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Research Article

The Intermediate Syndrome in Organophosphate Poisoning: Presentation of a Case and Review of the Literature

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Pages 321-329 | Published online: 25 Sep 2008

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Seyed Naser Emadi, Jafar Aslani, Zohreh Poursaleh, Morteza Izadi, Mohammadreza Soroush, Mohammad Kafashi, Seyed Ali Alavinia, Hossein Bakhshi, Amir Karimi, Kourosh Momtaz-Manesh, Ali Akbar Babaei, Alireza Esmaili, Babak Raygan, Seyed Emad Emadi, Farhang Babamahmoodi & Seyed Abolfazl Emadi. (2012) Comparison late cutaneous complications between exposure to sulfur mustard and nerve agents. Cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology 31:3, pages 214-219.
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Pradeepa Jayawardane, Nimal Senanayake & Andrew Dawson. (2009) Electrophysiological correlates of intermediate syndrome following acute organophosphate poisoning. Clinical Toxicology 47:3, pages 193-205.
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MatthewC. Keifer & Jordan Firestone. (2007) Neurotoxicity of Pesticides. Journal of Agromedicine 12:1, pages 17-25.
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A.M. Tsatsakis, A. Manousakis, M. Anastasaki, M. Tzatzarakis, K. Katsanoulas, C. Delaki & P. Agouridakis. (1998) Clinical and toxicological data in Fenthion and omethoate acute poisoning. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part B 33:6, pages 657-670.
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Fidias E. Leon-S, Gustavo Pradilla-A, Nelson Amboa & Esperanza Vesga. (1996) Multiple System Organ Failure, Intermediate Syndrome, Congenital Myasthenic Syndrome, and Anticholinesterase Treatment: The Linkage is Puzzling. Journal of Toxicology: Clinical Toxicology 34:2, pages 245-246.
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Jan L. DeBleecker. (1995) The Intermediate Syndrome in Organophosphate Poisoning: An Overview of Experimental and Clinical Observations. Journal of Toxicology: Clinical Toxicology 33:6, pages 683-686.
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Jan L. De Bleecker. (1993) Intermediate Syndrome: Prolonged cholinesterase inhibition. Journal of Toxicology: Clinical Toxicology 31:1, pages 197-199.
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Articles from other publishers (27)

