clinical Biomechanics 111, pages 106147.
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Nicky Peeters, Britta Hanssen, Nathalie De Beukelaer, Ines Vandekerckhove, Fenna Walhain, Ester Huyghe, Tijl Dewit, Hilde Feys, Anja Van Campenhout, Christine Van den Broeck, Patrick Calders & Kaat Desloovere. (2023) A comprehensive normative reference database of muscle morphology in typically developing children aged 3–18 years—a cross‐sectional ultrasound study. Journal of Anatomy 242:5, pages 754-770.
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Kübra Seyhan Bıyık, Mintaze Kerem Günel & Ece Ünlü Akyüz. (2022) How does treadmill training contribute to botulinum toxin application plus routine physical therapy in ambulatory children with spastic bilateral cerebral palsy? A randomized controlled trial. Irish Journal of Medical Science (1971 -) 192:1, pages 209-217.
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Georgia Whitta, Jessie Liang, N. Susan Stott, S. Ali Mirjalili, Malcolm Battin & Sîan A. Williams. (2022) The reliability of the measurement of muscle volume using magnetic resonance imaging in typically developing infants by two raters. Scientific Reports 12:1.
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Ragab K. Elnaggar, Mohammed S. Alghamdi, Aqeel M. Alenazi, Mshari Alghadier, Mustafa Z. Mahmoud, Abbas Elbakry A. Elsayed, Ismail Abdelfattah M. Hassan & Asmaa A. Abonour. (2022) Mechanical and Morphological Changes of the Plantar Flexor Musculotendinous Unit in Children with Unilateral Cerebral Palsy Following 12 Weeks of Plyometric Exercise: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Children 9:11, pages 1604.
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Britta Hanssen, Nicky Peeters, Nathalie De Beukelaer, Astrid Vannerom, Leen Peeters, Guy Molenaers, Anja Van Campenhout, Ellen Deschepper, Christine Van den Broeck & Kaat Desloovere. (2022) Progressive resistance training for children with cerebral palsy: A randomized controlled trial evaluating the effects on muscle strength and morphology. Frontiers in Physiology 13.
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Abhishek Sharma, Sakshi Vats & Aksh Chahal. (2022) Physical Exercises in Combination with Botulinum Toxin in Treating Children with Cerebral Palsy: A Literature Review. Journal of Lifestyle Medicine 12:3, pages 138-147.
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Nicky Peeters, Eirini Papageorgiou, Britta Hanssen, Nathalie De Beukelaer, Lauraine Staut, Marc Degelaen, Christine Van den Broeck, Patrick Calders, Hilde Feys, Anja Van Campenhout & Kaat Desloovere. (2022) The Short-Term Impact of Botulinum Neurotoxin-A on Muscle Morphology and Gait in Children with Spastic Cerebral Palsy. Toxins 14:10, pages 676.
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Joshua A. Vova, Michael M. Green, Joline E. Brandenburg, Loren Davidson, Andrea Paulson, Supreet Deshpande, Joyce L. Oleszek, Didem Inanoglu & Matthew J. McLaughlin. (2021) A consensus statement on the use of botulinum toxin in pediatric patients. PM&R 14:9, pages 1116-1142.
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Salim G. Bin Ghouth, Sian A. Williams, Siobhan L. Reid, Thor F. Besier & Geoffrey G. Handsfield. (2022) A statistical shape model of soleus muscle morphology in spastic cerebral palsy. Scientific Reports 12:1.
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Michael M. Green, Heakyung Kim, Ruth Gauden, Adam Scheinberg, A. Sebastian Schroeder, Florian Heinen, Steffen Berweck, Bo Young Hong & Mark Gormley. (2022) Needlepoints: Clinical approach to child living with cerebral palsy. Journal of Pediatric Rehabilitation Medicine 15:1, pages 91-106.
