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Original Article

Cervical Softening, Effacement, and Dilatation

A Complex Biochemical Cascade

Pages 213-223 | Received 02 Oct 1991, Accepted 23 Apr 1992, Published online: 07 Jul 2009

Keep up to date with the latest research on this topic with citation updates for this article.

Read on this site (3)

Edgar Hernandez-Andrade, Roberto Romero, Hyunyoung Ahn, Youssef Hussein, Lami Yeo, Steven J. Korzeniewski, Tinnakorn Chaiworapongsa & Sonia S. Hassan. (2012) Transabdominal evaluation of uterine cervical length during pregnancy fails to identify a substantial number of women with a short cervix. The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine 25:9, pages 1682-1689.
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Seyma Hascalik, Onder Celik, M. Ilker Dogru, Arzu Kocagun Dogru, Esma Inan & Muhittin Yurekli. (2005) Influence of misoprostol (PGE1) on amniotic fluid and maternal serum adrenomedullin levels. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica 84:9, pages 833-836.
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Phyllis C. Leppert & Shiu Yen Yu. (1995) C-Reactive Protein in Normal Parturients Is Clinically Not Significantly Elevated. Journal of Maternal-Fetal Medicine 4:3, pages 126-129.
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Articles from other publishers (37)

Irem Kurt, Mehmet Kulhan, Abdelrahman AlAshqar & Mostafa A. Borahay. (2023) Uterine Collagen Cross-Linking: Biology, Role in Disorders, and Therapeutic Implications. Reproductive Sciences.
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Joedson Dantas Gonçalves, José Bento Sterman Ferraz, Flávio Vieira Meirelles, Ricardo Perecin Nociti & Maria Emilia Franco Oliveira. (2023) An Exploratory Data Analysis from Ovine and Bovine RNA-Seq Identifies Pathways and Key Genes Related to Cervical Dilatation. Animals 13:13, pages 2052.
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Kun Gou, Seungik Baek, Marvin M. F. Lutnesky & Hai-Chao Han. (2021) Growth-profile configuration for specific deformations of tubular organs: A study of growth-induced thinning and dilation of the human cervix. PLOS ONE 16:8, pages e0255895.
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Kun Gou, Heiko Topol, Hasan Demirkoparan & Thomas J. Pence. (2020) Stress-Swelling Finite Element Modeling of Cervical Response With Homeostatic Collagen Fiber Distributions. Journal of Biomechanical Engineering 142:8.
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San Min Leow, Megan K.W. Di Quinzio, Zhen Long Ng, Claire Grant, Tal Amitay, Ying Wei, Moshe Hod, Penelope M. Sheehan, Shaun P. Brennecke, Nir Arbel & Harry M. Georgiou. (2020) Preterm birth prediction in asymptomatic women at mid-gestation using a panel of novel protein biomarkers: the Prediction of PreTerm Labor (PPeTaL) study. American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology MFM 2:2, pages 100084.
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Ali A Fouladi-Nashta, Kabir A Raheem, Waleed F Marei, Fataneh Ghafari & Geraldine M Hartshorne. (2017) Regulation and roles of the hyaluronan system in mammalian reproduction. Reproduction 153:2, pages R43-R58.
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Rachel E. SheldonAnatoly Shmygol, Hugo A. Van Den Berg & Andrew M. Blanks. (2019) Functional and Morphological Development of the Womb Throughout Life. Science Progress 98:2, pages 103-127.
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Kristin M. Myers, Helen Feltovich, Edoardo Mazza, Joy Vink, Michael Bajka, Ronald J. Wapner, Timothy J. Hall & Michael House. (2015) The mechanical role of the cervix in pregnancy. Journal of Biomechanics 48:9, pages 1511-1523.
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Soledad Jorge, Sydney Chang, Joshua J. Barzilai, Phyllis Leppert & James H. Segars. (2014) Mechanical Signaling in Reproductive Tissues: Mechanisms and Importance. Reproductive Sciences 21:9, pages 1093-1107.
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Daishen Luo, Heng Yu, Robert E. Garfield, Shao-Qing Shi & Bruce Towe. (2014) Treatment with Focused Ultrasound Waves Softens the Rat Cervix During Pregnancy. Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology 40:9, pages 2107-2112.
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Kristin Myers & Gerard A. Ateshian. (2014) Interstitial growth and remodeling of biological tissues: Tissue composition as state variables. Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials 29, pages 544-556.
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Michael Fernandez, Joy Vink, Kyoko Yoshida, Ronald Wapner & Kristin M. Myers. (2013) Direct Measurement of the Permeability of Human Cervical Tissue. Journal of Biomechanical Engineering 135:2.
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Yujing J. Heng, Megan K. W. Di Quinzio, Stella Liong, Michael Permezel, Gregory E. Rice & Harry M. Georgiou. (2012) Temporal Investigation of Matrix Metalloproteinases and Their Inhibitors in Human Cervicovaginal Fluid in Late Pregnancy and Labor. Reproductive Sciences 19:1, pages 55-63.
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Sean M. Keeler, Orion A. Rust, Daniel G. Kiefer, Wendy J. Prutsman, Christine L. Proudfit & Frederick Naftolin. (2011) Controlled Fine Needle Biopsy of the Uterine Cervix During Pregnancy. Reproductive Sciences 18:8, pages 737-742.
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S. Leethongdee, C.M. Kershaw-Young, R.J. Scaramuzzi & M. Khalid. (2010) Intra-cervical application of Misoprostol at estrus alters the content of cervical hyaluronan and the mRNA expression of follicle stimulating hormone receptor (FSHR), luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR) and cyclooxygenase-2 in the ewe. Theriogenology 73:9, pages 1257-1266.