Shakil A. Saghir, Kazim Husain & Rais A. Ansari. 2003. Patty's Toxicology. Patty's Toxicology 1 162 .
Anuj Ranjan & Tanu JindalAnuj Ranjan & Tanu Jindal. 2022. Toxicology of Organophosphate Poisoning. Toxicology of Organophosphate Poisoning 27 43 .
Chanika Alahakoon, Tharaka Lagath Dassanayake, Indika Bandara Gawarammana & Vajira Senaka Weerasinghe. (2018) Can we predict intermediate syndrome? A review. NeuroToxicology 69, pages 209-216.
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Chanika Alahakoon, Tharaka L. Dassanayake, Indika B. Gawarammana, E. Michael Sedgwick, Vajira S. Weerasinghe, Ahmed Abdalla, Michael S. Roberts & Nicholas A. Buckley. (2018) Prediction of organophosphorus insecticide-induced intermediate syndrome with stimulated concentric needle single fibre electromyography. PLOS ONE 13:9, pages e0203596.
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M. A. Tyunin, S. V. Chepur, A. S. Gogolevsky, D. V. Selivanov, N. I. Burtseva & N. S. Ilyinskiy. (2017) THE PROBLEM OF THE INTERMEDIATE SYNDROME FOLLOWING POISONING WITH ANTI-CHOLINESTERASE AGENTS. Toxicological Review:4, pages 40-49.
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Mahdi Balali-Mood, Beeta Balali-Mood & Kia Balali-Mood. 2017. Critical Care Toxicology. Critical Care Toxicology 2655 2682 .
Mahdi Balali-Mood, Beeta Balali-Mood & Kia Balali-Mood. 2016. Critical Care Toxicology. Critical Care Toxicology 1 28 .
Andrew M. King & Cynthia K. Aaron. (2015) Organophosphate and Carbamate Poisoning. Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America 33:1, pages 133-151.
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Christopher M. Timperley & John Tattersall. 2015. Best Synthetic Methods. Best Synthetic Methods 1 89 .
Mustafa Yilmaz, Ahmet Sebe, Mehmet Oguzhan Ay, Umut Gumusay, Metin Topal, Mesude Atli, Ferhat Icme & Salim Satar. (2013) Effectiveness of therapeutic plasma exchange in patients with intermediate syndrome due to organophosphate intoxication. The American Journal of Emergency Medicine 31:6, pages 953-957.
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Jan E. Storm. 2001. Patty's Toxicology. Patty's Toxicology 1077 1234 .
Mohammad Abdollahi & Somayyeh Karami-Mohajeri. (2012) A comprehensive review on experimental and clinical findings in intermediate syndrome caused by organophosphate poisoning. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 258:3, pages 309-314.
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Rick Kingston. 2011. Textbook of Critical Care. Textbook of Critical Care 1362 1365 .
Tetsu Okumura, Kenji Taki, Kouichiro Suzuki & Tetsuo Satoh. 2009. Handbook of Toxicology of Chemical Warfare Agents. Handbook of Toxicology of Chemical Warfare Agents 25 32 .
Jan L. De Bleecker. 2008. Neuromuscular Junction Disorders. Neuromuscular Junction Disorders 401 432 .
Chen-Chang Yang & Jou-Fang Deng. (2007) Intermediate Syndrome Following Organophosphate Insecticide Poisoning. Journal of the Chinese Medical Association 70:11, pages 467-472.
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CYNTHIA K. AARON. 2007. Haddad and Winchester's Clinical Management of Poisoning and Drug Overdose. Haddad and Winchester's Clinical Management of Poisoning and Drug Overdose 1171 1184 .
Lakshman Karalliedde, David Baker & Timothy C Marrs. (2006) Organophosphate-Induced Intermediate Syndrome. Toxicological Reviews 25:1, pages 1-14.
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Jan L. De Bleecker. 2006. Toxicology of Organophosphate & Carbamate Compounds. Toxicology of Organophosphate & Carbamate Compounds 371 380 .
M.A. Cherian, C. Roshini, J.V. Peter & A.M. Cherian. (2005) Oximes in organophosphorus poisoning. Indian Journal of Critical Care Medicine 9:3, pages 155-163.
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Ramesh C. Gupta. 2005. Encyclopedia of Toxicology. Encyclopedia of Toxicology 306 308 .
Jason E Mattingly, Janice E Sullivan, Henry A Spiller & George M Bosse. (2003) Intermediate syndrome after exposure to chlorpyrifos in a 16-month-old girl. The Journal of Emergency Medicine 25:4, pages 379-381.
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Dongren Yang, Xinfang Lu, Weiguo Zhang & Fengsheng He. (2002) Biochemical changes in primary culture of skeletal muscle cells following dimethoate exposure. Toxicology 174:2, pages 79-85.
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F. Ništiar, J. Mojžiš, G. Kovác, H. Seidel & O. Rácz. (2000) Influence of intoxication with organophosphates on rumen bacteria and rumen protozoa and protective effect of clinoptilolite-rich zeolite on bacterial and protozoan concentration in rumen. Folia Microbiologica 45:6, pages 567-571.
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Chunyuan Luo, Ashima Saxena, Miles Smith, Gregory Garcia, Zoran Radić, Palmer Taylor & Bhupendra P. Doctor. (1999) Phosphoryl Oxime Inhibition of Acetylcholinesterase during Oxime Reactivation Is Prevented by Edrophonium. Biochemistry 38:31, pages 9937-9947.
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Paula T. Trzepacz, Vincent Ho & Harinath Mallavarapu. (1996) Cholinergic Delirium and Neurotoxicity Associated With Tacrine for Alzheimer's Dementia. Psychosomatics 37:3, pages 299-301.
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Ken Kulig. 1995. Neurotoxicology. Neurotoxicology 629 640 .

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