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Geoffrey G. Handsfield, Sîan Williams, Stephanie Khuu, Glen Lichtwark & N. Susan Stott. (2022) Muscle architecture, growth, and biological Remodelling in cerebral palsy: a narrative review. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders 23:1.
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Sîan A. Williams, Matthew Bell, Hyun K. Kim, Ghaliya Salim Al Masruri, N. Susan Stott, Justin Fernandez & S. Ali Mirjalili. (2021) The reliability and validity of triceps surae muscle volume assessment using freehand three‐dimensional ultrasound in typically developing infants. Journal of Anatomy 240:3, pages 567-578.
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Stefan Macher, Ewald Unger, Martin Zalaudek, Michael Weber, Gottfried Kranz, Georg Kranz, Gregor Kasprian & Thomas Sycha. (2021) Denervation Dynamics After Intramuscular BNT Injection in Patients With Focal Spasticity Monitored by MRI and Dynamometry–a Blinded Randomized Controlled Pilot Study. Frontiers in Neurology 12.
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Britta Hanssen, Nathalie De Beukelaer, Simon-Henri Schless, Francesco Cenni, Lynn Bar-On, Nicky Peeters, Guy Molenaers, Anja Van Campenhout, Christine Van den Broeck & Kaat Desloovere. (2021) Reliability of Processing 3-D Freehand Ultrasound Data to Define Muscle Volume and Echo-intensity in Pediatric Lower Limb Muscles with Typical Development or with Spasticity. Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology 47:9, pages 2702-2712.
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Sîan A Williams, N Susan Stott, Jane Valentine, Catherine Elliott & Siobhán L Reid. (2020) Measuring skeletal muscle morphology and architecture with imaging modalities in children with cerebral palsy: a scoping review. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology 63:3, pages 263-273.
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Fenna Walhain, Kaat Desloovere, Marlies Declerck, Anja Van Campenhout & Lynn Bar‐On. (2020) Interventions and lower‐limb macroscopic muscle morphology in children with spastic cerebral palsy: a scoping review. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology 63:3, pages 274-286.
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Jennifer M Ryan, Grace Lavelle, Nicola Theis, Marika Noorkoiv, Cherry Kilbride, Thomas Korff, Vasilios Baltzopoulos, Adam Shortland & Wendy Levin. (2020) Progressive resistance training for adolescents with cerebral palsy: the STAR randomized controlled trial. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology 62:11, pages 1283-1293.
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Marlies Corvelyn, Nathalie De Beukelaer, Robin Duelen, Jorieke Deschrevel, Anja Van Campenhout, Sandra Prinsen, Ghislaine Gayan-Ramirez, Karen Maes, Guido Weide, Kaat Desloovere, Maurilio Sampaolesi & Domiziana Costamagna. (2020) Muscle Microbiopsy to Delineate Stem Cell Involvement in Young Patients: A Novel Approach for Children With Cerebral Palsy. Frontiers in Physiology 11.
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Heli Sätilä. (2020) Over 25 Years of Pediatric Botulinum Toxin Treatments: What Have We Learned from Injection Techniques, Doses, Dilutions, and Recovery of Repeated Injections?. Toxins 12:7, pages 440.
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Kirsten Legerlotz. (2018) The Effects of Resistance Training on Health of Children and Adolescents With Disabilities. American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine 14:4, pages 382-396.
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Nicky Peeters, Anja Van Campenhout, Britta Hanssen, Francesco Cenni, Simon-Henri Schless, Christine Van den Broeck, Kaat Desloovere & Lynn Bar-On. (2020) Joint and Muscle Assessments of the Separate Effects of Botulinum NeuroToxin-A and Lower-Leg Casting in Children With Cerebral Palsy. Frontiers in Neurology 11.
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Barbara M. Kalkman, Lynn Bar-On, Thomas D. O’Brien & Constantinos N. Maganaris. (2020) Stretching Interventions in Children With Cerebral Palsy: Why Are They Ineffective in Improving Muscle Function and How Can We Better Their Outcome?. Frontiers in Physiology 11.