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Brian Heaps, Michael House, Simona Socrate & Phyllis Leppert. 2007. Preterm Birth. Preterm Birth 70 93 .
M. Bullarbo, A. Norstr?m, B. Andersch & E. Ekerhovd. (2007) Isosorbide mononitrate induces increased cervical expression of cyclooxygenase-2, but not of cyclooxygenase-1, at term. European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology 130:2, pages 160-164.
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Edward R. Yeomans. 2007. Clinical Obstetrics. Clinical Obstetrics 1077 1084 .
Stephen G. Marx, Melissa J. Wentz, Lynette B. MacKay, Dietmar Schlembach, Holger Maul, Cordula Fittkow, Randal Given, Yurij Vedernikov, George R. Saade & Robert E. Garfield. (2006) Effects of Progesterone on iNOS, COX-2, and Collagen Expression in the Cervix. Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 54:6, pages 623-639.
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Claudio Rodrigues PiresAntonio Fernandes Moron, Rosiane Mattar & Luiz Kulay Júnior. (2005) Estudo comparativo entre marcadores ultra-sonográficos morfológicos preditores de parto pré-termo: sinal do afunilamento do colo e ausência do eco glandular endocervical. Radiologia Brasileira 38:1, pages 17-24.
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Irina A. Buhimschi, Laure Dussably, Catalin S. Buhimschi, Asif Ahmed & Carl P. Weiner. (2004) Physical and biomechanical characteristics of rat cervical ripening are not consistent with increased collagenase activity. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 191:5, pages 1695-1704.
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M. Winkler, B. Kemp, D.C. Fischer, P. Ruck & W. Rath. (2003) Expression of adhesion molecules in the lower uterine segment during term and preterm parturition. Microscopy Research and Technique 60:4, pages 430-444.
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Takehiko Fukami, Kaisuke Ishihara, Takao Sekiya & Tsutomu Araki. (2003) Is Transvaginal Ultrasonography at Mid-trimester Useful for Predicting Early Spontaneous Preterm Birth?. Journal of Nippon Medical School 70:2, pages 135-140.
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E. Ekerhovd, B. Weijdeg?rd, M. Br?nnstr?m, I. Mattsby-Baltzer & A. Norstr?m. (2002) Nitric oxide induced cervical ripening in the human: Involvement of cyclic guanosine monophosphate, prostaglandin F2?, and prostaglandin E2. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 186:4, pages 745-750.
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Romolo Di Iorio, Emanuela Marinoni, Claudio Letizia, Piero Alò, Barbara Villaccio, Roberta Poverini & Ermelando V. Cosmi. (2001) Influence of labor on fetoplacental adrenomedullin concentrations. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 185:3, pages 697-702.
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HAMID HADI. (2000) Cervical Ripening and Labor Induction: Clinical Guidelines. Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology 43:3, pages 524-536.
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Marie‐Anne Ledingham, Andrew J. Thomson, Ian A. Greer & Jane E. Norman. (2005) Nitric oxide in parturition. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology 107:5, pages 581-593.
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H. P. Zahradnik, B. Wetzka & W. R. Schäfer. 1999. Prostaglandins, Laukotrienes and Other Eicosanoids. Prostaglandins, Laukotrienes and Other Eicosanoids 198 232 .
Phyllis C. Leppert. (1998) Proliferation and apoptosis of fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells in rat uterine cervix throughout gestation and the effect of the antiprogesterone onapristone. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 178:4, pages 713-725.
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Robert E. Garfield, George Saade & Kristof Chwalisz. 1998. Endocrinology of Pregnancy. Endocrinology of Pregnancy 407 430 .
K. CHWALISZ & R. E. GARFIELD. (1997) Regulation of the Uterus and Cervix during Pregnancy and Labor Role of Progesterone and Nitric Oxide. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 828:1 Uterus, The, pages 238-253.
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A Caruso, L De Santis, B Carducci, S Ferrazzani, S De Carolis & S Mancuso. (2016) The Use of Prostaglandin E 2 for Cervical Ripening in Patients Requiring Induction of Labour . Journal of International Medical Research 25:3, pages 159-166.
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Rechberger, Abramson & WoessnerJr.Jr.. (1996) Onapristone and prostaglandin E2 induction of delivery in the rat in late pregnancy: A model for the analysis of cervical softening. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 175:3, pages 719-723.
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R. S. Black, S. Flint, C. Lees & S. Campbell. (1996) Preterm labour and delivery. European Journal of Pediatrics 155:S2, pages S2-S7.
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Wenling Glassman, Mary Bryam-Smith & Robert E. Garfield. (1995) Changes in rat cervical collagen during gestation and after antiprogesterone treatment as measured in vivo with light-induced autofluorescence. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 173:5, pages 1550-1556.
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J. R. Owiny, R. O. Gilbert, C. H. Wahl & P W. Nathanielsz. (2016) Leukocytic Invasion of the Ovine Cervix at Parturition. Journal of the Society for Gynecologic Investigation 2:4, pages 593-596.
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T van Dessel, JH Frijns & HC Wallenburg. (2008) Prostaglandins and cervical dilatation. Fetal and Maternal Medicine Review 5:2, pages 79-88.
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