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Christopher M. Modlesky & Chuan Zhang. 2020. Cerebral Palsy. Cerebral Palsy 253 268 .
You Gyoung Yi, Dae-Hyun Jang, Dongwoo Lee, Ja-Young Oh & Mi-Hyang Han. (2019) Botulinum Toxin Injection in Children with Hemiplegic Cerebral Palsy: Correction of Growth through Comparison of Treated and Unaffected Limbs. Toxins 11:12, pages 688.
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Francesco C Blumetti, João Carlos Belloti, Marcel JS Tamaoki & José A Pinto. (2019) Botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of lower limb spasticity in children with cerebral palsy. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2019:10.
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Simon‐Henri Schless, Francesco Cenni, Lynn Bar‐On, Britta Hanssen, Barbara Kalkman, Thomas O'brien, Erwin Aertbeliën, Anja Van Campenhout, Guy Molenaers & Kaat Desloovere. (2018) Medial gastrocnemius volume and echo‐intensity after botulinum neurotoxin A interventions in children with spastic cerebral palsy. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology 61:7, pages 783-790.
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L. Mathevon, I. Bonan, J.-L. Barnais, F. Boyer & M. Dinomais. (2019) Adjunct therapies to improve outcomes after botulinum toxin injection in children: A systematic review. Annals of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine 62:4, pages 283-290.
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Annika Kruse, Christian Schranz, Martin Svehlik & Markus Tilp. (2019) The Effect of Functional Home-Based Strength Training Programs on the Mechano-Morphological Properties of the Plantar Flexor Muscle-Tendon Unit in Children With Spastic Cerebral Palsy. Pediatric Exercise Science 31:1, pages 67-76.
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Christopher M. Modlesky & Chuan Zhang. 2019. Cerebral Palsy. Cerebral Palsy 1 16 .
Caroline Alexander, Catherine Elliott, Jane Valentine, Katherine Stannage, Natasha Bear, Cyril J Donnelly, Peter Shipman & Siobhan Reid. (2018) Muscle volume alterations after first botulinum neurotoxin A treatment in children with cerebral palsy: a 6-month prospective cohort study. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology 60:11, pages 1165-1171.
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Ya-Chao Qi, Xiao-Li Niu, Ya-Ran Gao, He-bo Wang, Ming Hu, Li-Peng Dong & Ya-Zhou Li. (2017) Therapeutic Effect Evaluation of Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation With or Without Strengthening Exercise on Spastic Cerebral Palsy. Clinical Pediatrics 57:5, pages 580-583.
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Lee Barber, Chris Carty, Luca Modenese, John Walsh, Roslyn Boyd & Glen Lichtwark. (2017) Medial gastrocnemius and soleus muscle-tendon unit, fascicle, and tendon interaction during walking in children with cerebral palsy. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology 59:8, pages 843-851.
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Marilyn Seif Workinger, Raymond D. Kent & Jill R. Meilahn. (2017) The effect of botulinum toxin A (Botox) injections used to treat limb spasticity on speech patterns in children with dysarthria and cerebral palsy: A report of two cases. Journal of Pediatric Rehabilitation Medicine 10:2, pages 137-143.
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Jennifer M Ryan, Elizabeth E Cassidy, Stephen G Noorduyn & Neil E O'Connell. (2017) Exercise interventions for cerebral palsy. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2017:6.
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Joanne Zhou, Erin E. Butler & Jessica Rose. (2017) Neurologic Correlates of Gait Abnormalities in Cerebral Palsy: Implications for Treatment. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 11.
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Lee A Barber, Felicity Read, Jacquie Lovatt Stern, Glen Lichtwark & Roslyn N Boyd. (2016) Medial gastrocnemius muscle volume in ambulant children with unilateral and bilateral cerebral palsy aged 2 to 9 years. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology 58:11, pages 1146-1152.
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Meta N. Eek & Kate Himmelmann. (2016) No Decrease in Muscle Strength after Botulinum Neurotoxin-A Injection in Children with Cerebral Palsy. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 10.
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Jarred G. Gillett, Roslyn N. Boyd, Christopher P. Carty & Lee A. Barber. (2016) The impact of strength training on skeletal muscle morphology and architecture in children and adolescents with spastic cerebral palsy: A systematic review. Research in Developmental Disabilities 56, pages 183-196.
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Stefan Nilsson, Ensa Johnson & Margareta Adolfsson. (2016) Professionals’ Perceptions about the Need for Pain Management Interventions for Children with Cerebral Palsy in South African School Settings. Pain Management Nursing 17:4, pages 249-261.
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Rachel E. Thomas, Leanne M. Johnston, Leanne Sakzewski, Megan J. Kentish & Roslyn N. Boyd. (2016) Evaluation of group versus individual physiotherapy following lower limb intra-muscular Botulinum Toxin-Type A injections for ambulant children with cerebral palsy: A single-blind randomized comparison trial. Research in Developmental Disabilities 53-54, pages 267-278.
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Michael Ka-Wing See, Benedict Beng-Teck Taw, Edward Man-Tai Chan, Linda Yuk-Ying Chan, Shuk-Man Lo, Terrence Wing-Cheung Kwong, Gilberto Ka-Kit Leung & Wai-Man Lui. (2016) Botulinum toxin injection and rehabilitation for neurosurgical patients with spasticity. Surgical Practice 20:2, pages 66-72.
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Rafael Fortuna, Marco A. Vaz, Andrew Sawatsky, David A. Hart & Walter Herzog. (2015) A clinically relevant BTX-A injection protocol leads to persistent weakness, contractile material loss, and an altered mRNA expression phenotype in rabbit quadriceps muscles. Journal of Biomechanics 48:10, pages 1700-1706.
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Paz Kedem & David M. Scher. (2015) Foot deformities in children with cerebral palsy. Current Opinion in Pediatrics 27:1, pages 67-74.
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Brian Hoare. (2014) Rationale for Using Botulinum Toxin A as an Adjunct to Upper Limb Rehabilitation in Children With Cerebral Palsy. Journal of Child Neurology 29:8, pages 1066-1076.
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Vann Chau, Darcy Fehlings & Steven P. Miller. (2014) Further Evidence for Botulinum Toxin A in Cerebral Palsy. The Journal of Pediatrics 165:1, pages 15-17.
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Filiz Ateş & Can A. Yucesoy. (2014) Effects of botulinum toxin type A on non-injected bi-articular muscle include a narrower length range of force exertion and increased passive force. Muscle & Nerve 49:6, pages 866-878.
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Eun Sook ParkEungeol SimDong-Wook RhaSoojin Jung. (2014) Architectural Changes of the Gastrocnemius Muscle after Botulinum Toxin Type A Injection in Children with Cerebral Palsy. Yonsei Medical Journal 55:5, pages 1406.
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Eun Sook ParkEungeol SimDong-Wook RhaSoojin Jung. (2014) Estimation of Gastrocnemius Muscle Volume Using Ultrasonography in Children with Spastic Cerebral Palsy. Yonsei Medical Journal 55:4, pages 1115.
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Kei UNAI, Kaoru HONAGA, Toshiyuki FUJIWARA, Michiyuki KAWAKAMI, Tetsuya TSUJI & Meigen LIU. (2014) Effects on Spasticity and Gait using a 5% Phenol Motor Point Block in Patients with Chronic Hemiparesis. The Japanese Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine 51:4-5, pages 271-276.
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Rafael Fortuna, Monika Horisberger, Marco Aur?lio Vaz & Walter Herzog. (2013) Do skeletal muscle properties recover following repeat onabotulinum toxin A injections?. Journal of Biomechanics 46:14, pages 2426-2433.
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